❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❊❳❚❊◆❙➹❖ ❉❖ ❇❆●✲❖❋✲❱■❙❯❆▲✲❋❊❆❚❯❘❊❙ P❆❘❆
■◆❈❖❘P❖❘❆❘ ■◆❋❖❘▼❆➬➹❖ ❊❙P❆❈■❆▲ ◆❆ ❉❊❙❈❘■➬➹❖
❉❊ ❈❆❘❆❈❚❊❘❮❙❚■❈❆❙ ❉❊ ❆❈❖❘❉❖ ❈❖▼ ❆ P❊❘❈❊P➬➹❖
❱■❙❯❆▲ ❍❯▼❆◆❆
❘❖❇❙❖◆ ❉❊ ❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖ ❙❖❆❘❊❙
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❘❖❇❙❖◆ ❉❊ ❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖ ❙❖❆❘❊❙
❊❳❚❊◆❙➹❖ ❉❖ ❇❆●✲❖❋✲❱■❙❯❆▲✲❋❊❆❚❯❘❊❙ P❆❘❆
■◆❈❖❘P❖❘❆❘ ■◆❋❖❘▼❆➬➹❖ ❊❙P❆❈■❆▲ ◆❆ ❉❊❙❈❘■➬➹❖
❉❊ ❈❆❘❆❈❚❊❘❮❙❚■❈❆❙ ❉❊ ❆❈❖❘❉❖ ❈❖▼ ❆ P❊❘❈❊P➬➹❖
❱■❙❯❆▲ ❍❯▼❆◆❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡✲ r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❉❡♥✐s❡ ●✉❧✐❛t♦
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛❝✉❧✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❜❛❣✲♦❢✲✈✐s✉❛❧✲ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♥❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✑ ♣♦r ❘♦❜s♦♥ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❙♦❛r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✷✾ ❞❡ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❉❡♥✐s❡ ●✉❧✐❛t♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❈❡❧✐❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❩♦r③♦ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ■❧♠ér✐♦ ❘❡✐s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷
❆✉t♦r✿ ❘♦❜s♦♥ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❙♦❛r❡s
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❜❛❣✲♦❢✲✈✐s✉❛❧✲❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♥❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣✲ çã♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❤✉♠❛♥❛
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛♠❛❞❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ◆❛t❛ss✐❛ ❈❛t✐t❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❡ à ♠✐♥❤❛ q✉❡r✐❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❏♦❛q✉✐♠ ❙♦❛r❡s ❙♦❜r✐♥❤♦✱ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ▼❛❢r❛ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❙♦❛r❡s✱ P♦❧❧②❛♥♥❛ ▼❛❢r❛ ❙♦❛r❡s
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
●♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r✳✳✳
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ só ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ♠❛✐s ❡st❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛s t❛♠✲ ❜é♠ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❞❛r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❢♦rç❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❢r❡♥tá✲❧❛✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛♠❛❞❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛ ◆❛t❛ss✐❛ ❈❛t✐t❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ q✉❡ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ❛♠♦r ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ❙❊▼P❘❊ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✉ ❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ✐ss♦ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s q✉❡r✐❞♦s ❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r❡s ♣❛✐s ❏♦❛q✉✐♠ ❙♦❛r❡s ❙♦❜r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ▼❛❢r❛ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❙♦❛r❡s q✉❡ ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠❛trí❝✉❧❛ ♥♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳ ❙❡♠ ❛ ✐♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛♠♦r ❞❡❧❡s✱ ❡✉ ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞♦✳
➚s ♠✐♥❤❛s q✉❡r✐❞❛s ✐r♠ãs ▼❛②❛r❛ ▼❛❢r❛ ❙♦❛r❡s ❡ P♦❧❧②❛♥♥❛ ▼❛❢r❛ ❙♦❛r❡s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ❉❡♥✐s❡ ●✉❧✐❛t♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✱ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ■❧♠ér✐♦ ❘❡✐s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❊r♥❛♥❡✱ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦✱ ❏✉❧✐❛♥♦✱ ❏❡❛♥✱ ❊❧❛✐♥❡✱ ❆❧❧❛♥✱ ❲❛❧t❡r✱ ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s✱ ❉❛❧✐ ❡ ■✈♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❢♦ss❡ ♣r❡❝✐s♦✳
➚ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❝ís✐♦ ❆✳ ❞❡ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ❏ú♥✐♦r ❡ ▲í❣✐❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❙♦❛r❡s P❛ss♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❛té ♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡✳ ❱❛❧❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛r ❛s r♦t✐♥❛s ár❞✉❛s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ q✉❡ ✈❛r❛✈❛♠ ❛s ♠❛❞r✉❣❛❞❛s✳
➚ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❙❖❋❚❇❖❳ ❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ q✉❡ ❙❊▼P❘❊ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r❛♠ ♥❡ss❛ ❡♠♣r❡✐t❛❞❛✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❱✐♥❝❡♥③✐ ❡ ❖rs❡♥✐ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❈❛♠♣♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✱ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❇❛❣✲♦❢✲✈✐s✉❛❧✲❢❡❛t✉r❡s é ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ❚♦❞❛ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ é ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦r✲ ♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s ❡✴♦✉ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ s❡r ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ❡①tr❛✐r ❛s ♣❛rt❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✭❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞✮ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❛s ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❊♠ ♥♦ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ♦ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❛♣❛ ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✱ ❢✉③③② ❡ ❜✐♥ár✐❛✱ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✭❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✮ ❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ✭❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞✮✳ ◆♦ss♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❢♦✐ t❡st❛❞♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ❝♦r❡s✱ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ ❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s t❡st❛❞❛s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❇❛❣✲♦❢✲✈✐s✉❛❧✲❢❡❛t✉r❡s ✐s ❛ ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r ♣❛tt❡r♥ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✲ ❜❛s❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ r❡tr✐❡✈❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠ ♦❢ ❢r❡✲ q✉❡♥❝✐❡s ♦❢ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ✇♦r❞s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝❛s❡✱ ♦❜❥❡❝ts ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ♦♥ ❧❛r❣❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛r❡❛ ♦r ♦♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ s❝❡♥❡s✱ ♠❛② ♥♦t ❜❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t❧② r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t♦ ❡①tr❛❝t t❤❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t s❝❡♥❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✭❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞✮ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜❡✐♥❣ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❛❧✐❡♥❝② ♠❛♣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ■♥ ♦✉r ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧✱ t❤❡ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠ ✐s ❜✉✐❧t ♦♥ ✇❡✐❣❤t ✈✐s✉❛❧ ✇♦r❞s ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ s❛❧✐❡♥❝② ♠❛♣ ♦♥ t✇♦ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✱ ❢✉③③② ❛♥❞ ❜✐♥❛r②✱ t♦ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❛ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞✳ ❖✉r ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✇❛s t❡st❡❞ ♦♥ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s t❤❛t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝♦❧♦r✱ r✐❣✐❞ ❛♥❞ s❝❛❧❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡s t❤❛t ♦✉r ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ♣r❡s❡♥ts s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ♦✈❡r ♦t❤❡r t❡st❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①①✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✸
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✷✼
✷✳✶ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✶✳✷ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✷✳✶ Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ▼é❞✐❛ ✭❆✈❡r❛❣❡ Pr❡❝✐s✐♦♥✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✷✳✷ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ▼é❞✐❛ ✭▼❡❛♥ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ Pr❡❝✐s✐♦♥✮ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✷✳✷✳✸ ●❛♥❤♦ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛t✐✈♦ ❉❡s❝♦♥t❛❞♦ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✭◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❉✐s❝♦✉♥t
❈✉♠✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ●❛✐♥✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✷✳✸ ❇❛❣✲❖❢✲❱✐s✉❛❧✲❋❡❛t✉r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❉✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ P❛❧❛✈r❛s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ P❛❧❛✈r❛s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✷✳✸✳✹ ❇✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✷✳✹ ❆t❡♥çã♦ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✷✳✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ■tt✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✷✳✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❍❛r❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✷✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✸ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✻✺
✸✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✷ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
①✈✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✹ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ✈✐✲
s✉❛❧ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ✼✺
✹✳✶ ❯s♦ ❞♦ ▼❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❙❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡♣❛r❛r ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✷ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ ❡♥tr❡
❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❡ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❢✉③③② ❡♥tr❡
❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❡ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✹✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✽✼
✺✳✶ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❲❛♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✷ Pr❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❲❛♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❲❛♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✶✵✺
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✻✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❈❇■❘✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬❋❡♥❣ ❉✳ ✷✵✵✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❡ s❡✉ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✷✺✻ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡
❝✐♥③❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸ P❡s♦s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❈▲❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✹ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛s✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦
❬▼❛♥❥✉♥❛t❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✺ ❋✐❧tr♦s ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛s✿ ✭❛✮ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧✱ ✭❜✮ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧✱ ✭❝✮ ✹✺o ❞✐❛❣♦✲
♥❛❧✱ ✭❞✮ ✶✸✺o ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ❡ ✭❡✮ s❡♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬▼❛♥❥✉♥❛t❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✻ ❊s❜♦ç♦ ❞❛s ❝✐♥❝♦ ♣❛rt✐çõ❡s ♥ã♦✲s♦❜r❡♣♦st❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ▲❈P❈✳
■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬❑✐♠✉r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✼ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛s ♣❛rt✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ▲❈P❈✳ ■❧✉str❛✲
çã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬❑✐♠✉r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ t❡①t✉r❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ t❡①t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❬❇r♦✲
❞❛t③ ✷✵✶✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s q✉❛✐s ✉♠ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❣✐ã♦
é ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡❧✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬❇♦❜❡r ✷✵✵✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s q✉❛✐s ✉♠ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥✲
t♦r♥♦ é ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡❧✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬❇♦❜❡r ✷✵✵✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✶✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✶✷ ❆❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✱
❡♠ q✉❡ ❞ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ✭▲1✱ ▲2 ♦✉ ▲∞✮ ❛té ❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❖✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦
r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬❘♦❤❛♥✐ ❡ ◆✉❣r♦❤♦ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✶✸ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ❞✭~v✭✐1✮✱~v✭✐2✮✮❂cosθ✳
■❧✉str❛çã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬▼❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✶✹ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♣♦r ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ q ❡ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ r✳
■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❬❩❡③✉❧❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✶✺ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞♦s ❦✲✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ q ❡
❦❂✺✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❬❩❡③✉❧❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
①✈✐✐✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ① r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ✭❙✶ ❡ ❙✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✶✼ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❜❛❣✲♦❢✲✈✐s✉❛❧✲❢❡❛t✉r❡s✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦
❬❨❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✷✳✶✽ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡✲
❧♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s✿ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✱ ▲❛♣❧❛❝✐❛♥ ♦❢ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ❡ ❆❧❡❛tór✐♦✳ ■♠❛❣❡♥s r❡t✐r❛❞❛s ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬◆♦✇❛❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✷✳✶✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✜❧tr♦ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ σ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✷✳✷✵ ❋✐❧tr♦ ❉♦● ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✾✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✷✳✷✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❉✭①✱②✱σ✮✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦
❬▲♦✇❡ ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✷✳✷✷ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❉✭①✱②✱σ✮✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦
❬❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✾❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✷✳✷✸ ❊①tr❡♠♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ●❛✉s✲
s✐❛♥❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣✐①❡❧ ✭♠❛r❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❳✮ ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡✉s ✷✻ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ✸①✸ ♥❛s ❡s❝❛❧❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❡ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ✭♠❛r❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦s✮✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬▲♦✇❡ ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✷✳✷✹ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦
❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳ ♥ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡ ❦ ❛ ✉♠ ♣✐①❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✷✳✷✺ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❡ ❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦
❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❙■❋❚✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✷✳✷✻ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✷✳✷✼ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ■tt✐✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬■tt✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✽❪✳ ✺✽ ✷✳✷✽ ▼❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❙❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡①tr❛í❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ■tt✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✷✳✷✾ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ■tt✐✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬❍❛r❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳
✷✵✵✼❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✷✳✸✵ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♥ós ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❛ ✭❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦✉ ❛t✐✈❛çã♦✮ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✳ ✻✷ ✷✳✸✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛r❡st❛s ❜✐❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✷✳✸✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛r❡st❛s ♥♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛
❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✷✳✸✸ ▼❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❙❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡①tr❛í❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❍❛r❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✶ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ◆❡❛r ❉✉♣❧✐❝❛t❡ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s✿ ✭❛✮
❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❛ ❝❡♥❛✱ ✭❜✮ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❡ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ ✭❝✮ tr❛♥s❧❛✲ çã♦ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦✱ ✭❞✮ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝♦r ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ ✭❡✮ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛✲ çã♦✴❝♦♥tr❛st❡ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ ✭❢✮ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❞♦ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✸✳✷ ■♠❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦ ❝❛✈❛❧♦ ♥❛ ❝❡♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✸✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ P❆❙❈❆▲ ❬❊✈❡r✐♥❣❤❛♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪ ❛♥♦t❛❞❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐①
✸✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❛s ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛✿ ✭❛✮ ♠❛♣❛ ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡①tr❛í❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❬❍✉❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✱ ✭❜✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞✴❜❛❝❦❣♦r✉♥❞ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✭❛✮✱ ✭❝✮ ♠❛♣❛ ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡①tr❛í❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❬■tt✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✽❪✱ ✭❜✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❢♦✲ r❡❣r♦✉♥❞✴❜❛❝❦❣♦r✉♥❞ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✭❝✮✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬❍✉❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✸✳✺ ✭❛✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✭❜✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❛♣ós ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❙❡❛♠ ❈❛r✈✐♥❣✳ ■❧✉s✲
tr❛çã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬❙❛t♦ ❡ ❑❛tt♦ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✸✳✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❙❛❧✐❡♥t✲❙■❋❚✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞❛
❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬▲✐❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✸✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s✲❝❤❛✈❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✈❛✲
r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❛♣❛ ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬◆❛❦❛♠♦t♦ ❡ ❚♦r✐✉ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✶ ✭❛✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛❀ ✭❜✮ ♠❛♣❛s ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❬■tt✐ ❡t ❛❧✳
✶✾✾✽❪ ❡ ❬❍❛r❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪❀ ✭❝✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❜✐♥ár✐❛s ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❡①tr❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❛ ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❜r❛♥❝❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♣r❡t❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛♣❛ ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ três ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ❡♠ q✉❡
♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛③✉❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛♠❛r❡❧♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❡ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✸ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❇■❙▼■ ❡ ❇■❙▼❍✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✹ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❇■❙▼■ ❡ ❇■❙▼❍✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✺ ✭❛✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s
✈✐s✉❛✐s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛❀ ✭❜✮ ♠❛♣❛ ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡①tr❛í❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❬■tt✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✽❪ ❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ♥♦ ♠❛♣❛❀ ✭❝✮ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❡ ❞♦ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥t❛r ♦ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❇■❙▼■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✹✳✻ ✭❛✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s
✈✐s✉❛✐s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛❀ ✭❜✮ ♠❛♣❛ ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡①tr❛í❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❬❍❛r❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪ ❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ♥♦ ♠❛♣❛❀ ✭❝✮ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❡ ❞♦ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥t❛r ♦ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❇■❙▼❍✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✼ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❋■❙▼■ ❡ ❋■❙▼❍✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✹✳✽ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❋■❙▼■ ❡ ❋■❙▼❍✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ✶✵ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❲❛♥❣
①① ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✺✳✸ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❇❛s❡ ❊s❝❛❧❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✹ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❇❛s❡ ❘♦t❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✺ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❇❛s❡ ❚r❛♥s❧❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✻ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❇❛s❡ ❈♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✼ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❇❛s❡ ■❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✽ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❇❛s❡ ❋✉♥❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✾ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❇❛s❡ ❍í❜r✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✶✵ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❇❛s❡ ❈❡♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✶✶ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛
❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❲❛♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✶✷ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❈♦r✱ ■❧✉♠✐✲
♥❛çã♦✱ ❊s❝❛❧❛✱ ❘♦t❛çã♦✱ ❚r❛♥s❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❍í❜r✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✶✸ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❋✉♥❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✶✹ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❈❡♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✶✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦r ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ◆❉❈●k✱ k= 55 ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❞❡st❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✶✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ■❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ◆❉❈●k✱k = 37❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❞❡st❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✶✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✉t✐❧✐✲
③❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ◆❉❈●k✱ k = 11 ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❞❡st❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✺✳✶✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❘♦t❛çã♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✉t✐✲
❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ◆❉❈●k✱ k = 39 ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❞❡st❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✶✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s❧❛çã♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ◆❉❈●k✱ k = 7 ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❞❡st❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✷✵ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❋✉♥❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✉t✐❧✐✲
③❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ◆❉❈●k✱ k = 11 ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❞❡st❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✷✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❍í❜r✐❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✉t✐❧✐✲
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❙●❇❉ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❈❇■❘ ❈♦♥t❡♥t✲❇❛s❡❞ ■♠❛❣❡ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❛❧
❚❇■❘ ❚❡①t✲❇❛s❡❞ ■♠❛❣❡ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❛❧ ❘◗ ❘❛♥❣❡ ◗✉❡r②
❑◆◆◗ ❑✲◆❡❛r❡st ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r ◗✉❡r② ❲❚❆ ❲✐♥♥❡r✲❚❛❦❡✲❆❧❧
❆✈❡P ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ Pr❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ▼❆P ▼❡❛♥ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ Pr❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❉❈● ❉✐s❝♦✉♥t ❈✉♠✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ●❛✐♥
◆❉❈● ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❉✐s❝♦✉♥t ❈✉♠✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ●❛✐♥ ●❇❱❙ ●r❛♣❤✲❇❛s❡❞ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ❙❛❧✐❡♥❝②
❙■❋❚ ❙❝❛❧❡ ■♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠ ❙❈❉ ❙❝❛❧❛❜❧❡ ❈♦❧♦r ❉❡s❝r✐♣t♦r
❈▲❉ ❈♦❧♦r ▲❛②♦✉t ❉❡s❝r✐♣t♦r ❊❍❉ ❊❞❣❡ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t♦r
❈❊❉❉ ❈♦❧♦r ❛♥❞ ❊❞❣❡ ❉✐r❡❝t✐✈✐t② ❉❡s❝r✐♣t♦r ❋❈❚❍ ❋✉③③② ❈♦❧♦r ❛♥❞ ❚❡①t✉r❡ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠ ❇■❈ ❇♦r❞❡r✲■♥t❡r✐♦r P✐①❡❧ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ▲❈P❈ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❈♦❧♦r P✐①❡❧ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❉❈❚ ❉✐s❝r❡t❡ ❈♦s✐♥❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠ ❈▲❋ ❈♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❋✐❧t❡rs ❉♦● ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ▼P ▼❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❙❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s t❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s r♦❜✉st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡ rá♣✐❞♦ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❡♠ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❛✱ ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❛✱ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♥♦ss❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✲ t✉r❛r ❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ❞❛❞♦s ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss♦✉ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ssá✲❧♦s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧♦s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛s ♥✉♥❝❛ ♠❛✐s s❡✲ r❡♠ ❛❝❡ss❛❞❛s ❬❋❛②②❛❞ ❡ ❯t❤✉r✉s❛♠② ✷✵✵✷❪✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s é ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛s ❜❛s❡s ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ♦r❣❛✲ ♥✐③❛❞❛s ❬❘✉✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼❪✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ❲❡❜✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ s✉r❣❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝❛③❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳
❖s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✼✵ ❡ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✽✵✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❡ ❬❈❤❛♥❣ ❡ ❋✉ ✶✾✽✵❪ ❡ ❬❈❤❛♥❣ ❡ ❑✉♥✐❧ ✶✾✽✶❪ ❛ss♦❝✐❛♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s t❡①t✉❛✐s às ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❊ss❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ t❡①t♦ ✭❚❇■❘ ✲ ❚❡①t✲❇❛s❡❞ ■♠❛❣❡ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❛❧ ✮✱ ♣♦❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s t❡①✲ t✉❛✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s às ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✿ ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s✱ ❧❡❣❡♥❞❛s✱ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡s ♦✉ ♠❡t❛✲❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❛♠❡✱ ❝♦rt❡✱ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣✐①❡❧s✱ ❜✐ts ♣♦r ♣✐①❡❧✱ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦✱ ❞❛t❛ ❡ ❤♦r❛ ❞❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦✱ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✱ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s✱ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜r✐❧❤♦ ❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❆s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ sã♦ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s t❡①t✉❛✐s tê♠ q✉❡ s❡r ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞❡♠♦r❛❞♦ ❡ ❝❛♥s❛t✐✈♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ♣❡ss♦❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡ss❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ s✉r❣❡♠ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✭❈❇■❘ ✲❈♦♥t❡♥t✲❇❛s❡❞ ■♠❛❣❡ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❛❧ ✮ ❬❑❛t♦ ✶✾✾✷❪ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦r✱ t❡①t✉r❛ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ r❡♣r❡✲
✷✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❛✐s ❬❚r❛✐♥❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✸❪✱ ❬◆❛s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✸❪ ❬❆❧t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ❆ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ é ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ❊st❛ ❛❜♦r✲ ❞❛❣❡♠ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❈❇■❘ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❬❈❛rs♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✾❪✱ ❬◆✐❜❧❛❝❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✸❪ ❡ ❬❙♠✐t❤ ❡ ❢✉ ❈❤❛♥❣ ✶✾✾✻❪✳
❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛❣✲♦❢✲✈✐s✉❛❧✲❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❜❛❣✲ ♦❢✲✈✐s✉❛❧✲✇♦r❞s ❬❙✐✈✐❝ ❡ ❩✐ss❡r♠❛♥ ✷✵✵✸❪✱ ❬❈s✉r❦❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ t❡♠ s❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ ❝❡♥❛s✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❢❛③ ❛♥❛❧♦❣✐❛ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛❣✲♦❢✲✇♦r❞s ❬❉✉♠❛✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✽❪ ❡ ❬❘✐❜❡✐r♦✲◆❡t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✾❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s t❡①t✉❛✐s✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❝❛❞❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥❡ss❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✳
◆❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❜❛❣✲♦❢✲✈✐s✉❛❧✲❢❡❛t✉r❡s sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s q✉❡ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ é ❣❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❡s ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛s é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳
❖ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡rís✲ t✐❝❛s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❙■❋❚ ❬▲♦✇❡ ✷✵✵✹❪ ♥ã♦ ❧❡✈❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❡ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ♠♦✲ t✐✈♦s é ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r q✉❛❧ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛♦ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❡ q✉❛❧ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛♦ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❢á❝✐❧✱ rá♣✐❞❛ ❡ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ tê♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ❡ss❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❬▼♦♦s♠❛♥♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❪✱ ❬▼❛rs③❛❧❡❦ ❡ ❙❝❤♠✐❞ ✷✵✵✻❪✱ ❬❍✉❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✱ ❬❙❛t♦ ❡ ❑❛tt♦ ✷✵✶✵❪ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
❊♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✳ ❯♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ▼❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❙❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❬■tt✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✽❪ ❡ ❬❍❛r❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦ q✉❡ é r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
✶✳✷✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✷✺
❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ✭❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞✮ ❡ ♦ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✭❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✮ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✈✐❛ ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❛♣❛s ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆s ❞✉❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❡st❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❜❛❣✲♦❢✲✈✐s✉❛❧✲❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s✳
◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛✱ ♦ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❜❛❝❦✲ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ❡ ❞♦ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❛♣❛ ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r s❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛♦ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ♦✉ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳ ❏á ♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛✱ ❡ss❛ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❢✉③③② ❡ ❞❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♦ ♠❛♣❛ ❞❡ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ♣❡rt✐♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❡ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♦✐t♦ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t♦t❛❧ ✹✼✷✵ ✐♠❛✲ ❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❢♦ss❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝♦r✱ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ r♦t❛çã♦✱ tr❛♥s❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ❊ss❛s ❜❛s❡s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦r ❛ ❜❛s❡✳
✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✷✳✶ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦
❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✭❈❇■❘ ✲ ❈♦♥t❡♥t✲❇❛s❡❞ ■♠❛❣❡ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❛❧✮ ❬❑❛t♦ ✶✾✾✷❪ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❜✉s❝❛r ✐♠❛❣❡♥s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡✳ ❙ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡①tr❛✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❝♦♥✲ t❡ú❞♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳ ❖ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❛ s❡r ❡①tr❛í❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦r✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦✉ ❛ t❡①t✉r❛ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❢♦r♠❛ ♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❊st❡s ✈❡t♦r❡s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ✈✐❛ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳
❖ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❈❇■❘ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✱ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦s s❡✉s ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♥❞♦✲♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❡①tr❛í❞❛s s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ s❡✉ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦s ✈❡t♦r❡s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥❝❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ✉♠❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ t❡♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❢❛③❡r ❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ r❡✜♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡✉ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛✱ ♥♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❬❋❡♥❣ ❉✳ ✷✵✵✸❪✳
❆ s❡❣✉✐r sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❈❇■❘ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡
✷✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❈❇■❘✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬❋❡♥❣ ❉✳ ✷✵✵✸❪✳
❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s✐♠✐✲ ❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s
❊♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❈❇■❘ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦✳ ❖s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❡①tr❛✐r t❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❖s ✈❡t♦r❡s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♥tã♦ ♥❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t❛s✳
❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉✲ ♣❡r❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ sã♦✿ ❝♦r✱ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡ t❡①t✉r❛✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳
❈♦r
