❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❆❘❈❆❇❖❯➬❖ ❈❖◆❈❊■❚❯❆▲ P❆❘❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❘❊❈❖◆❋■●❯❘➪❱❊▲
❉■❊●❖ ◆❯◆❊❙ ▼❖▲■◆❖❙
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉■❊●❖ ◆❯◆❊❙ ▼❖▲■◆❖❙
❆❘❈❆❇❖❯➬❖ ❈❖◆❈❊■❚❯❆▲ P❆❘❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❘❊❈❖◆❋■●❯❘➪❱❊▲
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡✲ r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ●♦♠❡s ▼❡sq✉✐t❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧✑ ♣♦r ❉✐❡❣♦ ◆✉♥❡s ▼♦❧✐♥♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✷✶ ❞❡ ❆❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ●♦♠❡s ▼❡sq✉✐t❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❉✉❛rt❡ ❆❜❞❛❧❛ ❯❋❯✲▼●
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ✷✶ ❞❡ ❆❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❆✉t♦r✿ ❉✐❡❣♦ ◆✉♥❡s ▼♦❧✐♥♦s
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❊♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣♦r ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞á❞✐✈❛ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s✱ ❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ◗✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ s♦♥❤❛r✱ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❡rr❛r✳ ▼❛✐s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ t✉❞♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❞❛♥❞♦ ♠❡ ❢♦rç❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛r ❡ s❡❣✉✐r ❡♠ ❢r❡♥t❡✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✳ ❯♠ ❛❣r❛✲ ❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ♠❡✉ q✉❡r✐❞♦ ♣❛✐✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✉ ♦ r❡❛❧ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❆▼❖❘ ❡ ♣♦r s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ❡s♣ír✐t♦✳ ❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ q✉❡r✐❞❛ ♠ã❡✱ ♣♦r ❞❡✐①❛r s❡✉s s♦♥❤♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦s ♠❡✉s✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥♦✐✈❛ ❘❛❞❤❛r❛♥✐ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ♣♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛r ♦s ♥♦ss♦s ♣♦✉❝♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rsã♦✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❡ ❛♠✐❣♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ●♦♠❡s ▼❡sq✉✐t❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝r❡❞✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ♠✐♠ ❝♦♥✜❛❞❛✳ ❯♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ ❛ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r q✉❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛✳
❆♦ Pr♦❢✳ ▲ú❝✐♦ ❇♦r❣❡s ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♣r❡st❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❚♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ❋❆❈❖▼ q✉❡✱ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ t✐✈❡r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ♠❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❆♦s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❡ ✐r♠ã♦s ❞❡ ❜❛t❛❧❤❛ q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦✲ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rsã♦ ❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♥♦s ❞❡✐①❛r❛♠ ❞❡s✐st✐r ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛✢✐çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡s♣❡r♦✳ ❯♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❘ô♠❡rs♦♥ ❡ ❚❛✛❛r❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛✱ ❝❛r✐✲ ♥❤♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ●❡②❝②✱ ❍✐r❛♥✱ ➱❧❞❡r✱ ◆❡✇❛r♥❡②✱ ❏✉❧✐❡t❡✱ ❏♦✐❝②✱ ❈r✐s✱ ❘❛❢❛❡❧✱ ❈❧é❜❡r✱ ❆❧❡①✱ ▼❛✉rí❝✐♦✱ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ✭▼✐♠✐✮✱ ▲✉❝✐❛♥❡ ❡ ❋❛❜í♦❧❛✳
✧❚♦❞♦ ♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ❞❛ ♥♦ss❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✱ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞❛s s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s✱ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♣r♦s♣❡r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦r❛❧ ❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❛s ♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❛r✳ ❖r❛✱ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ é t♦❞❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦✱ t♦❞❛ ❡①❛t✐❞ã♦✱ t♦❞❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✳ P❡r❝❡❜❡r ♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s✱ ❞✐s❝❡r♥✐r ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❛s ❛♥❛❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ ❛s ❞❡ss❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛s✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❛s r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❡ ✐♥❞✉③✐r ❛s ❧❡✐s✱ ❡✐s ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛❀ ❡✐s✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❛❧✈♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ❡♠ ♠✐r❛✳ ❊s♣❡rt❛r ♥❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛s❝❡♥t❡ ❛s ❢❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❝✉❥♦ ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦ s❡ r❡q✉❡r ♥❡ss❡s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❡ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛r ❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✳✧
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✈❡♠ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ♥♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❡ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s✱ ♥❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡①❝❡❞❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ s✉r❣✐✉ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ í♥t❡❣r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✜①♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ✉♥✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s✳
❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦✈❛ ❡ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥✲ ❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ t❡ó✲ r✐❝❛✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡ ♠❛♥té♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣♦s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ s✉r❣❡♠ ❡♠ r❛③ã♦ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❡♠✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✲ ✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡rrô♥❡❛✱ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♦❝❛s✐õ❡s✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ t♦❞❛s s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛r❡③❛ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉✲ çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♠♣♦❜r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❡♠ ❢❛s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ss❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ t❡ór✐❝❛✳
❉❡ ❢❛t♦ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡st❡ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜✲ ❣✉rá✈❡❧✱ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s sã♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❞❛ ár❡❛✳
❆❞❡♠❛✐s✱ ❡ss❡ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ t❡♠ ♣♦r ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧✱ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❝rés❝✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ t❡ór✐❝♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❤❛s ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ❞✐r❡❝t✐♥❣ ❛ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦✜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ✉s❡rs✳ ■♥ r❡❝❡♥t ②❡❛rs ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥✱ ❛ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✉s❡ ❛s ❛♥ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r② t♦♦❧ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣❧② ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳
❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❡①❝❡❡❞s t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉s❡❞ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✱ ♥❡✇ ✇❛②s ♦❢ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ t♦ s❛t✐s❢② t❤❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t②✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❝♦♥✲ ✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❤❛s ❡♠❡r❣❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ t❤❛t ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡ t❤❡ ✜①❡❞ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐t②✱ ✉♥✐t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❡st ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠s✳
❚❤❡ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✐s ❛ ✜❡❧❞ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡❧② ♥❡✇ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts t❤❛t ✇❡r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t s✐♥❝❡ ✐ts t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❜❛s✐s✱ st✐❧❧ st❛♥❞s ❛s t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❛r❡ ♦❧❞❡r t❤❛♥ ♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ t❤♦s❡ ♥❡✇❡r ♦♥❡s t❤❛t ❛r✐s❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞② ✜❡❧❞✳
❈✉rr❡♥t❧② ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s t❤❛t s♦♠❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✜❡❧❞ ❛r❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✇r♦♥❣❧②✱ ♦♥ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥s✱ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❡①♣❧♦✐t ❛❧❧ t❤❡✐r ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❝❧❛r✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts✱ ❛✛❡❝t t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞② ✜❡❧❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦✈❡r✐s❤♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐♥❣ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② st✉❞❡♥ts ❛♥❞ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs ✐♥ ❡❛r❧② st❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣✱ t❤❛t s❡❡❦✐♥❣ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤♦s❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ❛ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②✳
■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ♦❢ ❛♥② st✉❞② ✜❡❧❞✱ ❛❧✇❛②s ❤❛s ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛♥② ❛r❡❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ ❛✐♠s t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥s ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✜❡❧❞✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s✳ ❲✐t❤✐♥ t❤✐s ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❢♦r r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♠❛♣ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡❞ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❛ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s❡♥s✉s ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛❧ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐sts✳
▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤✐s ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✐s ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ s❡r✈❡ ❛s ❛ ❤❡❧♣❡r t♦♦❧ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✱ ❛✐❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ s♦♠❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①①✐✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✺
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✸✶
✷✳✶ ❇❛s❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧✿ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✸ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✺✼
✸✳✶ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✶✳✶ Pr❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✸✳✷ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❉❡s❝♦♥tr✉çã♦ ❡ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✸✳✷✳✷ ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡ ❙✐♥t❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❘❡❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
①✈✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✸✳✷✳✺ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✸✳✸ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦❞♦ ❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✸✳✹ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵
✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✾✶
✹✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✲ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❡♥s✉rá✈❡✐s ❞♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ✹✳✹ ❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺
✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✶✸✼
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✶✸✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❋P●❆✱ ▼✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❆❙■❈✬s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❞❡✲ s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✶ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❉❛❤❧❜❡r❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❇ás✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❋P●❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❇ás✐❝❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❋P●❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✹ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❝♦♣❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✺ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✻ ▼❛♣❛ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❙❝♦tt ❍❛✉❝❦ ❡ ❆♥❞ré ❉❡❤♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✷✳✼ ▼❛♣❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦
❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❙❝♦tt ❍❛✉❝❦ ❡ ❆♥❞ré ❉❡❤♦♥ ✭P❛rt❡ ✶✴✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✷✳✽ ▼❛♣❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦
❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❙❝♦tt ❍❛✉❝❦ ❡ ❆♥❞ré ❉❡❤♦♥ ✭P❛rt❡ ✷✴✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✷✳✾ ▼❛♣❛ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ▼♦r❡♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✷✳✶✵ ▼❛♣❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦
❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❊❞✇❛r❞ ▼♦r❡♥♦ ✭P❛rt❡ ✶✴✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✷✳✶✶ ▼❛♣❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛✲
❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❊❞✇❛r❞ ▼♦r❡♥♦ ✭P❛rt❡ ✷✴✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✷✳✶✷ ▼❛♣❛ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❘♦s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✷✳✶✸ ▼❛♣❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛✲
❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❏♦♥❛t❤❛♥ ❘♦s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✷✳✶✹ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✷✳✶✺ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❖❧✐♠♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✶ ✢✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✸ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❛s ③♦♥❛s ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✹ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦s ❜✐❜❧✐♦♠❡tr✐❝♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
①✈✐✐✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✺ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦s ❜✐❜❧✐♦♠❡tr✐❝♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✻ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦s ❜✐❜❧✐♦♠❡tr✐❝♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✸✳✼ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✸✳✽ Pr♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❡str❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✸✳✾ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✸✳✶✵ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✸✳✶✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❚❡①t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✸✳✶✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❚❡①t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✸✳✶✸ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❚❡①t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✸✳✶✹ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✿ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s✱ ❙✐st❡✲
♠❛s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s ❡ ❉✐♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✸✳✶✺ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✸✳✶✻ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡ s✐♥t❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✸✳✶✼ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s
t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✸✳✶✽ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✸✳✶✾ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❉❡❧♣❤✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✸✳✷✵ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❉❡❧♣❤✐ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✽✾ ✸✳✷✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥str✉❝t♦ ❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s
♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✶ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❡rçã♦ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❛♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✷ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♣❛ss✐✈é✐s ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✹✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✹✳✹ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ♥♦ tít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✺ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❖▲■▼P❖ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ✐❧✉str❛❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❛✲
❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✹✳✻ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✹✳✼ ❉✐s♣❡rçã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ♣á❣✐♥❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐①
①① ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✷ ❱❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✭❘❡✈✐st❛s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✸✳✸ ❱❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✭❈♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✸✳✹ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✶ ❘❡❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♠❡t❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s r❡✲
❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✷ ❘❡❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✹✳✸ ❘❡❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✹ ❘❡❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✹✳✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✹✳✼ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ♣á❣✐♥❛s ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡
❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✹✳✽ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ♣á❣✐♥❛s ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡
❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✲ ❈❧❛ss❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❙■❈ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❈✐r❝✉✐t ❈▲❇ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❇❧♦❝❦
❈P❯ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❯♥✐t
❊❊P❘❖▼ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧❧② ❊r❛s❛❜❧❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❘❡❛❞ ❖♥❧② ▼❡♠♦r②
❊✴❙ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ ❙❛í❞❛
❋P●❆ ❋✐❡❧❞✲Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ●❛t❡ ❆rr❛②
▲❯❚ ▲♦♦❦✲✉♣ ❚❛❜❧❡s
P▲❉ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❉❡✈✐❝❡ P▲❆ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❆rr❛② P❆▲ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❆rr❛② ▲♦❣✐❝
❘❖▼ ❘❡❛❞ ❖♥❧② ▼❡♠♦r②
❘P❈ ❘❡♠♦t❡ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ❈❛❧❧s
P❘❖▼ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❘❡❛❞ ❖♥❧② ▼❡♠♦r②
❙♦❈ ❙②st❡♠ ♦♥ ❈❤✐♣
❱❍❉▲ ❱❡r② ❍✐❣❤ ❙♣❡❡❞ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❈✐r❝✉✐ts ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ■❏❘❈ ✭■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✮
❚❘❊❚❙ ✭❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❙②st❡♠s✮
❉❆❚❊ ✭❉❡s✐❣♥✱ ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❚❡st ✐♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❊①❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥✮ ❋❈❈▼ ✭❋✐❡❧❞✲Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❈✉st♦♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s✮
❋P▲ ✭❋✐❡❧❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✮ ❘❊❈❖◆❋■● ✭❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❋P●❆s✮ ❋P❚ ✭❋✐❡❧❞✲Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✮
❋P●❆ ✭■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❋✐❡❧❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ●❛t❡ ❆rr❛②s✮ ❉❆❈ ✭❉❡s✐❣♥ ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✮
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦
1
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✈❡♠ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ♥♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❡ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s✱ ♥❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✭▼♦r❡♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ q✉❛s❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s às ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡①❛t❛s ❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛s✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛❧t❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ●r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥s❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡ sã♦ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✭▼❡sq✉✐t❛✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ❡ss❛ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ á ♣❛rt❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡❧ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♦✉ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦s✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ ♣♦✉❝❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡stát✐❝❛ ❡ ✉♠ ✜①♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✭❈❛♥❞✐❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ❈❛r❧ ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ❞❛ ■❇▼ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥✲ t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦s ❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦s ❤♦❥❡✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡r ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r s♦❧✉çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡①✐❥❛♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❡♥♦s r❡✲ ❝✉rs♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝♦♠ s✉❜✲s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s ❡
✷✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❈P❯✮ ✶✳
❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡♣♦st❛✱ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♦✉ ❡st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣♦rt❛r ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ✉♥✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳
❆ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❡stá ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡stát✐❝❛ ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✜①♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ sã♦ ♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♠ ❛ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✜①♦ ❞❡✐①❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛ ❞❡s❡❥❛r ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❚♦❞❛ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ s❡♠ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡❧✳
❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ r❡✲ ❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ✭❆❙■❈✬s✮✷ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦
r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ ❖s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s ❡stã♦ ❞✐st❛♥✲ t❡s ❞❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♦✉ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛♦s ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♦✉ ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✜①♦✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❜✉s❝❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ❛❣r❡❣❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❋P●❆✱ ▼✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❆❙■❈✬s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❞❡s❡♠✲ ♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ t❡✈❡ s❡✉ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ♣♦r ✈♦❧t❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✻✵✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦st✐✈♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s✳ ❖s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛ ♣♦ss✉✐❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛s
✶❉♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❈❡♥tr❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❯♥✐t✳
✷✼
❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ♣♦❞✐❛♠ s❡r ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❢✉sí✈❡✐s✱ ❡ss❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ✈❡③✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❢✉sí✈❡✐s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s ❢♦r❛♠ s♦❢r❡♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠é♠♦r✐❛s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ✭❘❖▼✮✸✱ ♠é♠♦r✐❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s ❞❡
s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ✭P❘❖▼✮✹✱ ♠é♠♦r✐❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s ❡ ❛♣❛❣❛✈é✐s ✭❊❊P❘❖▼✮✺ ❡ ♠é♠♦r✐❛s
✢❛s❤ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❡ ♠❛✐♦r ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣ós ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡✈♦✲ ❧✉✐♥❞♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ❢♦✐ s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛tr❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❛✳ ❊①✐st❡ ❤♦❥❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ♦s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s sã♦ ♦s ❝♦♥s❛❣r❛❞♦s ❋P●❆✬s✻
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❋P●❆✬s ❞❡s❞❡ ✶✾✽✵ ✭▼❡sq✉✐t❛✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱✭❘♦s❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ❡ ✭▼♦r❡♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ é ✉♠ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦✈❛✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s✳ ❙✉❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐✲ t✉❛❧ t❡✈❡ s❡✉ á♣✐❝❡ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✾✵ ❡ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❧✐st❛r ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛s ♦❜r❛s ❞❡ ✭❍❛✉❝❦ ❡ ❉❡❍♦♥✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ✭❉❡❍♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ✭❈♦♠♣t♦♥ ❡ ❍❛✉❝❦✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ ✭❍❛rt❡♥st❡✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ✭P❛❣❡✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✱ ✭❙❛♥❝❤❡③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾✮ ❡ ✭❘❛❞✉♥♦✈✐❝ ❡ ▼✐❧✉t✐♥♦✈✐❝✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✭▼♦r❡♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ t❡r s✉r✲ ❣✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①♣❧♦✲ r❛♥❞♦ t♦❞♦ s❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✳ ❉✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥✲ ç❛s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛ç❛♦ ❛♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞✐✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r✐♠ór❞✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ár❡❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✱ ♠✐❝r♦❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s✱ ❤♦r❛ tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ s✐♥ô♥✐♠♦s ❡ ❤♦r❛ tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ t❡r♠♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳
❯♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✐♠✲ ♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ár❡❛✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❡st❡s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ✐♥❞✐s❝r✐♠❛♥❞♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❝✐❡♥✲ tí✜❝❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♥❞✉③ ❛♦ ❡♠♣♦❜r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✭▲✐s❜♦❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡ ♠❛♥té♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡❧❡s ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣♦s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ s✉r❣❡♠ ❡♠ r❛③ã♦ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳
❯♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ é ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ t❡ór✐❝❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐✲
✸❉♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❘❡❛❞ ❖♥❧② ▼❡♠♦r②✳
✹❉♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ r❡❛❞ ♦♥❧② ♠❡♠♦r②✳
✷✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❜✉✐çã♦✱ ♣r❡s✉♠✐r ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♠❛s ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ✭▼✐❧❡s ❡ ❍✉✲ ❜❡r♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❞♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳
❊♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐✲ t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❛❞✈✐♥❞❛s ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡✱ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧✳
❯♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦❜s❡✈❛tór✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r ❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳
P❛r❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❢❡③✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞✐✈✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s✱ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥str✉❝t♦ ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♣♦r ✭❨✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ q✉❡ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛♠ q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ ❞❡✈❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ♠étr✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❡♠ ♦ ❡♥❝❛❞❡♠❛♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❣r✉♣❛❧ ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ♦❜t❡r ♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❉❊▲P❍■ ✭❑❛②♦ ❡ ❙❡❝✉r❛t♦✱ ✶✾✾✼✮ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ♣❛rt❡✲s❡ ❞❛ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ é ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ só ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉♦✳
❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐✲ ❞❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡✲s❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ♦ ❛♥♦♥✐♠❛t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❛ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❝♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✭❑❛②♦ ❡ ❙❡❝✉r❛t♦✱ ✶✾✾✼✮ ❡ss❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ t❛❧✈❡③ s❡❥❛ ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❉❊▲P❍■ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❡♠✳
❊♠ s✉♠❛✱ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦✱ ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♠♦t✐✈❛♠ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❚♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③❡♠ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛çã♦✳
✶✳ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧❀ ✷✳ ❘❡❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡❀ ✸✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧❀ ✹✳ ❱❛❧✐❞❛r ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✳
✷✾
♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛❞✈✐♥❞❛s ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❧❞❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❖ t❡①t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦s ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♣❛r❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ • ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊❧❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❡ ❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❞✐s❝♦rr❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ❆s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛ç❛♦ ❛♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✸ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ t❡ór✐❝♦✳ • P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ r❡ss❛❧t❛♥❞♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦
2
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
❙✉❜❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s s❡çõ❡s✱ ❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✭✐✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✭✐✐✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦s tó♣✐❝♦s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ❡ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✳ ❙❡❣✉✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛q✉✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✳
✷✳✶ ❇❛s❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧
◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ é ❞❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çã♦✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❛t✉❛✐s ❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ é ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧✱ ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡✉ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çã♦
❆ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠♣r❡ r❡♠❡t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡s✲ t❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ t❡ór✐❝♦✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✭▲✐s❜♦❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ♦ ✉s♦ ✐♥❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞♦s t❡r♠♦s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♥❞✉③ ❛♦ ❡♠♣♦❜r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡ ❞♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✭❋❡❧❜❡r✱ ✶✾✽✹✮✱ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❛♥t✐❣❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❣r❡❣❛s ❞❡ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❧❛♥ç❛❞❛s ♣♦r P❧❛tã♦ ❡♠
✸✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
s✉❛s ♦❜r❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ t❡ór✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✳ P♦ré♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❆r✐stót❡❧❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s ❜❛s❡s✭❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦✱ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✮✱ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s t✐✈❡r❛♠ t♦❞❛ s✉❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✬❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✬ ❢♦✐ ❛♠♣❧✐❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡st✉❞♦s✳
❊st✉❞♦s ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✭❉❛❤❧❜❡r❣✱ ✶✾✼✽❜✮✱ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡✲ ❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ t❡ór✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✭❉❛❤❧❜❡r❣✱ ✶✾✼✽❜✮✱ ❞❡st✐♥❛✲s❡ ❛ s❡r✈✐r ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s✱ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡ ♣r❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s✳
❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ✭❉❛❤❧❜❡r❣✱ ✶✾✼✽❜✮ ♣❛r❛ s✐♠❜♦❧✐③❛r ❛ ❝♦♥tr✉çã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡✐①❛ ❡♠ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❉❛❤❧❜❡r❣
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✭❉❛❤❧❜❡r❣✱ ✶✾✼✽❛✮✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥✲ t❡s ♣❛rt❡s✳ ❊❧❡ é ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡♥♦t❛çã♦ ✭❢❛t♦s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ❡t❝✳✮✱ ♥❛s ♣r❡❞✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛ ❡❧❡ ❢❡✐t❛s ✭❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✮ ❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✈❡r❜❛❧ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s✐❣♥á✲❧♦ ✭t❡r♠♦✮✳ ❊ss❡s três ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ r❡❧❛çã♦✱ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✭❆❜❜❛❣♥❛♥♦✱ ✶✾✼✵✮ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ t❡♠✲s❡ ❝♦♥❢✉♥❞✐❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♥❛❧♦❣✐❛ ❡rrô♥❡❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦ ♣r♦♥t♦✱ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡ s❡r ❞❡❝♦r❛❞♦✳ ❙ó❝r❛t❡s ♠♦str♦✉ q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ✐♥❞✉t✐✈♦✱ ❡①♣r✐♠✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦ ✭▼❛rt✐♥s✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
