❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▲❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦ ✭❋❋❈▲❘▲P✮ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✭❯❙P✮
❉■❙❙❊❘❚❆➬➹❖ ❆P❘❊❙❊◆❚❆❉❆ ❆❖ P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ■◆❚❊❘❯◆■❉❆❉❊❙ ❊▼ ❇■❖■◆❋❖❘▼➪❚■❈❆ ❉❆ ❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❙➹❖ P❆❯▲❖ P❆❘❆ ❖❇❚❊◆➬➹❖ ❉❖
❚❮❚❯▲❖ ❉❊ ▼❊❙❚❘❊ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆❙
❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ●✃◆■❈❆ ❉❊ ❈❖▼❖❘❇■❉❆❉❊❙ ❆ P❆❘❚■❘ ❉❆ ■◆❚❊●❘❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❉❆❉❖❙ ❊P■❉❊▼■❖▲Ó●■❈❖❙
❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛✿ ❑❛r❧❛ ❋❡rr❛③ ◆ét♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❊✈❛♥❞r♦ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❙❡r♦♥ ❘✉✐③ ✲ ❋❋❈▲❘P✱ ❯❙P ❈♦✲❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❱✐❝t♦r ❊✈❛♥❣❡❧✐st❛ ❋❡rr❛③ ✲ ❋▼❘P✱ ❯❙P
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉♦♠✐♥❣♦s ❆❧✈❡s ✲ ❋▼❘P✱ ❯❙P
✐✐
❑❛r❧❛ ❋❡rr❛③ ◆ét♦
❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ●✃◆■❈❆ ❉❊ ❈❖▼❖❘❇■❉❆❉❊❙ ❆ P❆❘❚■❘
❉❆ ■◆❚❊●❘❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❉❆❉❖❙ ❊P■❉❊▼■❖▲Ó●■❈❖❙
❊st❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à r❡❞❛çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✴t❡s❡ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞❛ ❡ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❑❛r❧❛ ❋❡rr❛③ ◆ét♦ ❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
• Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❊✈❛♥❞r♦ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❙❡r♦♥ ❘✉✐③ ✭♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮ ✲ ❋❋❈▲❘P ✲ ❯❙P • Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❙♦✉t♦ ▼❛rt✐♥❡③ ✲ ❋❋❈▲❘P ✲ ❯❙P
❘❡s✉♠♦
◆➱❚❖✱ ❑✳ ❋✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ●ê♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❊♣✐❞❡♠✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ✷✵✶✹✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ✲ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▲❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✷✵✶✹✳
❆ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s ♣♦❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛t♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦s ❡ t❡r❛♣✐❛s✳ ❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ é r❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥♦r♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❣❡♥❡✱ ♣♦ré♠ r❡✢❡t❡ ❞❡s♦r❞❡♥s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ✐♥tr❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✳
▼✉✐t❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛r ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❛ ♣❡rt✐✲ ♥ê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❣❡♥❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s é ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s q✉❡ ❛❝♦♠❡t❡♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❛s ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦♠é❞✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛r ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s ❣❡♥❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛✳ ❊st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ s❡r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐r✲ ♠♦s ❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛r♠♦s ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❣ê♥✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ é ♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛✉s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳ ■st♦ s❡ ❞❛rá ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆❜str❛❝t
◆➱❚❖✱ ❑✳ ❋✳ ❈♦♠♦r❜✐❞✐t✐❡s ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ ❊♣✐❞❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❉❛t❛ ■♥t❡❣r❛✲ t✐♦♥✳ ✷✵✶✹✳ ▼❛st❡r✁s t❤❡s✐s ✲ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▲❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✷✵✶✹✳
❚❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❤✉♠❛♥ ❞✐s❡❛s❡s ❝❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛❜♦✉t ♣❛t❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ❞✐❛❣♥♦st✐❝s ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❛♣❡✉t✐❝s✳ ■t ✐s ❦♥♦✇♥ t❤❛t ❛ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ✐s r❛r❡❧② ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛❜♥♦r✲ ♠❛❧✐t② ✐♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❣❡♥❡✱ ❜✉t r❡✢❡❝ts ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✐♥tr❛ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❞✐s♦r❞❡rs✳
▼❛♥② ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❦♥♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♣r✐♦r✐t✐③❡ ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞✐s❡❛s❡✳ ❙♦♠❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡ ❤♦✇ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ♦r ♥♦t t❤❡s❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❛r❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ❛ ❞✐s❡❛s❡✳ ❆♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r ♣r✐♦r✐t✐③✐♥❣ ❣❡♥❡s ✐s t❤❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❢r♦♠ ❞✐s❡❛s❡s ❛✛❡❝t✐♥❣ ♣❛t✐❡♥ts ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞✐t✐❡s✳
❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♠❛♥② s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ❜✐♦♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②s❡ ❣❡♥❡s ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❞✐s❡❛s❡✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❡①♣❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧✐st ♦❢ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❥✉st✐❢② t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞✐t✐❡s✳
❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✐s t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐♦❧♦❣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❞❛t❛ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❛✉s✐♥❣ ❣❡♥❡s t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✐❧❧♥❡ss❡s✳ ❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❣❡♥❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥✱ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞✐t②✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✐①
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✻
✷✳✶ ❉♦❡♥ç❛s ❈♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ●❡♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✶✷
✸✳✶ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ●❡♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✷ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ●❡♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❯▼▲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✸ ●❡♥❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ●❡♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✹ ▼ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ●❡♥❡s ✷✹
✹✳✶ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡✕❊t❛♣❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✹✳✷ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✕❇❛s❡ ❍♦s♣✐t❛❧❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✈✐ ❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✹✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✹✳✸ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❉❛❞♦s ✕ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✹ ❚r✐❛♥❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❈■❉✲✶✵✕❯▼▲❙✕❖▼■▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✺ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❖▼■▼✕❙í♠❜♦❧♦ ❞❡ ●❡♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✻ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✼ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✽ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✸✸
✺✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✺✳✷ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❊sq✉✐③♦❢r❡♥✐❛ ① ❆✉t✐s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✺✳✷✳✷ ▼❛❝r♦❝❡❢❛❧✐❛ ① ❆✉t✐s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❋❡♥❞❛ P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ① ❈♦①❛rtr♦s❡ ♥ã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❋❡♥❞❛ P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ① ❙✐♥✉s✐t❡ ❝rô♥✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❋❡♥❞❛ P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ① ❆♣♥❡✐❛ ❞♦ ❙♦♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✺✳✸✳✹ ❋❡♥❞❛ P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ① ❖st❡♦♠✐❡❧✐t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✺✳✸✳✺ ❋❡♥❞❛ P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ① ❚❡stí❝✉❧♦ ◆ã♦ ❉❡s❝✐❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✸✳✻ ❋❡♥❞❛ P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ① ❊s♣✐♥❤❛ ❇í✜❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✸✳✼ ❋❡♥❞❛ P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ① P♦❧✐❞❛❝t✐❧✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✸✳✽ ❋❡♥❞❛ P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ① ❙✐♥❞❛❝t✐❧✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✹ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✺✻
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✻✳✷ ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✻✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
❆ ▲❛✉❞♦ ❆■❍ ✺✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ♣❧❡✐♦tró♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ ✼ ✸✳✶ ❋❧✉①♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛ s❡r ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✷ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❈■❉✲✶✵ ❡♠ ❖▼■▼ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❞❛ ❯▼▲❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ●❖✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ■❈ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ❞♦ ●❡♥❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✹✳✶ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✹✳✷ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈■❉✲✶✵✕❖▼■▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ♠♦r❜✐❞♠❛♣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✹ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✐❞❡♥t✐✜✲
❝❛❞♦r❡s ❊♥tr❡③✳ ❖s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✸✼✾✱ ✶✵✺✽✹ ❡ ✽✻✷✺ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✲ ✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❆❘▲❉✹✱ ❈❖▲❊❈✶✵ ❡ ❘❋❳❆◆❑✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✺✳✶ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❊sq✉✐✲
③♦❢r❡♥✐❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❆✉t✐s♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✺✳✷ ❱✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s ■❋◆● ❡ ❉❘❉✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺✳✸ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ▼❛✲
❝r♦❝❡❢❛❧✐❛ ❡ ❆✉t✐s♠♦✳ ❖ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ❡♠ r♦①♦ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❡♥❡ P❚❊◆ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ▼❛❝r♦❝❡❢❛❧✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❆✉t✐s♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✺✳✹ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❋❡♥❞❛
P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ❡ ❈♦①❛rtr♦s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✺✳✺ ❱✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s ❈❖▲✾❆✸ ❡ ❈❖▲✶✶❆✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✺✳✻ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❋❡♥❞❛
P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ❡ ❙✐♥✉s✐t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✈✐✐✐ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
✺✳✼ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❋❡♥❞❛ P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ❡ ❆♣♥❡✐❛ ❞♦ ❙♦♥♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✺✳✽ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❋❡♥❞❛
P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ❡ ❖st❡♦♠✐❡❧✐t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✾ ❱✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s ◆❚❘❑✶✱ ❚❈❖❋✶✱ ❯❇❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✶✵ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❋❡♥❞❛
P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ❡ ❚❡stí❝✉❧♦ ◆ã♦ ❉❡s❝✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✶✶ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❋❡♥❞❛
P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ❡ ❊s♣✐♥❤❛ ❇í✜❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✶✷ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❋❡♥❞❛
P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ❡ P♦❧✐❞❛❝t✐❧✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✶✸ ❱✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s ❚❋❆P✷❆ ❡ ♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ❋❡♥❞❛ P❛❧❛t✐♥❛✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✶✹ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❋❡♥❞❛
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❯▼▲❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✺✳✶ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ♣ré✕✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✺✳✷ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ♣ós✕✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✺✳✸ ❊✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❊sq✉✐③♦❢r❡♥✐❛ ❡ ❆✉t✐s♠♦ ♥♦s r❡❣✐str♦s ❞❡
✐♥t❡r♥❛çõ❡s ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✺✳✹ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s r❡s♣♦sá✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❊sq✉✐③♦❢r❡♥✐❛ ❡ ❆✉t✐s♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✺✳✺ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s r❡s♣♦sá✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ▼❛❝r♦❝❡❢❛❧✐❛ ❡ ❆✉t✐s♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✺✳✻ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s à ❋❡♥❞❛ P❛❧❛t✐♥❛ ✭◗✸✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✺✳✼ ●❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s às ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✈✐s❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❞❛ ❜✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ é ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝❛✉s❛✐s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥✲ ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✳ ❚❛✐s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s ❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❊❧❛s sã♦ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛✲ çõ❡s ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛r ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡sr❡❣✉❧❛r ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳ ❆ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❡ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛ ❡ss❛s ❞♦❡♥✲ ç❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♦r✐❣❡♥s ❡ s❡✉s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ✭❑■▼❀ ❲❯❈❍❚❨❀ P❘❩❨❚❨❈❑❆✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
❆ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛t♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦s ❡ t❡r❛♣✐❛s ✭●❯❉■❱❆❉❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❝♦rr❡t♦s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♠✉t❛çõ❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦✱ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ✭❆❊❘❚❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
❯♠❛ ❛♥♦r♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ♥ã♦ ❡stá r❡str✐t❛ à ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❣ê♥✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❛rr❡❣❛✳ ❊❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s✉❛ r❡❞❡ ❣ê♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛ ❛t✐✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❣ê♥✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠✉t❛çã♦ ✭❇❆❘❆❇❆❙■❀ ●❯▲❇❆❍❈❊❀ ▲❖❙❈❆▲❩❖✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ♣r♦t❡ô♠✐❝❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛r ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ♥✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❣❡♥❡✲ t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s às ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ✭❍■❉❆▲●❖ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
❊s❢♦rç♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♠❛♣❡❛r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✱ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛ ❡ ✜s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢♦r❛♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ r❡❝❡♥t❡ ❝❧♦♥❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛✲
✷ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✳✶
çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❛♠♣❧❛✳ ■ss♦ ❣❡r♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡①t❡♥s❛ ❞❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✲❣❡♥❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛✲♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ❡♠ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❛♣❡❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛s ❡ r❡❣✉❧❛tór✐❛s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛✉s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ✭●❖❍❀ ❈❯❙■❈❑✱✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ à ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s à ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s✳ ❊❧❛s ❧❡✈❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳
❊♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✭❘❖◗❯❊ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❝♦rr❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❊ss❛s ❡①tr❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡♥❞❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s r❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❣ê♥✐❝♦s ❥á r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦✱ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♥♦✈♦s ❣❡♥❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s r❡❣✐str❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❤✐stór✐❝♦s ❝❧í♥✐❝♦s✳
P♦❞❡✲s❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ❞❛s ❢r❡♥t❡s ❣ê♥✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r♦t❡ô♠✐❝❛s é ✐♠✲ ♣r❡ss✐♦♥❛♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ ♥♦s ❞❛♠♦s ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❛s ❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❢❡♥♦tí♣✐❝❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s ❝❧í♥✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❊ss❡s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥tê♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ssõ❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s✳ ◆❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❤♦s♣✐t❛✐s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✭❘❖◗❯❊ ❡t ❛❧✳✱✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✉♠ ♣❛ss♦ ❞✐st❛♥t❡✱ ❞❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡s ❤♦s♣✐t❛✐s ❢❛❧t❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❣❡✲ ♥ét✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ Ú♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❙❛ú❞❡ ✭❙❯❙✮ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛çõ❡s ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧❛r❡s✳
❙✉r❣❡ ❡♥tã♦ ❛ q✉❡stã♦✿ s❡rá q✉❡ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❤♦s♣✐t❛✐s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡s r❡❣✐str♦s ❞♦ ❙❯❙✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜t❡r ❞❛❞♦s ❢❡♥♦tí♣✐❝♦s ❞♦s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❣ê♥✐❝❛❄
❆❝r❡❞✐t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛çõ❡s ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧❛r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♥s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳ ❯♠ ❞❛❞♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❡s r❡❣✐str♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛çõ❡s é ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s ✲ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✭♦✉ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✮ ❡♠ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✭●❖❍❀ ❈❯❙■❈❑✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❡ s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦❞❡♠♦s t❡♥t❛r ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❣❡♥❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s às ❞✉❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ❡st❡s ❣❡♥❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ✈✐st❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ✭▲❊❊ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❊st❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡rá ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦s ❣❡♥❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s às ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦❞❡r❡♠♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❛s ❝❛✉s❛s ❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çõ❡s ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳
✶✳✷ ❖❇❏❊❚■❱❖❙ ✸
♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧❛r❡s ❡ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ s❛ú❞❡ ❛ ❛❝❡ss❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❢❛❝✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❙❡rá ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ t❛♠❜é♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❢❡♥♦tí♣✐❝♦s ❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦❞❡rá t❡r ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✱ s✉❛s ❝❛✉s❛s ❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s✳
❊st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛✱ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦s ❞♦s ❤♦s♣✐t❛✐s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❊st❡s r❡❣✐str♦s sã♦ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❆✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛çã♦ ❍♦s♣✐t❛❧❛r ✭❆■❍✮✱ ♠❛♥t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❍♦s♣✐t❛❧❛r❡s ❞♦ ❙❯❙✱ ❞♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❙❛ú❞❡✳ ❊❧❡s r❡❣✐str❛♠ ❞♦✐s ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐✲ ❝♦s ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♥❛çã♦ ✭♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦✮✱ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❈■❉✲✶✵ ✭❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❉♦❡♥ç❛s✱ ✈❡rsã♦ ✶✵✮✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❣✐str♦s ❆■❍ ♥✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✸ ❛♥♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✾✾✽ ❡ ✷✵✶✶ r❡❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❣❡♥❡s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r t❛✐s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠✲s❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❢❡♥♦✲ tí♣✐❝❛s ❡ ❣❡♥♦tí♣✐❝❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ▼❡♥❞❡❧✐❛♥ ■♥❤❡r✐t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ▼❛♥ ✭❖▼■▼✮ ✭❖▼■▼✱✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❊♠ ✉♠❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡♠♦s ❡st❛s ❝♦❧❡çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s às ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r✲r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛✳ ◆♦ss♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❛ss♦❝✐❛r ♥♦✈♦s ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞♦s t❡r♠♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ ❡ss❡s ❣❡♥❡s ❡ q✉❡ ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♥♦t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❣ê♥✐❝❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ ❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ à ♣r✐♦r✐ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❞♦ ❙❯❙ ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s✱ t❡♠♦s✿
• ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❍♦s♣✐t❛❧❛r❡s ❞♦ ❙❯❙ ♣❛r❛ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s❀
• ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s❀ • ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ♣❡rt✐♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❣ê♥✐❝❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐✲ ❝♦s ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ❡st❡s ❣❡♥❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠❀
✹ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✳✹
❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦s ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s✳ ❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ s❡rá ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ à r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♥♦ss♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s sã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳
❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ❜✉s❝❛r❡♠♦s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿
• ❈♦♠♦ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦s ❞♦ ❙❯❙❄
• ❈♦♠♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝â♥❝✐❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦❄
• ❈♦♠♦ ❡ss❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥♦s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❣ê♥✐❝❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛t♦✲ ❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s❄
• ❈♦♠♦ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛✲❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s❄
✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✿
• ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❡ ♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❧❡✐♦tr♦♣✐❛ ❞♦s ❣❡♥❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s❀
• ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❜✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❖▼■▼✱ ❯▼▲❙ ❡ ♦ ●❡♥❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣②❀
• ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❡♠ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s✲❞♦❡♥ç❛s❀
• ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ▼é❞✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷ ✭◆❊❚❖ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❜♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❙❛ú❞❡ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
✶✳✹ ❖❘●❆◆■❩❆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ❚❘❆❇❆▲❍❖ ✺
❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✱ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r❡♠♦s ♣♦♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✱ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♥s ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s à ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐✲ t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❞❡st❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳ ❉❛r❡♠♦s ê♥❢❛s❡ àq✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s ❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳
✷✳✶ ❉♦❡♥ç❛s ❈♦♠♣❧❡①❛s
❉♦❡♥ç❛s ❝❛r❞í❛❝❛s✱ ♣s✐q✉✐átr✐❝❛s✱ ♦♥❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✿ t♦❞❛s sã♦ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ♦✉ ♠✉❧t✐❢❛✲ t♦r✐❛✐s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠✉t❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❣❡♥❡ ♦✉ ❛ ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧✳ ❆❝r❡❞✐t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛s s✉r❥❛♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♣r❡❞✐s♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ t❛♥t♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♥ã♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✭▲❊❙◆■❈❑ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
❆s ♠✉t❛çõ❡s ❣ê♥✐❝❛s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s às ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s s✐♥❛✐s ♦✉ s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❛tr✐❜✉í✈❡✐s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ♠✉t❛çõ❡s ❣ê♥✐✲ ❝❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛r ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ♣r❡❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ ❉❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s q✉❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡♠ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❣❡♥❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❜❡✲ ♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡✐s à s❛ú❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♠✉t❛çõ❡s ❣ê♥✐❝❛s ♥❛s ✈✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣❧❡✐✲ ♦tró♣✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ ❆ ♣❧❡✐♦tr♦♣✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❣❡♥❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❢❡♥ót✐♣♦s✳ ❖s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❛ ♣❧❡✐♦tr♦♣✐❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❣❡♥❡ ❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ✭❙■❱❆❑❯▼❆❘❆◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
❖s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❢❡♥♦tí♣✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s s♦③✐♥❤♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♠♣♦r ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♥♦s ❞ã♦ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✳ ●❡♥❡s ♣❧❡✐♦tró♣✐❝♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✈❛❧✐♦s❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❣❡♥❡s ❡ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s sã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♥♦✈♦s ✜♥s✱ q✉❡ ✈ã♦ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛ s❡r s✉❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ♣❧❡✐♦tr♦♣✐❛ r❡✢❡t❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s
✷✳✶ ❉❖❊◆➬❆❙ ❈❖▼P▲❊❳❆❙ ✼
♣r♦t❡í♥❛s tê♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❛♣é✐s ❡♠ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛❧t❡r❡ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ♦✉ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❡♥❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❡r ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦rt❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡❝✐❞♦s ♦✉ ♦r❣ã♦s ✭❍❖❉●❑■◆✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
❆ ♣❧❡✐♦tr♦♣✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s q✉❡ sã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❖❜❡s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❉✐❛❜❡t❡s✳ ❆♠❜❛s ❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s sã♦ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✉❛s ❝❛✉s❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉t❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❣❡♥❡ ❊◆PP✶✱ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ ❤♦r♠ô♥✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥s✉❧✐♥❛ ♥♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞❛ ❣❧✐❝♦s❡ ✭▼❊❨❘❊ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛r ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❡♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐s❝r❡t❛s✱ ✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s é q✉❡ ❡❧❛s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡ s♦❜r❡♣♦r✱ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✱ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ s❡ s♦❜r❡♣õ❡♠ ♦✉ sã♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✳ ❊st❛ s♦❜r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛r ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝❧í♥✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ♦✉ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦r❜✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❡ ❢❡♥ót✐♣♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s✳ ■st♦ s✉❣❡r❡ q✉❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❡t✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛❞❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ✭❇❊❈❑❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣❧❡✐♦tr♦♣✐❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡r ❛s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ ◆❡st❛ ✐❧✉str❛çã♦ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ●❡♥❡ ✶ ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ❞✉❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✱ ❆ ❡ ❇✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ●❡♥❡ ✷ ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ às ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❇ ❡ ❈✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ❇✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❣❡♥❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❣❡♥❡ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ♣❧❡✐♦tró♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳
✽ ❊❙❚❆❉❖ ❉❆ ❆❘❚❊ ✷✳✷
❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s✱ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s sã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❣ê♥✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠♦s ♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❡ ♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❣ê♥✐❝❛✳
✷✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ●❡♥❡s
❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s sã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s❡✉ t✐♣♦ ❡ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖s t✐♣♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s sã♦✿ Pr✐♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❙❡❧❡çã♦✳ ◆❛ Pr✐♦r✐③❛çã♦✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s é ❞❡ r❛♥q✉❡❛r ♦ ❣❡♥❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡s❝♦r❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s✳ ◆❛ ❙❡❧❡çã♦✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ♦❜t❡r ✉♠❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦ ❣❡♥❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ✭❇❘❖▼❇❊❘●✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
❖s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s sã♦ ✈❛r✐❛❞♦s✳ ❊①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦✲ r❛r ❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ✭P■❘❖❀ ❈❯◆❚❖✱
✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❱❡❥❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡st❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛✿
• ❆♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✿ ❊st❛ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❣❡♥❡ é ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦ ❛ s❡r ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛✱ ❝❛s♦ ❡st❡ s❡❥❛ ♠❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✈✐❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✱ ❢✉♥çã♦✱ ♦✉ é ❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ♦✉ ❞❡ t❡❝✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❣❡♥❡s q✉❡ ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ♠❡s♠❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡st❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭❇❘❖▼❇❊❘●✱
✷✵✶✸✮✳
✷✳✷ ▼➱❚❖❉❖❙ ❉❊ P❘❊❉■➬➹❖ ❉❊ ●❊◆❊❙ ✾
❝é❧✉❧❛s ❡ ór❣ã♦s ✭▼❊◆❉❊❙❀ P◆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❛ss✉♠❡♠ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡st❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦✱ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡♠â♥✲ t✐❝❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞♦s ♦♥❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❝❡✐t♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ â♠✲ ❜✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✱ ❡ t❡♠ ♣♦r ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ ❛①✐♦♠❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❛ ❡❧❡s✳ ❆s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ♣♦❞❡r♦s♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✲r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❙ã♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛✲ ❞❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ à ❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛s ♥♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❈❆▼P❖❙✱✷✵✶✵✮✳
◆♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛✱ ❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❣❡♥❡s✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ s❡✉s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❞❡ ✈✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✱ ✈✐❛s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛s✱ r❡❣✉❧❛✲ tór✐❛s✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ s❡✉s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❣ê♥✐❝♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠ ❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❊st❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s✳
• ❊✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❚❡①t✉❛❧✿ ❇❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ♥❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ❛♥♦t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❡♥❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛ ✭P■❘❖❀ ❈❯◆❚❖✱✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛❧✐❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛✐s í♥t❡❣r♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❛ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❛ ✉♥✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡ss❛ ✉♥✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❜❛s❡s é ♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❯♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ▼é❞✐❝❛ ✭❯▼▲❙✱ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês ❯♥✐✜❡❞ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❙②st❡♠✮ ✭❯▼▲❙✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❖ ▼❡t❛t❡s❛✉r♦ ❞❛ ❯▼▲❙ é ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦✱ ♠✉❧t✐✉s♦✱ ❡ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜✐♦♠é❞✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜✐♦♠é❞✐❝♦s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s✳
❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❛ ❯▼▲❙ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ s✉♣❡r❛r ❞✉❛s ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ ❊st❛s ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s sã♦ ❛ ❞✐s♣❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✉s❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ s❛ú❞❡ ❛ t♦♠❛r❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✳ ➱ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❜✐♦♠é❞✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭❇❖❉❊◆❘❊■❉❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
✶✵ ❊❙❚❆❉❖ ❉❆ ❆❘❚❊ ✷✳✷
❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ✭❇❘❖▼❇❊❘●✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ • ❘❡❧❛çõ❡s ❋❡♥♦tí♣✐❝❛s✿ ❈❛s♦ ❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✲
❥✉♥t♦ ✈❛st♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦✉tr❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❛ s❛í❞❛ é ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ ❢❡♥ót✐♣♦s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s à ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ t♦♠❛r ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡♥❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ♦✉ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ✭❍❆◆❀ ▼❆❘❈✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
• ■♥t❡r❛çõ❡s Pr♦t❡í♥❛✲Pr♦t❡í♥❛✿ ❊st❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❢♦rt❡s ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ❣❡♥❡s✳ ❆s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s♦❢r❡♠ ♠✉t❛✲ çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❢❡♥ót✐♣♦ ❞❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛✳ ➱ ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ✜s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐rã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❝♦♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡❧❡tér✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠❛ ❞❡st❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧t❛ ♣r♦✲ ❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❢❡♥ót✐♣♦s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ✭❖❚■✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
❉✐✈❡rs♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡❞✐✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳ ✭❙❯◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱✷✵✵✾✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❣ê♥✐❝♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✿ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çõ❡s✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❣ê♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❜✉s❝❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ s♦❜r❡ ❊sq✉✐③♦❢r❡♥✐❛✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞♦s ❣❡♥❡s✱ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s r❡❝❡❜❡r❛♠ ♣♦♥t✉❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣❡s♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t✉❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✜❧tr❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ p✲✈❛❧♦r ❡♠ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❆ss♦❝✐❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ●❡♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❆♠♣❧❛ ✭●❲❆❙✱ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês ●❡♥♦♠❡✲❲✐❞❡ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❙t✉❞②✮✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ss❡s ✜❧tr♦s✱ ♦s ❣❡♥❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛❞♦s✳
❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✭❨❯ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❜✮ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭●❡♥❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣②✱ ▼❡❙❍✱ ❡❱❖❈✱ ❖▼■▼✱ ▲❉❉❇✱ ❑❖✱ ▼P❖✱ ❙◆❖▼❊❉✲❈❚ ❡ ❯♥✐♣r♦t❑❇✮ ♣❛r❛ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳ ❊❧❡ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳
▼ét♦❞♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ✭●❯❉■❱❆❉❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❛ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❲❡❜ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❣❡♥ô♠✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r♦t❡ô♠✐❝❛s ❛♦ ❝♦♥✲ ❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s✳ ●r❛❢♦s sã♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❛s ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❊st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝❡♥✲ tr❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♥ó ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s q✉❡ s❛✐ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✳ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ t❡r♠♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛ ❣❡♥❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❢♦rt❡s✳
