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Aspects of the Capital Markets’ Development from the CIS Member States and Republic of Moldova

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Academic year: 2017

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✓ ✔ ✔ ✕ ✖ ✗ ✘ ✙ ✚ ✛ ✜ ✢ ✜ ✣ ✒ ✟

✓ ✔ ✔ ✕ ✤ ✁ ☎ ✝☛☎ ✎ ✥ ✗ ✘ ✙ ✦

✦ ✧ ✣ ✙ ✒ ✓ ✔ ✔ ✕

★ ✩

✗ ✘ ✙ ✚

✜ ✢ ✜ ✣

✪ ✎ ✆ ✄ ✫ ✓ ✫ ✒ ✕ ✁ ✬ ✗ ✒ ✗ ✘ ✭ ✜ ✒ ✮ ✮ ✬ ✭✗ ✗ ✛ ✭ ✜ ✜

Capital Markets’ Development from the CIS

R. Hîncu, V. Iordachi

Rodica Hîncu, Victoria Iordachi

✯ ✰ ✱ ✲ ✳✴✵ ✶ ✷ ✯ ✸✹ ✰ ✹ ✱ ✺

✻ ✱ ✰ ✼ ✺ ✽ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✾ ✱ ✶ ✹ ✶ ✽ ✸✱ ✿ ✴✲ ✼ ✸✺ ❀ ✶ ✷ ❁ ✶ ✳✼ ✶ ❂ ✰ ❃ ❄ ✺ ❅ ✲ ❆ ✳✸✱ ✶ ✷ ❁ ✶ ✳✼ ✶ ❂ ✰

❇ ❈ ❉ ❊ ❋ ● ❍ ❊

✾ ❂ ✶ ✳✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴❀ ✸❀ ✰ ✹ ✸✽ ❅ ✶ ■✴✰ ✹ ✴ ❅ ■✶ ✱ ✺ ❀ ❀ ✷✶ ■ ✴❑ ✺

✰ ✳✳ ✺ ✱ ✶ ✹ ✶ ✽ ✸✺ ❀ ❃ ✸■■ ✺ ❀ ❅ ✺ ✱ ✴✸❂ ✺ ✴❑ ✺ ✸■ ✼ ✺ ▲ ■✺ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✼ ✺ ❂ ✺ ✳✶ ❅ ✽ ✺ ✹ ✴❃

❑ ✸✳✺ ✴❑ ✺ ✴■✺ ✹ ✼ ❀ ✺ ✽ ❅ ❑ ✰ ❀ ✸◆ ✺ ✼ ✼ ✲ ■✸✹ ▲ ✴❑ ✺ ✳✰ ❀ ✴ ✼ ✺ ✱ ✰ ✼ ✺ ❀ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✼

❀ ✶ ✽ ✺ ✱ ✶ ✽ ✽ ✶ ✹ ✴✺ ✹ ✼ ✺ ✹ ✱ ✸✺ ❀ ✶ ✷ ✺ ❂ ✶ ✳✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❖ P ■✰ ✱ ✴✸✱ ✰ ✳✳✵ ❃ ✽ ✶ ❀ ✴ ✶ ✷

✴❑ ✺ ✴✺ ✹ ✼ ✺ ✹ ✱ ✸✺ ❀ ✽ ✰ ✹ ✸✷ ✺ ❀ ✴✺ ✼ ✶ ✹ ▲ ✳✶ ❆ ✰ ✳ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴ ✰ ■ ✺ ✰ ✳❀ ✶

■✺ ✳✺ ❂ ✰ ✹ ✴ ✷✶ ■ ✴❑ ✺ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✲ ■ ✸✴✸✺ ❀ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴ ✶ ✷ ✴❑ ✺ ◗ ❘✿ ✽ ✺ ✽ ❆ ✺ ■ ❀ ✴✰ ✴✺ ❀ ❃

❀ ✴✸✳✳❃ ✶ ✹ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✴❑ ✺ ✽ ❅ ✶ ❀ ❀ ✺ ❀ ❀ ✸✹ ▲ ✰ ✽ ✶ ■✺ ■ ✺ ✳✺ ❂ ✰ ✹ ✴ ✱ ❑ ✰ ■ ✰ ✱ ✴✺ ■

❙✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✱ ✶ ✹ ✱ ✺ ✹ ✴■ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✹ ✼ ✱ ✺ ✹ ✴■ ✰ ✳✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❚ ■✺ ▲ ✲ ✳✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✹ ✼

✼ ✺ ■✺ ▲ ✲ ✳✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴ ❚ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴

✸✹ ✷✶ ■✽ ✰ ✴✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❯❃

❑ ✸✳✺ ✴❑ ✺ ✶ ✴❑ ✺ ■ ✶ ✹ ✺ ❀

✰ ✳✶

✺ ■ ✼ ✺ ▲ ■ ✺ ✺ ✶ ✷

■✺ ✳✺ ❂ ✰ ✹ ✱ ✺ ❙✰ ❀ ✱ ✺ ✹ ❀ ✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ✸✹ ❀ ✴✸✴✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳ ✸✹ ❂ ✺ ❀ ✴✶ ■ ❀ ✶ ✹ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳

✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴ ❚ ✸✽ ❅ ✳✺ ✽ ✺ ✹ ✴✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ✷ ✸✹ ✰ ✹ ✱ ✸✰ ✳ ✸✹ ✹ ✶ ❂ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❀ ❚ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳

✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴ ✸✹ ✴✺ ▲ ■✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✹ ✼ ✸✹ ✴✺ ■ ✹ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳ ✱ ✶ ✶ ❅ ✺ ■✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❚

✱ ✶ ✽ ❅ ✰ ■ ✴✽ ✺ ✹ ✴✰ ✳✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✶ ✹ ✼ ✰ ■ ✵ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴ ✰ ✹ ✼

✼ ✺ ❂ ✺ ✳✶ ❅ ✽ ✺ ✹ ✴ ✶ ✷ ✰ ✳✴✺ ■ ✹ ✰ ✴✸❂ ✺ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✶ ✹ ✼ ✰ ■✵ ✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴ ✺ ✴✱ ❯ ❖ ❱ ❑ ✸❀

✰ ■ ✴✸✱ ✳✺ ✺ ✽ ❅ ❑ ✰ ❀ ✸◆ ✺ ❀ ❀ ✶ ✽ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✴❑ ✺ ✴✺ ✹ ✼ ✺ ✹ ✱ ✸✺ ❀ ❀ ❅ ✺ ✱ ✸✷✸✱ ✷✶ ■ ✴❑ ✺

✼ ✺ ❂ ✺ ✳✶ ❅ ✽ ✺ ✹ ✴ ✶ ✷ ✴❑ ✺ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴ ✷ ■✶ ✽ ✴❑ ✺ ◗ ❘✿ ✽ ✺ ✽ ❆ ✺ ■

❀ ✴✰ ✴✺ ❀ ✰ ✹ ✼ ✴❑ ✺ ❄ ✺ ❅ ✲ ❆ ✳✸✱ ✶ ✷ ❁ ✶ ✳✼ ✶ ❂ ✰ ❖

❲ ❳ ❨ ❩ ❬ ❋ ❭ ❉ ❪ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✱ ✺ ✹ ✴■ ✰ ✳✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❃ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✱ ✶ ✹ ✱ ✺ ✹ ✴■ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❃

■ ✺ ▲ ✲ ✳ ✰ ✴✸ ✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴❃ ❅ ■ ✸❂ ✰ ✴✸◆ ✰ ✴✸ ✶ ✹ ❃ ✸✹ ❀ ✴✸✴✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳

✸✹ ❂ ✺ ❀ ✴✶ ■ ❀ ❃ ✸✹ ❀ ✴✸✴✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴❃ ❀ ✴✶ ✱ ❏

(2)

❤ ✐

❊ ❋

❭ ❥ ❍ ❊❦

❬ ✐

✻ ✴ ✰ ✹ ✵ ❀ ✴✰ ▲ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✴❑ ✺

economy’s developm

✺ ✹ ✴❃ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴

✸✼ ✺ ✹ ✴✸✷ ✸✺ ❀ ❀ ✶ ✽ ✺ ✼ ✸■✺ ✱ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❀ ✶ ✷ ✸✴❀ ✺ ❂ ✶ ✳✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✹ ✼ ✴■ ✰ ✱ ✺ ❀ ❀ ✶ ✽ ✺ ✴✺ ✹ ✼ ✺ ✹ ✱ ✸✺ ❀ ❖

✻ ✴ ❅ ■✺ ❀ ✺ ✹ ✴❃ ✴❑ ✺ ✽ ✰ ✸✹ ❅ ■✸✹ ✱ ✸❅ ✳✺ ❀ ✶ ✷ ▲ ✳✶ ❆ ✰ ✳ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴ ✰ ■✺

■ ✺ ❅ ■✺ ❀ ✺ ✹ ✴✺ ✼ ❆ ✵ ✴❑ ✺ ✷ ✶ ✳✳✶

✸✹ ▲ ✼ ✸■ ✺ ✱ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❀ ❧ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✱ ✺ ✹ ✴■✰ ✳✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✹ ✼

✱ ✶ ✹ ✱ ✺ ✹ ✴■✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❃ ✸✹ ❀ ✴✸✴✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳ ✸✹ ❂ ✺

stors’ ascension, informatization,

✸✹ ✴✺ ▲ ■ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹

✶ ✷ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴❀ ✰ ✹ ✼ ✸✹ ✴✺ ■ ✹ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳ ✱ ✶ ✶ ❅ ✺ ■ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❃ ▲ ✳✶ ❆ ✰ ✳✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❃

✸✽ ❅ ✳✺ ✽ ✺ ✹ ✴✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ✷ ✸✹ ✰ ✹ ✱ ✸✰ ✳ ✸✹ ✹ ✶ ❂ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❀ ❃ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✲ ■✸✴✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✹ ✼ ■✺ ✱ ✸❅ ■ ✶ ✱ ✰ ✳

❅ ✺ ✹ ✺ ✴■

ation on other market’ segments, disintermediation, regulation and

✼ ✺ ♠

■✺ ▲ ✲ ✳✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❃ ✱ ✶ ✽ ❅ ✰ ■ ✴✽ ✺ ✹ ✴✰ ✳✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✶ ✹ ✼ ✰ ■✵ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴ ✰ ✹ ✼

✼ ✺ ❂ ✺ ✳✶ ❅ ✽ ✺ ✹ ✴ ✶ ✷ ✰ ✳✴✺ ■ ✹ ✰ ✴✸❂ ✺ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✶ ✹ ✼ ✰ ■ ✵ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴❀ ❖

P ■ ✰ ✱ ✴✸✱ ✰ ✳✳✵ ❃ ✽ ✶ ❀ ✴ ✶ ✷ ✴❑ ✺ ✴✺ ✹ ✼ ✺ ✹ ✱ ✸✺ ❀ ✽ ✰ ✹ ✸✷✺ ❀ ✴✺ ✼ ✶ ✹ ▲ ✳✶ ❆ ✰ ✳ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳

✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴ ✰ ■ ✺ ✰ ✳❀ ✶ ■✺ ✳✺ ❂ ✰ ✹ ✴ ✷✶ ■ ✴❑ ✺ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✲ ■✸✴✸✺ ❀ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴ ✶ ✷ ✴❑ ✺ ◗ ❘✿ ✽ ✺ ✽ ❆ ✺ ■ ❀ ✴✰ ✴✺ ❀ ❃

❀ ✴✸✳✳❃ ✶ ✹ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✴❑ ✺ ✽ ❅ ✶ ❀ ❀ ✺ ❀ ❀ ✸✹ ▲ ✰ ✽ ✶ ■ ✺ ■ ✺ ✳✺ ❂ ✰ ✹ ✴ ✱ ❑ ✰ ■ ✰ ✱ ✴✺ ■ ❃

❑ ✸✳✺ ✴❑ ✺ ✶ ✴❑ ✺ ■ ✶ ✹ ✺ ❀

✰ ✳✶

✺ ■ ✼ ✺ ▲ ■✺ ✺ ❖

❱ ❑ ✸❀

✶ ■ ❏ ✺ ✽ ❅ ❑ ✰ ❀ ✸◆ ✺ ❀ ✴❑ ✺ ✽ ✶ ❀ ✴ ✸✽ ❅ ✶ ■✴✰ ✹ ✴ ✴✺ ✹ ✼ ✺ ✹ ✱ ✸✺ ❀ ❃

❑ ✸✱ ❑ ❑ ✰ ✼ ✰

❅ ■ ✶ ✹ ✶ ✲ ✹ ✱ ✺ ✼ ✱ ❑ ✰ ■ ✰ ✱ ✴✺ ■ ✸✹ ✴❑ ✺ ✼ ✺ ❂ ✺ ✳✶ ❅ ✽ ✺ ✹ ✴ ✶ ✷ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴ ✸✹ ✴❑ ✺ ◗ ❘✿

✽ ✺ ✽ ❆ ✺ ■ ❀ ✴✰ ✴✺ ❀ ❃ ✰ ❀

✺ ✳✳ ✰ ❀ ✸✹ ❄ ✺ ❅ ✲ ❆ ✳✸✱ ✶ ✷ ❁ ✶ ✳✼ ✶ ❂ ✰ ❖ ❱ ❑ ✲ ❀ ❃ ✴❑ ✺ ❅ ✰ ❅ ✺ ■ ✸❀

❀ ✴■✲ ✱ ✴✲ ■✺ ✼ ✸✹ ✴✶ ♥ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❀ ✴❑ ✰ ✴ ■✺ ✳✰ ✴✺ ✴❑ ✺ ▲ ✺ ✹ ✺ ■✰ ✳ ✼ ✺ ❂ ✺ ✳✶ ❅ ✽ ✺ ✹ ✴❀ ✰ ✹ ✼ ✺ ❂ ✶ ✳✲ ✴✸✶ ✹

✸✴❑ ✸✹ ❧ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✱ ✶ ✹ ✱ ✺ ✹ ✴■ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✹ ✼ ✱ ✺ ✹ ✴■✰ ✳✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❅ ■ ✶ ✱ ✺ ❀ ❀ ✺ ❀ ❃ ✸✹ ❀ ✴✸✴✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹

✶ ✷ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴❃

securities markets’ regulation wi

✴❑ ✸✹ ✴❑ ✺ ❅ ■✶ ✱ ✺ ❀ ❀ ✶ ✷ ✾ ♦

✸✹ ✴✺ ▲ ■✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❃

reduction of stock markets’ capitalization. All

✴❑ ✺ ✽ ✶ ❀ ✴ ✸✽ ❅ ✶ ■ ✴✰ ✹ ✴

❀ ✴✰ ✴✺ ✽ ✺ ✹ ✴❀ ✰ ■ ✺ ✴✶ ✴✰ ✳✸◆ ✺ ✼ ✸✹ ✴❑ ✺ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ▲ ✺ ✹ ✺ ■✰ ✳ ❅ ■ ✸✹ ✱ ✸❅ ✳✺ ❀ ✶ ✷ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴❀

✼ ✺ ❂ ✺ ✳✶ ❅ ✽ ✺ ✹ ✴

✸✴❑ ✸✹ ✴❑ ✺ ◗ ❘ ✿ ✽ ✺ ✽ ❆ ✺ ■ ❀ ✴✰ ✴✺ ❀ ❖ ◗ ✶ ✹ ✱ ✳✲ ❀ ✸✶ ✹ ❀ ✰ ✹ ✼ ■ ✺ ✷ ✺ ■ ✺ ✹ ✱ ✺ ❀ ✺ ✹ ✼

✴❑ ✸❀ ✰ ■✴✸✱ ✳✺ ❖

♣ ● q ❦❊ ● r ❍

❬ ✐

❳ ✐

❊ ❋ ● ❊❦

❬ ✐

❭ ❍

❳ ✐

❊ ❋ ● r❦s ● ❊ ❦

❬ ✐

q ❋

❉ ❉

◗ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✱ ✶ ✹ ✱ ✺ ✹ ✴■ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✹ ✼ ✱ ✺ ✹ ✴■ ✰ ✳✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❅ ■ ✶ ✱ ✺ ❀ ❀ ✺ ❀ ✶ ✹ ✴❑ ✺ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳

✽ ✰ ■❏ ✺ ✴❀ ✱ ✰ ✹ ❆ ✺ ✱ ✶ ✹ ❀ ✸✼ ✺ ■ ✺ ✼ ✰ ❀ ❅ ■ ✺ ✽ ✸❀ ✺ ❀ ✶ ✷

investors’ institutionalization

❱ ❑ ✲ ❀ ❃ ✸✹ ❄ ✺ ❅ ✲ ❆ ✳✸✱ ✶ ✷ ❁ ✶ ✳✼ ✶ ❂ ✰ ❃ ✰ ❀ ✸✹ ✴❑ ✺ ✽ ✰ t ✶ ■✸✴✵ ✶ ✷ ✰ ✹ ✶ ✴❑ ✺ ■ ◗ ❘ ✿ ✽ ✺ ✽ ❆ ✺ ■

❀ ✴✰ ✴✺ ❀ ❃ ✉✈ ✇ ① ② ③ ④ ✇ ⑤ ⑤ ✇ ⑤ ③ ⑥ ④ ⑦ ① ⑧✉⑦ ⑨ ④ ③ ⑩ ④ ✇ ⑩ ✉② ⑦ ✉⑧③ ⑩ ⑦ ⑩ ❶ ④ ✇ ⑩ ✉② ⑦ ⑨⑧❷ ⑦ ✉⑧③ ⑩ ⑧⑩ ⑥ ③ ② ❸ ③ ⑥

⑤ ✇ ④ ❹ ② ⑧✉⑧✇ ⑤ ❺ ❻ ⑦ ⑤ ⑨⑦ ❹ ⑩ ④ ✈ ✇ ❶ ❻ ⑧✉✈ ⑧⑩ ✉✈ ✇ ① ② ③ ④ ✇ ⑤ ⑤ ③ ⑥ ❸ ⑦ ⑤ ⑤ ① ② ⑧❼ ⑦ ✉⑧❷ ⑦ ✉⑧③ ⑩ ③ ⑥ ⑤ ✉⑦ ✉✇

③ ❻ ⑩ ✇ ② ⑤ ✈ ⑧① ❺ ⑦ ✉ ✉✈ ✇ ❽ ✇ ❾ ⑧⑩ ⑩ ⑧⑩ ❾ ③ ⑥ ❿ ➀ ⑤ ➁ ❱ ❑ ✲ ❀ ❃ ✰ ▲ ✶ ✶ ✼ ❅ ✰ ■ ✴ ✶ ✷ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳

✰ ❀

✱ ✶ ✹ ✱ ✺ ✹ ✴■ ✰ ✴✺ ✼

✸✴❑ ✸✹ ❅ ✶ ❅ ✲ ✳✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❙✶ ❂ ✺ ■ ❣ ❖❢ ✽ ✸✳✳✸✶ ✹ ✱ ✸✴✸◆ ✺ ✹ ❀ ✶ ✷ ✴❑ ✺ ❄ ✺ ❅ ✲ ❆ ✳✸✱

✶ ✷ ❁ ✶ ✳✼ ✶ ❂ ✰ ❯ ❃

❑ ✸✳✺ ✴❑ ✺ ❅ ■✸❂ ✰ ✴✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✽ ✶ ✼ ✺ ✳ ❆ ✺ ✸✹ ▲ ❆ ✰ ❀ ✺ ✼ ✶ ✹ ✴❑ ✺ ✷ ✶ ✳✳✶

✸✹ ▲

(3)

❄ ❖

Hîncu, V. Iordachi

§

❱ ■ ✰ ✹ ❀ ✷ ✺ ■ ✴✶ ✱ ✶ ✳✳✺ ✱ ✴✸❂ ✺ ❀ ✷ ✶ ■ ❅ ✰ ✴■ ✸✽ ✶ ✹ ✸✰ ✳ ❂ ✶ ✲ ✱ ❑ ✺ ■ ❀ ✴❑ ✺

❂ ✶ ✳✲ ✽ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✲ ❅ ✴✸✳✳ ❢ ➃ ➄ ✶ ✷ ✶

✹ ✺ ■ ❀ ❑ ✸❅ ❚

§

P ■✸❂ ✰ ✴✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✷ ✶ ■ ✱ ✰ ❀ ❑ ❃

✸✴❑ ❅ ✰ ■ ✴✸✱ ✸❅ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ✷✶ ■ ✺ ✸▲ ✹

✸✹ ❂ ✺ ❀ ✴✶ ■❀ ❚

§

✯ ■ ✺ ✺ ✴■ ✰ ✹ ❀ ✷ ✺ ■

✲ ❅ ✴✸✳✳ ♥ ➃ ➄ ❯ ✷ ■ ✶ ✽ ✴❑ ✺ ✶

✹ ✺ ■ ❀ ❑ ✸❅ ✶ ✷

❅ ■ ✶ ✱ ✺ ❀ ❀ ✸✹ ▲ ✺ ✹ ✴✺ ■❅ ■ ✸❀ ✺ ❀ ✴✶ ❀ ✲ ❅ ❅ ✳✸✺ ■ ❀ ✶ ✷ ■ ✰

✽ ✰ ✴✺ ■ ✸✰ ✳❀ ❖

❘✹ ❀ ✲ ✱ ❑ ✰

✰ ✵ ❃ ✼ ✲ ■ ✸✹ ▲ ✴❑ ✺ ❡ ➅ ➅ ❣ ♠ ❡ ➅ ➅ ➆ ❅ ✺ ■✸✶ ✼ ❃ ✽ ✶ ■ ✺ ✴❑ ✰ ✹ ❢ ❢ ❣ ♥

❁ ✶ ✳✼ ✶ ❂ ✰ ✹ ✱ ✶ ✽ ❅ ✰ ✹ ✸✺ ❀ ✷ ■ ✶ ✽ ✸✹ ✼ ✲ ❀ ✴■ ✵ ❃ ✴■ ✰ ✼ ✺ ✰ ✹ ✼ ❀ ✶ ✱ ✸✰ ✳ ❀ ✺ ■ ❂ ✸✱ ✺ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✴✶ ■ ❀ ❃ ✰ ❀

✺ ✳✳ ✰ ❀ ✰ ▲ ■ ✸✱ ✲ ✳✴✲ ■ ✰ ✳ ❆ ■ ✰ ✹ ✱ ❑ ❃

✺ ■ ✺ ❅ ■ ✸❂ ✰ ✴✸◆ ✺ ✼ ✷ ✶ ■ ❅ ✰ ✴■ ✸✽ ✶ ✹ ✸✰ ✳ ❂ ✶ ✲ ✱ ❑ ✺ ■ ❀ ❖

✻ ✴ ✴❑ ✺ ❀ ✰ ✽ ✺ ✴✸✽ ✺ ❃ ✰ ❀ ✰ ■ ✺ ❀ ✲ ✳✴ ✶ ✷ ✴❑ ✺ ❅ ■✸❂ ✰ ✴✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❅ ■ ✶ ✱ ✺ ❀ ❀ ❃ ✴❑ ✺ ✷ ✸■ ❀ ✴

✴✵ ❅ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✶

✹ ✺ ■ ❀ ✰ ❅ ❅ ✺ ✰ ■ ✺ ✼

✱ ✶ ✽ ❅ ✰ ✹ ✸✺ ❀

✸✴❑ ✰ ❆ ✸▲ ✹ ✲ ✽ ❆ ✺ ■ ✶ ✷ ❀ ❑ ✰ ■ ✺ ❑ ✶ ✳✼ ✺ ■❀ ❃

❑ ✶ ❀ ✺ ❀ ✴✶ ✱ ❏ ❀

✺ ■ ✺ ✸✹ ✷ ■ ✺ ✺ ✱ ✸■ ✱ ✲ ✳✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❖

❀ ✰ ■ ✺ ❀ ✲ ✳✴ ✶ ✷ ❅ ■✸❂ ✰ ✴✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❆ ✵

✸✹ ❂ ✺ ❀ ✴✽ ✺ ✹ ✴ ✴✺ ✹ ✼ ✺ ■ ❀ ❙ ❡ ➅ ➅ ➇ ❯ ❃ ✴❑ ✺ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✶ ✹ ✼ ✴✵ ❅ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✶

✹ ✺ ■ ❀ ✰ ❅ ❅ ✺ ✰ ■ ✺ ✼

✱ ✶ ✽ ❅ ✰ ✹ ✸✺ ❀

✸✴❑ ✰ ❀ ✶ ✳✺ ❀ ❑ ✰ ■ ✺ ❑ ✶ ✳✼ ✺ ■ ✰ ✹ ✼ ✰ ✹ ✸✹ ❀ ✸▲ ✹ ✸✷ ✸✱ ✰ ✹ ✴ ✹ ✲ ✽ ❆ ✺ ■ ✶ ✷

„external” shareholders.

➈ ✈ ✇ ④ ⑦ ① ⑧✉⑦ ⑨ ④ ③ ⑩ ④ ✇ ⑩ ✉② ⑦ ✉⑧③ ⑩ ① ② ③ ④ ✇ ⑤ ⑤ ⑧⑩ ➉ ③ ⑨❶ ③ ❼ ⑦ ✸✹ ✱ ✶ ✹ ✼ ✸✴✸✶ ✹ ❀ ✶ ✷

✽ ✰ ❀ ❀ ❅ ■ ✸❂ ✰ ✴✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✼ ✺ ✴✺ ■ ✽ ✸✹ ✺ ✼ ✴❑ ✺ ✱ ■ ✺ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ✴❑ ✺ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✲ ■✸✴✸✺ ❀ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴ ❖

✻ ✳■ ✺ ✰ ✼ ✵ ❃ ✰ ✴ ✴❑ ✺ ✺ ✹ ✼ ✶ ✷ ❡ ➅ ➅ ➊ ❃

the total volume of shares’ issues o

✹ ✴❑ ✺

✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴ ✺ ❫ ✱ ✺ ✺ ✼ ✺ ✼ ➆ ❖

8 billion Lei (total volume of shares’ issues

✷■ ✶ ✽ ❡ ➅ ➅ ❢ ✴✸✳✳ ❢ ➃ ➃ ➅ ■ ✺ ▲ ✸❀ ✴✺ ■ ✺ ✼ ❢ ❡ ❖❢ ❆ ✸✳✳✸✶ ✹ ➋ ✺ ✸❯ ❖ ❘ ✹ ❡ ➅ ➅ ❢ ❃ ✷✸■ ❀ ✴ ✱ ✳✶ ❀ ✺ ✼ t ✶ ✸✹ ✴♠

❀ ✴✶ ✱ ❏ ✱ ✶ ✽ ❅ ✰ ✹ ✸✺ ❀

❙➌

✿ ◗ ❯

✺ ■ ✺ ✱ ■ ✺ ✰ ✴✺ ✼ ❖ ❱ ❑ ✺ ▲ ✸❂ ✺ ✹ ❅ ✺ ■ ✸✶ ✼ ✱ ✰ ✹ ❆ ✺ ✱ ✶ ✹ ❀ ✸✼ ✺ ■ ✺ ✼

✰ ❀ ✴❑ ✺ ❀ ✴✰ ■ ✴ ✶ ✷ ✴❑ ✺ ✹ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳ ❅ ■ ✸✽ ✰ ■ ✵ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✲ ■ ✸✴✸✺ ❀ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴ ✼ ✺ ❂ ✺ ✳✶ ❅ ✽ ✺ ✹ ✴ ❖

❘✹ ❀ ❑ ✶ ■ ✴ ✴✸✽ ✺ ❃ ❅ ■ ✶ ✷✺ ❀ ❀ ✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳ ❅ ✰ ■ ✴✸✱ ✸❅ ✰ ✹ ✴❀ ✸✹ ❀ ✴✸✴✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❀ ✶ ✷ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✲ ■✸✴✸✺ ❀

✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴

✺ ■ ✺ ✱ ■✺ ✰ ✴✺ ✼ ❃

❑ ✸✳✺ ✶ ✹ ✱ ✺

✸✴❑ ✴❑ ✺ ✰ ❅ ❅ ■ ✶ ❂ ✰ ✳ ✶ ✷ ❱ ❑ ✺ ➋ ✰

✶ ✷

✷✸✹ ✰ ✹ ✱ ✸✰ ✳ ✸✹ ❀ ✴✸✴✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❀ ✶ ✷ ❁ ✶ ✳✼ ✶ ❂ ✰ ❙ ❡ ➅ ➅ ♥ ❯ ❃ ✴❑ ✺ ❅ ■ ✶ ✷ ✺ ❀ ❀ ✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳ ✰ ✱ ✴✸❂ ✸✴✵ ✶ ✹

❀ ✺ ✱ ✲ ■ ✸✴✸✺ ❀ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴

✰ ❀ ✰ ✳✳✶

✺ ✼ ✴✶ ✱ ✶ ✽ ✽ ✺ ■ ✱ ✸✰ ✳ ❆ ✰ ✹ ❏ ❀ ❖

❅ ❅ ✺ ✰ ■ ✰ ✹ ✱ ✺ ✶ ✷ ❂ ✰ ■ ✸✶ ✲ ❀ ❅ ■ ✶ ✷ ✺ ❀ ❀ ✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳ ❅ ✰ ■✴✸✱ ✸❅ ✰ ✹ ✴❀ ✶ ✹ ✴❑ ✺ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✲ ■ ✸✴✸✺ ❀

✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴ ❙ ✴■ ✲ ❀ ✴ ✱ ✶ ✽ ❅ ✰ ✹ ✸✺ ❀ ❃ ✸✹ ✼ ✺ ❅ ✺ ✹ ✼ ✺ ✹ ✴ ■ ✺ ❀ ✸❀ ✴✶ ■ ❀ ✰ ✹ ✼ ❆ ■ ✶ ❏ ✺ ■ ❀ ❯ ❃ ✴❑ ✺

■✺ ❀ ❅ ✺ ✱ ✴✸❂ ✺ ❅ ✲ ❆ ✳✸✱ ✶ ■ ▲ ✰ ✹ ✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❀ ❧

✶ ✸✹ ✴♠ ✿ ✴✶ ✱ ❏ ◗ ✶ ✽ ❅ ✰ ✹ ✸✺ ❀

❀ ❀ ✶ ✱ ✸✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❃

P ■✶ ✷ ✺ ❀ ❀ ✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳ ❄ ✺ ❅ ■ ✺ ❀ ✺ ✹ ✴✰ ✴✸❂ ✺ ❀ ✻ ❀ ❀ ✶ ✱ ✸✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✳✺ ✼ ✴✶ ✴❑ ✺ ✰ ✱ ✱ ✲ ✽ ✲ ✳✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷

✶ ■ ❏

✺ ❫ ❅ ✺ ■ ✸✺ ✹ ✱ ✺

✸✴❑ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✲ ■ ✸✴✸✺ ❀ ❃

❑ ✸✳✺ ✴❑ ✺ ✺ ❫ ✸❀ ✴✺ ✹ ✱ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✼ ✸✷ ✷ ✺ ■ ✺ ✹ ✴ ✸❀ ❀ ✲ ✺ ■ ❀ ✰ ✹ ✼

❀ ❑ ✰ ■ ✺ ❑ ✶ ✳✼ ✺ ■ ❀

❑ ✰ ❂ ✸✹ ▲ ✰ ✼ ✸✷ ✷✺ ■ ✺ ✹ ✴ ✸✹ ✴✺ ■ ✺ ❀ ✴❯ ✶ ✹ ✴❑ ✺ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴ ✷✶ ■ ✱ ✺ ✼ ✴❑ ✺

✱ ■ ✺ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✸✹ ❡ ➅ ➅ ♥ ✶ ✷ ✴❑ ✺ ✿ ✴✶ ✱ ❏ ✾ ❫ ✱ ❑ ✰ ✹ ▲ ✺

✴❑ ✺ ✸✹ ❀ ✴✸✴✲ ✴✸✶ ✹

✸✴❑ ✴❑ ✺ ■ ✶ ✳✺ ✶ ✷

activity’s equilibration and regulation’s insurance of capital market.

❱ ❑ ✲ ❀ ❃ ✸✹ ❀ ✴✸✴✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴ ✴✶ ✶ ❏ ❅ ✳✰ ✱ ✺ ❆ ✵ ✴❑ ✺

✰ ❅ ❅ ✺ ✰ ■ ✰ ✹ ✱ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴ ✸✹ ❀ ✴✸✴✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ❀ ❃ ❅ ■ ✶ ✷ ✺ ❀ ❀ ✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳ ❅ ✰ ■ ✴✸✱ ✸❅ ✰ ✹ ✴❀ ❃ ✸❀ ❀ ✲ ✺ ■❀ ❃ ✰ ❀

(4)

❤ ✐ ❉ ❊ ❦❊ ❥ ❊ ❦❬ ✐ ● r❦s ● ❊ ❦❬ ✐ ❬ ➍ ❍ ● q ❦❊ ● r ➎ ● ❋ ➏ ❳ ❊

❱ ❑ ✺ ① ✈ ✇ ⑩ ③ ❸ ✇ ⑩ ③ ⑩ ③ ⑥ ⑧⑩ ⑤ ✉⑧✉❹ ✉⑧③ ⑩ ⑦ ⑨⑧❷ ⑦ ✉⑧③ ⑩ ❀ ❑ ✶ ✲ ✳✼ ❆ ✺ ✱ ✶ ✹ ❀ ✸✼ ✺ ■ ✺ ✼

✷ ■✶ ✽ ✴❑ ✺ ✳✺ ❂ ✺ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✶ ■▲ ✰ ✹ ✸◆ ✰ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✶ ✷ ✼ ✸✷ ✷✺ ■ ✺ ✹ ✴ ✱ ✶ ✽ ❅ ✰ ✹ ✸✺ ❀ ❃ ✽ ✶ ❀ ✴✳✵ ✼ ✺ ✴✺ ■✽ ✸✹ ✺ ✼

❆ ✵ ✴❑ ✺ ✸✹ ✱ ■ ✺ ✰ ❀ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✱ ✰ ❅ ✸✴✰ ✳ ✽ ✶ ❆ ✸✳✸✴✵ ❖

➐ ✸✴❑ ✸✹ ✴❑ ✺ ➑ ➒ ➓ ❸ ✇ ❸ ❽ ✇ ② ⑤ ✉⑦ ✉✇ ⑤ ❃ ✴❑ ✺ ✸✹ ✱ ■ ✺ ✰ ❀ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✹ ✲ ✽ ❆ ✺ ■ ✶ ✷

✸✹ ❀ ✴✸✴✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳ ✸✹ ❂ ✺ ❀ ✴✶ ■ ❀ ❃

❑ ✸✱ ❑ ■ ✺ ❅ ■ ✺ ❀ ✺ ✹ ✴ ✴❑ ✺ ✽ ✰ ✸✹ ✴✵ ❅ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✸✹ ❂ ✺ ❀ ✴✶ ■ ❀ ✷ ■✶ ✽

✴❑ ✺ ❀ ✺ ✱ ✲ ■✸✴✸✺ ❀ ✽ ✰ ■ ❏ ✺ ✴❀ ❃ ✼ ✺ ✴✺ ■ ✽ ✸✹ ✺ ❀ ✴❑ ✺ ▲ ■ ✶

✸✹ ▲ ✼ ✺ ✽ ✰ ✹ ✼ ✷ ✶ ■ ✷ ✸✹ ✰ ✹ ✱ ✸✰ ✳

✸✹ ❀ ✴■ ✲ ✽ ✺ ✹ ✴❀

❀ ✺ ✺ ✴✰ ❆ ✳✺ ❡ ❯ ❖

➔ ● ❈ r❳ ✐ ❬ → ➣ → ↔ ✲ ✽ ❆ ✺ ■ ✶ ✷ ✸✹ ❀ ✴✸✴✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳ ✸✹ ❂ ✺ ❀ ✴✶ ■ ❀ ✰ ✹ ✼ ❂ ✶ ✳✲ ✽ ✺ ✶ ✷

✰ ❀ ❀ ✺ ✴❀ ✷ ■ ✶ ✽ ✴❑ ✺ ◗ ❘ ✿ ✽ ✺ ✽ ❆ ✺ ■ ❀ ✴✰ ✴ ✺ ❀

◗ ✶ ✲ ✹ ✴■ ✵

↔ ✲ ✽ ❆ ✺ ■ ✶ ✷ ✸✹ ❀ ✴✸✴✲ ✴✸✶ ✹ ✰ ✳

✸✹ ❂ ✺ ❀ ✴✶ ■ ❀

↕ ✶ ✳✲ ✽ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✰ ❀ ❀ ✺ ✴❀ ❃ ✴❑ ✶ ✲ ❀ ✰ ✹ ✼

♦ ✿

✻ ➙

✶ ✳✳✰ ■ ❀

➃ ❡ ❖➃ ❡ ❖❢ ➃ ➃ ➇

➃ ❡ ❖➃ ❡ ❖❢ ➃ ➃ ➅

➃ ❡ ❖➃ ❡ ❖❢ ➃ ➃ ➇

➃ ❡ ❖➃ ❡ ❖❢ ➃ ➃ ➅

✻ ■ ✽ ✺ ✹ ✸✰ ➆ ➆ ➆ ➇ ❢ ❖➊ ❡ ❣ ❣ ❖➆ ❡ ♥

➛ ✺ ✳✰ ■ ✲ ❀ ➆ ❡ ➆ ♥ ❢ ♥ ❖➂ ➃ ➃ ♥ ❡ ❖❢ ➃ ➃

➜ ✰ ◆ ✰ ❏ ❑ ❀ ✴✰ ✹ ➝ ➞ ➟ ➝ ➠ ➠

➞ ➡➢ ➤ ➥ ➡➥ ➥ ➥

➝ ➠ ➥ ➡➥ ➥ ➥ ➧ ➨

➩ ➡➤ ➢ ➥ ➡➥ ➥ ➥

➦ ➫

➫ ➭

➥ ➡➥ ➥ ➥ ➧ ➨

➯ ➲ ➳ ➵ ➲ ➸ ➺ ➻➼ ➽ ➤ ➠ ➾

➡➞ ➞

➭ ➚

➪ ➶ ➹ ➘ ➴ ➷➬➮ ➱ ✃

❐ ➱ ➷❒ ➱ ❮ ➼

❰ Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ò Ô Ï Õ Ô Ö Ô Ò Ö × Ø Ù Ï Ú Û Ò ÚÔ Ó Ï ÚÏ Ü Ï ÚÖ Ô Ø Ý ÚÔ Û Ò Ó Ï Ö Ñ Ó

Ò Þ ÚÓ Ï Ó

➪ ➘ ➺ ➺ ➬➼

➭ ➩

➡➝ ➢ ➝

➞ ➡➥ ➠ ➢ ➡➢ ➠

➞ ➞ ➡➟ ➥ ➟ ➡➢

ß ➼ à ➬á ➬➺ ➻➼ ➽

➫ ➩

➭ ➩

➟ ➡➝ ➞

â á ➳ ➼ ➬➽ ➶ ➟ ➢ ➤

➟ ➟

➡➢ ➟ ➤ ➡➝ ➠

➟ ➡➠ ➤ ➝ ➡➟ ➤ ➠

➨ ➬➽ ➹ ➼ ➳ ➶ ➽ ➻ã ➶ ➺ ➬➺ ➾ ❮ ➱ ➷➘ ä ➶ ➱ ✃ ➬➽ ❮ ➶ ➺ ➻ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➼ ➺ ➺ ➶ ➻➺

å æ ç è é ê ë ì í ì î ï ð í ñ ò ì ó ïô õ ö ÷ øù ñ ì ÷ ð õ ú í ìï ì úö õ û ü ü ü ýþ ù î úýû í

ÿ ➽ ➼ ➷➲ ➺ ➬➽ ➵ ➻ã ➶ ❒ ➼ ➻➼ ➱ ✃ ➻➼ ➴ ➷➶ ➫ ➚ ➬➻ ➮ ➼ ➽ ➴ ➶ ä ➶ ➽ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➶ ❒ ➻ã ➼ ➻ ➻ã ➶

reduction of number of institutional investors’ assets during 2008

➾ ➞ ➥ ➥ ➢

➼ ➺ ➼ ➻➻➶ ➺ ➻➶ ❒ ➱ ➽ ➷➲ ➬➽ ➪ ➘ ➺ ➺ ➬➼ ➡ ✁ ➳ ➼ ➮ ➻➬➮ ➼ ➷➷➲

➼ ➷➷ ➻ã ➶ ➮ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳ ➬➶ ➺ ➳➶ ➵ ➬➺ ➻➶ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➼ ➽

➬➽ ➮ ➳ ➶ ➼ ➺ ➶ ➬➽ ➻ã ➶ ➽ ➘ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ➹ ➳ ➱ ✃ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➹ ➼ ➳ ➻➬➮ ➬➹ ➼ ➽ ➻➺ ➱ ➽ ➺ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬➶ ➺

markets, representing the improvement of market’s infrastructure (see

➻➼ ➴ ➷➶ ➞ ➧ ➡

✂➻ ➬➺ ➻➱ ä ➶ ➽ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➻ã ➼ ➻ ➻ã ➶ ä ➱ ➺ ➻ ❒ ➲ ➽ ➼ ä ➬➮ ➼ ➷ ➵ ➳ ➱ ➻ã ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ➽ ➘ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➱ ✃

➹ ➳➱ ✃ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➹ ➼ ➳ ➻➬➮ ➬➹ ➼ ➽ ➻➺ ➼ ➺ ➳ ➶ ➵ ➬➺ ➻➶ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➬➽ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟✠ ➦➽ ➶ ➼ ➳ ➷➲ ➩ ➻➬ä ➶ ➺ ➧ ➼ ➽ ❒

(5)

➪ ➡

Hîncu, V. Iordachi

➞ ➤

➻ã ➼ ➻ ➹ ➶ ➳ ✃ ➱ ➳ ä ➻ã ➶ ➻➳ ➘ ➺ ➻➚ ➴ ➳ ➱ á ➶ ➳ ➼ ➵ ➶ ➚ ❒ ➶ ➼ ➷➶ ➳ ➚ ➬➽ ❮ ➶ ➺ ➻ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➹ ➱ ➳ ➻✃ ➱ ➷➬➱

ä ➼ ➽ ➼ ➵ ➶ ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➼ ➮ ➻➬❮ ➬➻ ➲ ➡

✂➽ ☛ ☞ ✌✍ ☞ ✎ ✠ ✏ ➻ã ➶ ➽ ➘ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➱ ✃ ➹ ➳ ➱ ✃ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➹ ➼ ➳➻➬➮ ➬➹ ➼ ➽ ➻➺ ➱ ➽ ➻ã ➶ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻

➼ ➻➻➶ ➺ ➻➶ ❒ ➼ ➳➶ ❒ ➘ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➦ ➴ ➲ ➞ ➥ ✡ ➧ ➡ ß ã ➘ ➺ ➚ ➬✃ ➻ã ➶ ➽ ➘ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➱ ✃ ➹ ➳ ➱ ✃ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷

➹ ➼ ➳ ➻➬➮ ➬➹ ➼ ➽ ➻➺ ❒ ➘ ➳➬➽ ➵ ➻ã ➶ ➹ ➶ ➳➬➱ ❒ ➱ ✃ ➽ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➺ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬➶ ➺ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ❒ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ä ➶ ➽ ➻

ä ➬❒ ❒ ➷➶ ➱ ✃ ➢ ➥ ➺ ➧ ➶ ✑ ➮ ➶ ➶ ❒ ➶ ❒

➫ ➭

➬➽ ➞ ➥

➬➻ ➼ ➺ ➷➬ä ➬➻➶ ❒ ➱ ➽ ➷➲ ➻➱

➭ ➭

➱ ➳ ➵ ➼ ➽ ➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➚ ➬➻ã ➱ ➘ ➻ ➮ ➱ ➽ ➺ ➬❒ ➶ ➳ ➬➽ ➵ ➬➽ ❮ ➶ ➺ ➻ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ✃ ➘ ➽ ❒ ➺ ➚ ã ➬➮ ã ➚ ➼ ➻ ➹ ➳ ➶ ➺ ➶ ➽ ➻➚

➼ ➳ ➶ ➬➽ ➹ ➳ ➱ ➮ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➱ ✃ ➷➬✒ ➘ ➬❒ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➡ ✁ ➳ ➼ ➮ ➻➬➮ ➼ ➷➷➲

➻ã ➶ ➺ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬➶ ➺ ä ➼ ➳á ➶ ➻ ❒ ➱ ➶ ➺ ➽ ➱ ➻

➹ ➱ ➺ ➺ ➶ ➺ ➺ ✃➱ ➳ ➮ ➶ ➱ ➹ ➶ ➳➼ ➻➱ ➳ ➺

➼ ➺ ➬➽ ➺ ➻➬➻➘ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➬➽ ❮ ➶ ➺ ➻➱ ➳ ➺

➶ ✃ ✃ ➬➮ ➬➶ ➽ ➻

➼ ❒ ä ➬➽ ➬➺ ➻➳ ➼ ➻➱ ➳➺ ➱ ✃ ➬➽ ❮ ➶ ➺ ➻ä ➶ ➽ ➻➺ ➡

✓ Ø ✔ ÝÒ Ô Ö ✕ ✖ ✕ ✗ ➘ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➱ ✃ ➱ ➳ ➵ ➼ ➽ ➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➻ã ➼ ➻ ➹ ➶ ➳ ✃ ➱ ➳ ä ➼ ➮ ➶ ➳ ➻➼ ➬➽ ➻➲ ➹ ➶

➱ ✃ ➹ ➳ ➱ ✃ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➼ ➮ ➻➬❮ ➬➻ ➲ ➱ ➽ ➺ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬➶ ➺ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻✘ ✃ ➳ ➱ ä ✙ ✂ ✚ ä ➶ ä ➴ ➶ ➳

➮ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳ ➬➶ ➺

✙ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳ ➲ ÿ ➻ ✛ ➼ ➽ ➘ ➼ ➳ ➲ ➫ ✜✢ ➞ ➥ ➥ ➠ ÿ ➻ ✛ ➼ ➽ ➘ ➼ ➳ ➲ ➫ ✜✢ ➞ ➥ ➥ ➢

ÿ ➳ ä ➶ ➽ ➬➼ ➞ ➢ ➠ ➟

✣ ➶ ➷➼ ➳ ➘ ➺ ➫ ➟ ➫ ➫ ➟ ➢

➯ ➼ ➸ ➼ á ã ➺ ➻➼ ➽ ➞

➞ ➞

➯ ➲ ➳ ➵ ➲ ➸ ➺ ➻➼ ➽ ➟ ➞ ➠

➪ ➶ ➹ ➘ ➴ ➷➬➮ ➱ ✃ ❐ ➱ ➷❒ ➱ ❮ ➼ ➤ ➠ ➝ ➝

➪ ➘ ➺ ➺ ➬➼ ➩ ➡➤ ➟ ➥ ➩ ➡➟ ➫ ➥

ß ➼ à ➬á ➬➺ ➻➼ ➽ ➭ ➟

â á ➳ ➼ ➬➽ ➶

➡➤ ➩

➫ ➫

➡➢

å æ ç è é ê ✤ ì í ìî ï ð í ñ ò ì ó ïô õ ö ÷ øù ñ ì ÷ ð õ ú í ì ï ì úö õ û ü ü ü ýþ ù î ú ýû í

ß ã ➶ ä ➱ ➺ ➻ ➳ ➶ ➹ ➳ ➶ ➺ ➶ ➽ ➻➼ ➻➬❮ ➶ ➬➽ ➺ ➻➬➻➘ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➬➽ ❮ ➶ ➺ ➻➱ ➳ ➺ ➱ ➽ ➻ã ➶ ❐ ➱ ➷❒ ➱ ❮ ➼ ➽

➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➼ ➹ ➹ ➶ ➼ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➬➽ ➮ ➱ ➽ ❒ ➬➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➱ ✃ ➹ ➳ ➬❮ ➼ ➻➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➼ ➽ ❒ ➶ ➳ ➶

➹ ➳ ➬❮ ➼ ➻➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➬➽ ❮ ➶ ➺ ➻ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ✃ ➘ ➽ ❒ ➺ ➡ ÿ ➷➻ã ➱ ➘ ➵ ã ➼ ➷➳ ➶ ➼ ❒ ➲ ➴ ➲ ➠ ➥ ➺ ➚ ➻ã ➶ ➻➶ ➽ ❒ ➶ ➽ ➮ ➲ ➱ ✃

institutional investors’ ascension on the capital

ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➼ ➺ ➺ ➻➳➱ ➽ ➵ ➷➲

➹ ➳ ➱ ➽ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➮ ➶ ❒ ✥ ➬➽ ☛ ☞ ✌✍ ☞ ✎ ✠ ✏ ➻ã ➬➺ ➻➶ ➽ ❒ ➶ ➽ ➮ ➲ ➺ ➻➬➷➷ ➽ ➱ ➬➺ ➹ ➱ ➱ ➳ ➷➲ ä ➼ ➽ ➬✃ ➶ ➺ ➻➶ ❒ ➡

ß ã ➶ ➷➶ ➵ ➼ ➷ ➼ ➻➻➶ ä ➹ ➻ ➻➱ ➮ ➳ ➶ ➼ ➻➶ ➼ ➽ ➬➽ ❮ ➶ ➺ ➻ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➴ ➼ ➽ á ➦ ➬➽ ➫ ➢ ➢ ➫ ➧ ã ➼ ❒ ➽ ➱ ➺ ➘ ➮ ➮ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➡

ß ã ➶ ➼ ➮ ➻➬❮ ➬➻➲ ➱ ✃ ➱ ➻ã ➶ ➳ ➬➽ ➺ ➻➬➻➘ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➬➽ ❮ ➶ ➺ ➻➱ ➳➺

➷➬á ➶ ➽ ➱ ➽ ➾ ➵ ➱ ❮ ➶ ➳➽ ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➹ ➶ ➽ ➺ ➬➱ ➽

✃➘ ➽ ❒ ➺

➬➽ ➺ ➘ ➳ ➼ ➽ ➮ ➶ ➮ ➱ ä ➹ ➼ ➽ ➬➶ ➺ ➶ ➻➮ ➡➧ ➱ ➽ ❒ ➱ ä ➶ ➺ ➻➬➮ ➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➬➺ ➽ ➱ ➻

➶ ➺ ➺ ➶ ➽ ➻➬ ➼ ➷ ➼ ➽ ❒ ➹ ➱ ➱ ➳➷ ➲ ➺ ➬➸ ➼ ➴ ➷➶ ➚ ➼ ➷➻ã ➱ ➘ ➵ ã ➷➶ ➵ ➼ ➷ ➹ ➳ ➱ ❮ ➬➺ ➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➳ ➶ ➷➼ ➻➬➽ ➵ ➻➱ ➻ã ➶ ä

➶ ✑ ➬➺ ➻ ➡

✦✧★ ✩ ✪ ✫✬ ✭✮ ✪ ★ ✯ ✰ ✱✲ ✪ ★ ✭✳ ✪ ✴✭✰ ★ ✵ ✰ ✬ ✫★

(6)

➞ ➟

ß ã ➶ ➮ ➱ ➽ ➮ ➶ ➽ ➻➳ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➽ ❒ ➮ ➶ ➽ ➻➳➼ ➷➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➹ ➳ ➱ ➮ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➶ ➺ ➱ ➽ ➻ã ➶ ➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷

ä ➼ ➳á ➶ ➻ ➶ ➳ ➶ ➼ ➷➺ ➱ ➶ ✑ ➻➶ ➽ ❒ ➶ ❒ ➱ ❮ ➶ ➳ ➻ã ➶ ➹ ➳ ➱ ✃➶ ➺ ➺ ➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➹ ➼ ➳ ➻➬➮ ➬➹ ➼ ➽ ➻➺ ➡ ß ã ➬➺

➻➶ ➽ ❒ ➶ ➽ ➮ ➲ ➼ ➺ ä ➼ ➽ ➬✃ ➶ ➺ ➻➶ ❒ ➻ã ➳ ➱ ➘ ➵ ã ❂ ➮ ➱ ➽ ➺ ➱ ➷➬❒ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➹ ➳ ➱ ✃ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷

➹ ➼ ➳ ➻

icipants’ organizations,

➼ ➘ ➵ ä ➶ ➽ ➻➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ❮ ➱ ➷➘ ä ➶ ➱ ✃ ä ➼ ➽ ➼ ➵ ➶ ❒

✃ ➘ ➽ ❒ ➺

➶ ✑ ➻➶ ➽ ➺ ➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ➼ ➺ ➺ ➱ ➳ ➻ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➱ ✃ ➳➶ ➽ ❒ ➶ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➺ ➶ ➳ ❮ ➬➮ ➶ ➺

➼ ➺ ➶ ➷➷ ➼ ➺

➻ã ➳➱ ➘ ➵ ã ➻ã ➶ ä ➬➽ ➬ä ➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ➬➳ ➽ ➘ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➬➽ ➮ ➱ ➽ ❒ ➬➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➱ ✃ ➼ ➺ ➻➳ ➱ ➽ ➵

➮ ➱ ä ➹ ➶ ➻➬➻➬❮ ➶ ➽ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➡

Securities markets’

Ñ Ò ❃ Ü ÝØ Ï ÚÖ Ô ❄ ÚÏ ❅ ÚÔ Ï ❅ Ò Ð Ñ Ö Ù Ò Ó Ó Ö × ❆ ❇

ÚÔ Ï Ò ❃ Ñ Ø Ï ÚÖ Ô

✙ ➱ ➱ ➹ ➶ ➳ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ä ➱ ➽ ➵ ✙ ✂ ✚ ä ➶ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➺ ➻➼ ➻➶ ➺ ➬➽ ➻ã ➶ ❒ ➱ ä ➼ ➬➽ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬➶ ➺

markets’ re

➵ ➘ ➷➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ✃➶ ➳ ➺ ➻ã ➶ ➹ ➱ ➺ ➺ ➬➴ ➬➷➬➻➲ ➱ ✃ ➶ ✑ ➮ ã ➼ ➽ ➵ ➶ ➻ã ➶ ➶ ✑ ➹ ➶ ➳ ➬➶ ➽ ➮ ➶ ➼ ➽ ❒

➮ ➱ ➽ ➻➳ ➬➴ ➘ ➻➶ ➺ ➻➱ ➼ ➳ ❒ ➺ ➻ ã ➶ ➬ä ➹ ➳ ➱ ❮ ➶ ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ➹ ➳ ➬➽ ➮ ➬➹ ➷➶ ➺ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ➼ ➮ ➻➬❮ ➬➻ ➲ ➼ ➽ ❒

➻ã ➶ ➮ ➱ ➽ ➻➬➽ ➘ ➱ ➘ ➺ ❒ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➻➱ ➮ á ➶ ✑ ➮ ã ➼ ➽ ➵ ➶ ➺ ➡ ß ã ➶ ➽ ➶ ➮ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➬➻➲ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➘ ➮ ã

➮ ➱ ➷➷➼ ➴ ➱ ➳ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➬➺ ➶ ✑ ➹ ➷➼ ➬➽ ➶ ❒ ➻ã ➳ ➱ ➘ ➵ ã ➻ã ➶ ➹ ➱ ➺ ➺ ➬➴ ➬➷➬➻➲ ➱ ✃ ➳ ➶ ➾❒ ➬➺ ➻➳ ➬➴ ➘ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃

➬➽ ❮ ➶ ➺ ➻ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ä ➶ ➼ ➽ ➺ ➼ ➽ ❒ ➮ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➬➻ ✃ ➷➱ ➺ ✃➳ ➱ ä ➻ã ➶ ✙ ✂ ✚ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻➺ ➼ ➽ ❒ ➱ ➻ã ➶ ➳

❒ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ➬➽ ➵ ➱ ➽ ➶ ➺ ➻➱ ➼ ➳ ❒ ➺ ➮ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳ ➬➶ ➺ ➼ ➽ ❒ ✃ ➬➽ ➼ ➽ ➮ ➬➼ ➷ ➬➽ ➺ ➻ ➳➘ ä ➶ ➽ ➻➺ ➬➻ã ➼ ➷➱

➷➶ ❮ ➶ ➷ ➱ ✃ ➳➬ ➺ á

ã ➬➮ ã ➮ ➱ ➳ ➳ ➶ ➺ ➹ ➱ ➽ ❒ ➺ ➻➱ ➻ã ➶ ➹ ➳ ➱ ➮ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➱ ✃ ➵ ➷➱ ➴ ➼ ➷➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽

➮ ã ➼ ➳ ➼ ➮ ➻➶ ➳ ➬➺ ➻➬➮ ➻➱ ➻ã ➶ ➵ ➷➱ ➴ ➼ ➷ ➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➡

✂➽ ❈ ✝❉ ❊ ❋ ✌✟● ☞ ❍ ☛ ☞ ✌✍ ☞ ✎ ✠ ✏ ➻ã ➶ ➹ ➳ ➱ ➮ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➱ ✃ ➽ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳á ➶ ➻

➬➽ ➻➶ ➵ ➳ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➬➽ ➻➱ ➻ã ➶ ■ ➘ ➳ ➱ ➹ ➶ ➼ ➽ â ➽ ➬➱ ➽ ✃ ➬➽ ➼ ➽ ➮ ➬➼ ➷ ➺ ➶ ➮ ➻➱ ➳ ➬➺ ➼ ➺ ➺ ➱ ➮ ➬➼ ➻➶ ❒ ➬➻ã

➮ ➱ ➽ ✃ ➱ ➳ ä ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➽ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➷➶ ➵ ➬➺ ➷➼ ➻➬❮ ➶ ✃ ➳ ➼ ä ➶ ➱ ➳á ➻➱ ➼ ➳❒ ➺ ➻ã ➶ ■ ➘ ➳ ➱ ➹ ➶ ➼ ➽

â ➽ ➬➱ ➽ ❒ ➬➳ ➶ ➮ ➻➬❮ ➶ ➺ ➼ ➽ ❒ ✃ ➱ ➳ ➶ ➺ ➶ ➶ ➺ ➼ ➳ ➼ ❒ ➬➮ ➼ ➷ ➳ ➶ ➺ ➻➳ ➘ ➮ ➻➘ ➳ ➬➽ ➵ ➱ ✃ ä ➼ ➳á ➶ ➻

infrastructure. Majority of directives establish „minimal standards” that

➺ ã ➱ ➘ ➷❒ ➴ ➶ ➹ ➳ ➼ ➮ ➻➬➮ ➶ ❒ ➴ ➲ ä ➶ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➺ ➻➼ ➻➶ ➺

➶ ➼ ➮ ã ➮ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳ ➲ ã ➼ ❮ ➬➽ ➵ ➻ã ➶ ➹ ➱ ➺ ➺ ➬➴ ➬➷➬➻➲

➻➱ ✃ ➬✑ ä ➱ ➳ ➶ ➺ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➳ ➶ ➹ ➳ ➱ ❮ ➬➺ ➬ ➱ ➽ ➺ ➱ ➽ ➬➻➺ ➻➶ ➳ ➳ ➬➻➱ ➳ ➲ ➡ ß ã ➘ ➺ ➚ ➻ã ➶ ➺ ➮ ➱ ➹ ➶ ➱ ✃ ❒ ➬➳ ➶ ➮ ➻➬❮ ➶ ➺

➬➺ ➻➱ ã ➱ ä ➱ ➵ ➶ ➽ ➬➸ ➶ ➼ ➽ ❒ ➮ ➳ ➶ ➼ ➻➶ ➮ ➶ ➳ ➻➼ ➬➽ ➮ ➱ ä ä ➱ ➽ ➺ ➻➼ ➽ ❒ ➼ ➳ ❒ ➺

➳ ➶ ➵ ➘ ➷➼ ➻➬➽ ➵ ➱ ➽ ➷➲

➻ã ➱ ➺ ➶ ➼ ➺ ➹ ➶ ➮ ➻➺ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➻ã ➼ ➻ ➼ ➳ ➶ ➮ ➱ ➽ ➽ ➶ ➮ ➻➶ ❒ ➻➱ ➳➶ ➷➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➼ ä ➱ ➽ ➵

❒ ➬✃✃ ➶ ➳ ➶ ➽ ➻ ➺ ➻➼ ➻➶ ➺ ➡ ÿ ä ➼ à ➱ ➳ ➹ ➼ ➳➻ ➱ ✃ ➳➶ ➵ ➘ ➷➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➬➺ ä ➱ ➺ ➻➷➲ ➳ ➶ ➷➼ ➻➶ ❒ ➻➱ ➻ã ➶

➷➶ ➵ ➬➺ ➷➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➶ ➼ ➮ ã ä ➶ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➺ ➻➼ ➻➶

➴ ➘ ➻ ➻ã ➼ ➻ ➼ ➳ ➶ ➽ ➱ ➻ ➮ ➱ ➽ ➻➳ ➼ ➳ ➲ ➬➻ã ➻ã ➶

✙ ➱ ä ä ➘ ➽ ➬➻➲ ➷➶ ➵ ➬➺ ➷➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➡

❏ ➱ ➳ ➻ã ➶ ➼ ➮ ã ➬➶ ❮ ➶ ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➬➺ ➱ ➴ à ➶ ➮ ➻➬❮ ➶ ➚ ❑▲ ✝ ▼ ❑☎ ✠ ❑✝ ◆ ❖ ☞ ❍ ✞ ☞ ✞ P ❋ ✠ ✞ ◗

❍ ✟✞ ✠ ✞ ● ✟✠ ✌ ✆ ✠ ☎ ◗ ✝

✍ ✝ ✎ ✝ ✌☞ ❉ ✆ ✝ ✞

❍ ☞ ☎ ❘ ❙ ❚ ❚ P ❘ ❙ ❚ ❯ ➼ ➺ ❒ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ➶ ❒

ã ➬➮ ã

➹ ➘ ➳➹ ➱ ➺ ➶ ➬➺ ➻ã ➶ ➮ ➱ ➽ ✃ ➱ ➳ ä ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ➽ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➷➶ ➵ ➬➺ ➷➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➬➽ ➻ã ➶ ❒ ➱ ä ➼ ➬➽ ➱ ✃

➽ ➱ ➽ ➾ ➴ ➼ ➽ á ✃ ➬➽ ➼ ➽ ➮ ➬➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➻➱ ■ ➘ ➳ ➱ ➹ ➶ ➼ ➽ ➺ ➻➼ ➽ ❒ ➼ ➳❒ ➺ ➚ ➼ ➽ ❒ ➚ ➼ ➺ ➼ ➳ ➶ ➺ ➘ ➷➻➚ ➻ã ➶

➳ ➶ ➼ ➷➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ■ ➘ ➳ ➱ ➹ ➶ ➼ ➽ ➬➽ ➻➶ ➵ ➳ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ➴ à ➶ ➮ ➻➬❮ ➶

ã ➬➷➶ ➻ã ➶ ➹ ➳ ➬➽ ➮ ➬➹ ➷➶

❒ ➱ ä ➼ ➬➽ ➺ ➱ ✃ ❒ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➺ ➻➬➹ ➘ ➷➼ ➻➶ ➻ã ➶ ➼ ❒ à ➘ ➺ ➻ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➱ ✃ ➽ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➹ ➱ ➷➬➮ ➬➶ ➺

(7)

➪ ➡

Hîncu, V. Iordachi

➞ ➠

ä ➶ ➼ ➺ ➘ ➳ ➶ ➺ ➶ ➳ ➶ ➶ ➷➼ ➴ ➱ ➳ ➼ ➻➶ ❒ ➼ ➽ ❒ ➮ ➳ ➶ ➼ ➻➶ ❒ ❱ ➬➽ ➳ ➶ ➷➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➬➻ã ➻ã ➶ ➳ ➶ ➵ ➘ ➷➼ ➻➬➱ ➽

➳➶ ✃ ➱ ➳ ä

ã ➼ ❮ ➬➽ ➵ ➼ ➺ ä ➼ à ➱ ➳ ➱ ➴ à ➶ ➮ ➻➬❮ ➶ ➻ã ➶ ✍ ✝ ✎ ✝ ✌☞ ❉ ✆ ✝ ✞

☞ ❍ ✠ ❲ ✝ ✌✌ ☎ ✝ ◆ ❊ ✌✠

✝ ✍

✠ ✞ ✍

☎ ✠ ✞ ❳❉ ✠ ☎ ✝ ✞

✆ ✠ ☎ ◗ ✝

✏ ❍ ✟✞ ✠ ✞ ● ✟✠ ✌ ❳

✠ ❋ ✟✌✟

❖ ✠ ✞ ✍ ✟✆ ❉ ✌✝ ✆ ✝ ✞

✟☞ ✞ ☞ ❍ ✠ ✞ ✝ ❲

✠ ☎ ● ▲ ✟❑✝ ● ❑❊ ☎ ✝ ☞ ❍ ✞ ☞ ✞ P ❋ ✠ ✞ ◗ ❍ ✟✞ ✠ ✞ ● ✟✠ ✌ ❳ ❊ ❉ ✝ ☎ ✎ ✟❳ ✟☞ ✞ ❨

ÿ ➻ ➻ã ➶ ➺ ➼ ä ➶ ➻➬ä ➶

➬➽ ❐ ➱ ➷❒ ➱ ❮ ➼

➼ ➺ ➶ ➷➷ ➼ ➺ ➬➽ ➱ ➻ã ➶ ➳ ✙ ✂ ✚ ä ➶ ä ➴ ➶ ➳

➺ ➻➼ ➻➶ ➺

➼ ➷➶ ➺ ➺ ➳ ➶ ➺ ➻➳➬➮ ➻➬❮ ➶ ➻➶ ➽ ❒ ➶ ➽ ➮ ➲ ➱ ✃ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➳ ➶ ➵ ➘ ➷➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➬➺ ➼ ➻➻➶ ➺ ➻➶ ❒ ✃ ➱ ➳ ➬➻➺

➺ ➬➵ ➽ ➬✃➬ ➮ ➼ ➽ ➻ ➷➬➴ ➶ ➳ ➼ ➷➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➚ ➶ ✑ ➹ ➳ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➶ ❒ ➻ã ➳ ➱ ➘ ➵ ã ❂ ➷➬➴ ➶ ➳ ➼ ➷➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃

☎ ✠ ✞ ❳ ✠ ●

✟ ☞ ✞ ❳ ➬➻ã ➺ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬ ➶ ➺

✃ ➱ ➳ ➶ ✑ ➡

➶ ✑ ➬➺ ➻➶ ➽ ➮ ➶ ➱ ✃ ➷➶ ➵ ➼ ➷ ➹ ➳➱ ❮ ➬ ➺ ➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➱ ➽

➘ ➺ ➬➽ ➵ ä ➘ ➷➻➬➷➼ ➻➶ ➳ ➼ ➷ ➻➳ ➼ ❒ ➬➽ ➵ ➺ ➲ ➺ ➻➶ ä ➺

❐ ß ❏ ➧ ➧

➹ ➱ ➺ ➺ ➬➴ ➬➷➬➻ ➲ ➱ ✃ ➬➽ ➻➳ ➱ ❒ ➘ ➮ ➬ ➽ ➵

➽ ➶ ✃ ➬➽ ➼ ➽ ➮ ➬➼ ➷ ➬➽ ➺ ➻➳ ➘ ä ➶ ➽ ➻➺ ➦ ❒ ➶ ➳ ➬❮ ➼ ➻➬ ❮ ➶ ➺ ➚ ä ➘ ➽ ➬ ➮ ➬➹ ➼ ➷ ➴ ➱ ➽ ❒ ➺ ➶ ➻➮ ➡➧ ➚ ➼ ➻➻➳ ➼ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽

➱ ✃ ➽ ➶ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➱ ➹ ➶ ➳ ➼ ➻➱ ➳ ➺ ➬➻ã ➼ ã ➬➵ ã ➹ ➱ ➻➶ ➽ ➻➬➼ ➷

➬ ➽ ➮ ➷➘ ➺ ➬ ❮ ➶ ➷ ➲ ➻ã ➶ ➱ ➽ ➶ ➺ ✃ ➳ ➱ ä

■ â

➼ ➺ ➶ ➷➷ ➼ ➺ ➻ã ➶ ➼ ➮ ➮ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➱ ✃ ➽ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➱ ➹ ➶ ➳ ➼ ➻➱ ➳ ➺ ➱ ➽ ■ ➘ ➳ ➱ ➹ ➶ ➼ ➽ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻➺

ã ➬➷➶ ➻ã ➶ ➶ ✑ ➬➺ ➻➶ ➽ ➻ ➷➶ ➵ ➼ ➷ ✃ ➳ ➼ ä ➶ ➱ ➳ á ➬ ➺ ➵ ➱ ➬➽ ➵ ➻➱ ➴ ➶ ➺ ➘ ➴ ➺ ➻➬➻➘ ➻➶ ❒ ➬➻ã ➻ã ➶

➱ ➽ ➶ ➺ ➹ ➶ ➮ ➬✃ ➬➮ ➻➱ ■ ➘ ➳ ➱ ➹ ➶ ➼ ➽ ➺ ➻➼ ➽ ❒ ➼ ➳ ❒ ➺ ➡

Reduction of stock markets’ capitalization

ÿ ➽ ➱ ➻ã ➶ ➳ ➻➶ ➽ ❒ ➶ ➽ ➮ ➲ ➮ ã ➼ ➳ ➼ ➮ ➻➶ ➳ ➬➺ ➻➬➮ ✃ ➱ ➳ ➻ã ➶ ❒ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷

ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ✃➳ ➱ ä ➻ã ➶ ✙ ✂ ✚ ä ➶ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➺ ➻➼ ➻➶ ➺

✃ ➳➱ ä ➻ã ➶ ➶ ➽ ❒ ➱ ✃ ✃ ➬➳ ➺ ➻ ❒ ➶ ➮ ➼ ❒ ➶ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶

❩ ❩ ➾ ➻ã ✙ ➶ ➽ ➻➘ ➳ ➲ ➧ ➬➺ ➻ã ➶ ❒ ➬ä ➬➽ ➬➺ ã ➬➽ ➵ ➱ ✃ ➷➬✒ ➘ ➬❒ ➬➻➲ ➚ ➷➬ä ➬➻➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➼ ➮ ➮ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➻➱

➮ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➬➻ ➼ ➽ ❒ ➬➽ ❮ ➶ ➺ ➻ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➳ ➶ ➺ ➱ ➘ ➳ ➮ ➶ ➺ ➚ ➬➽ ➮ ➳ ➶ ➼ ➺ ➶ ➬➽ ➮ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➬➻ ➮ ➱ ➺ ➻➺ ➚ ➱ ➳ ➺ ➶ ➽ ➬➽ ➵ ➱ ✃

financial estate of many issuers, reduction of securities’ costs traded on

➽ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➺ ➻➱ ➮ á ➶ ✑ ➮ ã ➼ ➽ ➵ ➶ ➺ ➚ ➼ ➺ ➶ ➷➷ ➼ ➺ ➚ ➼ ➺ ➼ ➳ ➶ ➺ ➘ ➷➻➚ ➻ã ➶ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➘ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➻➱ ➮ á

markets’ capitalization (see table 3).

Appearance of a whole set of legislative acts’ projects like:

✪ ❪ ✰ ★ ❫ ✪ ✴✭✰ ★ ✪ ✸

✰ ❵ ❵ ✭✫ ✫✭✰ ★ ✰ ✮ ❛ ✭★ ✪ ★ ✩ ✭✪ ✸ ❜ ✪ ✱❝ ✬ ✴❞

✪ ❪ ✰ ★ ✩ ✪ ✹ ✭✴✪ ✸ ❵ ✪ ✱❝ ✬ ✴❞

✪ ❪ ✰ ★ ★ ✰ ★ ❡✷ ✪ ★ ❝ ✮✭★ ✪ ★ ✩ ✭✪ ✸

✰ ✱✲ ✪ ★ ✭✳ ✪ ✴✭✰ ★ ✫❞ ❢ ✬ ✲ ❣ ✸✪ ✴✭✰ ★ ✰ ★ ✴✶ ✬ ✹ ✱✭✰ ✱ ✪ ✹ ✹ ✱✰ ✺ ✪ ✸ ✰ ✮ ✸✪ ✱✲ ✬ ✴✱✪ ★ ✫ ✪ ✩ ✴✭✰ ★ ✫ ❤ ✭★ ✺ ✬ ✫ ✴❵ ✬ ★ ✴ ✰ ✮

✰ ❪ ★ ✩ ✪ ✹ ✭✴✪ ✸ ✭★ ✫ ✰ ✩ ✭✪ ✸ ✩ ✪ ✹ ✭✴✪ ✸ ✰ ✮ ✪ ✩ ✰ ❵ ❵ ✬ ✱ ✩ ✭✪ ✸ ✩ ✰ ❵ ✹ ✪ ★ ✯ ✪ ★ ✵ ✴✪ ❝ ✭★ ✲ ✩ ✱✬ ✵ ✭✴✫ ✷ ✯ ✭★ ✫ ❣ ✱✬ ✱✫

✱✬ ❡✭★ ✫ ❣ ✱✬ ✱✫ ❥❞ ❢ ✬ ✲ ❣ ✸✪ ✴✭✰ ★ ✰ ★ ✵ ✬ ✱✭✺ ✪ ✴✭✺ ✬ ✮✭★ ✪ ★ ✩ ✭✪ ✸ ✭★ ✫ ✴✱❣ ❵ ✬ ★ ✴✫ ✪ ★ ✵ ✱✬ ❦ ❣ ✭✱✬ ❵ ✬ ★ ✴✫ ✮✰ ✱ ✴✶ ✬ ✭✱

✵ ✭✫✩ ✸✰ ✫❣ ✱✬ ❞ ❢ ✬ ✲ ❣ ✸✪ ✴✭✰ ★ ✰ ★ ✴✶ ✬ ✹ ✱✭★ ✩ ✭✹ ✸✬ ✫ ✰ ✮ ✪ ★ ✬ ✮✮✭✩ ✭✬ ★ ✴ ✰ ✱✲ ✪ ★ ✭✳ ✪ ✴✭✰ ★ ✰ ✮ ✴✶ ✬ ❧ ✰ ✺ ✬ ✱★ ✭★ ✲

✫ ✯ ✫ ✴✬ ❵ ❞

✪ ❪ ✰ ★ ✮✪ ✩ ❣ ✸✴✪ ✴✭✺ ✬ ✹ ✬ ★ ✫ ✭✰ ★ ✮❣ ★ ✵ ✫❞

✪ ❪ ✮✰ ✱ ❵ ✰ ✵ ✭✮ ✭✩ ✪ ✴✭✰ ★ ✪ ★ ✵ ✩ ✰ ❵ ✹ ✸✬ ✴✭✰ ★ ✰ ✮

✪ ❪ ★ ✱♠ ♥ ♦ ♣ ❡q r ✰ ✮ s t ♠s ✉ ♠✈ ✉ ✉ ♥ ✰ ★ ✸✰ ✩ ✪ ✸ ✹ ❣ ✷ ✸✭✩ ✮✭★ ✪ ★ ✩ ✬ ✫ ❞ ✧★ ✫ ✴✱❣ ✩ ✴✭✰ ★ ✰ ★ ✫ ✴✪ ✴✬

(8)

➞ ➢

✓ Ø ✔ ÝÒ Ô Ö ✕ ① ✕ ✙ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➻➱ ➮ á ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻➺ ✃ ➳ ➱ ä ✙ ✂ ✚ ä ➶ ä ➴ ➶ ➳

➺ ➻ ➼ ➻➶ ➺

✰ ❣ ★ ✴✱✯

✙ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷➬➸ ➼ ➻➬ ➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➻ ➱ ➮ á

ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻➺

ä ➬➷➷➬➱ ➽ â ✚ ÿ

② ➱ ➷➷➼ ➳➺ ➧

✙ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➻➱ ➮ á

ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻➺ ③④ ② ✁ ➦ ✡ ➧

✩ ✩ ✰ ✱✵ ✭★ ✲ ✴✰

✫ ✭✴❣ ✪ ✴✭✰ ★ ✰ ✮

✉ s ♠✉ s ♠✈ ✉ ✉ ⑥

✩ ✩ ✰ ✱✵ ✭★ ✲ ✴✰

✫ ✭✴❣ ✪ ✴✭✰ ★ ✰ ✮

✉ s ♠✉ s ♠✈ ✉ ✉ ♦

✩ ✩ ✰ ✱✵ ✭★ ✲ ✴✰

✫ ✭✴❣ ✪ ✴✭✰ ★ ✰ ✮

✉ s ♠✉ s ♠✈ ✉ ✉ ⑥

✩ ✩ ✰ ✱✵ ✭★ ✲ ✴✰

✫ ✭✴❣ ✪ ✴✭✰ ★ ✰ ✮

✉ s ♠✉ s ♠✈ ✉ ✉ ♦

ÿ

➳ ä ➶ ➽ ➬➼

➫ ➥ ➝ ➫ ➟ ➤ ➫ ➚ ➥ ➥ ➫ ➚ ➝ ➥ ✣ ➶ ➷➼ ➳ ➘ ➺

② ➼ ➻➼ ➬➺ ➽ ➱ ➻

➼ ❮ ➼ ➬➷➼ ➴ ➷➶

② ➼ ➻➼ ➬➺ ➽ ➱ ➻

➼ ❮ ➼ ➬➷➼ ➴ ➷➶

➚ ➫

➯ ➼ ➸ ➼ á ã ➺ ➻➼ ➽ ➝ ➩ ➡➠ ➩ ➥ ➩

➫ ➡ ➫ ➩ ➥ ➭ ➥ ➚ ➠ ➭ ➞ ➩ ➚ ➤ ➭ ➯ ➲ ➳ ➵ ➲ ➸ ➺ ➻➼ ➽ ➫ ➡➥ ➝ ➟ ➫ ➡➞ ➫ ➤ ➞ ➝ ➚ ➞ ➭ ➞ ➝ ➚ ➢ ➫ ❈ ✝❉ ❊ ❋ ✌✟● ☞ ❍

☛ ☞ ✌✍ ☞ ✎ ✠ ⑦ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨

❚ ❯ ✏ ❙ ❯ ❚ ❚ ✏⑩ ❶

➪ ➘ ➺ ➺ ➬➼ ➫ ➡➞ ➤ ➤ ➡➭ ➭ ➞ ➩ ➤ ➝ ➡➭ ➫ ➩ ➢ ➢ ➚➠ ➥ ➞ ➤ ➚➭ ➥

ß ➼ à ➬á ➬➺ ➻➼ ➽

➭ ➭

➩ ➥ ➥

➚ ➫

➚➭

â á ➳ ➼ ➬➽ ➶

➫ ➥ ➢ ➡ ➫ ➤ ➭ ➞ ➩ ➡➝ ➭ ➞ ➟ ➤ ➚➭ ➠ ➫ ➢ ➚ ➥ ➠

å æ ç è é ê ë ì í ì î ï ð í ñ ò ì ó ïô õ ö ÷ øù ñ ì ÷ ð õ ú í ìï ì úö õ û ü ü ü ýþù î ú ýû í

ÿ ➮ ➮ ➱ ➳ ❒ ➬➽ ➵ ➻➱ ➻ã ➶ ❒ ➼ ➻➼ ➳➶ ✃ ➷➶ ➮ ➻➶ ❒ ➬➽ ➻➼ ➴ ➷➶ ➩ ➚ ➻ã ➶ ã ➬➵ ã ➶ ➺ ➻ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➘ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃

➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➻➱ ➮ á ➺ ➻➳ ➼ ❒ ➶ ❒ ➱ ➽ ➻ã ➶ ➱ ➳ ➵ ➼ ➽ ➬➸ ➶ ❒ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➼ ➺ ➳➶ ➵ ➬➺ ➻➶ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➱ ➽

ä ➼ ➳á ➶ ➻➺ ➬➻ã ➼ ã ➬➵ ã ➬➽ ➻➶ ➵ ➳ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ❒ ➶ ➵ ➳ ➶ ➶ ➬➽ ➻ã ➶ ➱ ➳➷❒ ➶ ➮ ➱ ➽ ➱ ä ➲ ➚ ➷➬á ➶

❷ ◗ ☎ ✠ ✟✞ ✝

➬➻ã ➼

➭ ➚

➤ ➻➬ä ➶ ➺ ➳➶ ❒ ➘ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➧

❈ ❊ ❳ ❳ ✟✠

➬➻ã ➼ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➘ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➱ ❮ ➶ ➳

➟ ➥ ✡ ➧ ➼ ➽ ❒ ❸ ✠ ❹ ✠ ◗

✠ ✞

➬➻ã ➼ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➘ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➱ ❮ ➶ ➳

➥ ✡ ➧ ➡ ✚ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬➶ ➺ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻➺

✃ ➳➱ ä ➱ ➻ã ➶ ➳ ➮ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳ ➬➶ ➺ ➶ ➳ ➶ ➷➱ ➶ ➳ ➶ ✑ ➹ ➱ ➺ ➶ ❒ ➻➱ ➻ã ➶ ➬ ➽ ✃ ➷➘ ➶ ➽ ➮ ➶ ➱ ✃ ➮ ➳ ➬➺ ➬➺ ➡ ❏ ➱ ➳

➶ ✑ ➼ ä ➹ ➷➶

➻ã ➶ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻➺ ➱ ✃ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟✠

❸ ❖ ☎ ◆ ❖ ❹ ❳

✠ ✞ ➼ ➽ ❒ ❺ ✠ ❻ ✟◗ ✟❳

✠ ✞ ➳ ➶ ➵ ➬➺ ➻➶ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➼

➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➵ ➳ ➱ ➻ã ➡

✂➽ ❈ ✝❉ ❊ ❋ ✌✟● ☞ ❍ ☛ ☞ ✌✍ ☞ ✎ ✠

, once with the increase of stock market’s

➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➚ ➬➻➺ ➶ ➬➵ ã ➻ ➬➽ ④ ② ✁ ➼ ➺ ❒ ➬ä ➬➽ ➬➺ ã ➶ ❒ ➦ ✃ ➳➱ ä ➫ ➭ ➡➥ ➭ ✡ ➻➱

➫ ➫

➡➠ ➝ ✡ ➧ ➡ ✣ ➶ ➵ ➬➽ ➽ ➬➽ ➵ ➬➻ã

➢ ➢ ➠

➻ã ➶ ➳ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➱ ✃ ➮ ➘ ä ➘ ➷➼ ➻➶ ❒ ❮ ➱ ➷➘ ä ➶ ➱ ✃ ➬➺ ➺ ➘ ➶ ➺

➻➱ ④ ② ✁ ➳ ➶ ➵ ➬➺ ➻➶ ➳ ➶ ❒ ❂ ➬➽ ➞ ➥ ➥ ➝

➭ ➠ ➡➝ ✡ ➚ ➬➽ ➞ ➥ ➥ ➤

➭ ➞ ✡ ➚ ➬➽ ➞ ➥ ➥ ➟

➩ ➟ ➡➫ ✡ ➚ ➬➽

➞ ➥ ➥ ➠

➩ ➞ ➡➠ ✡ ➚ ã ➬➷➶ ➬➽ ➞ ➥ ➥ ➢

➩ ➝ ➡➩ ✡ ➡ ß ã ➶ ➬➽ ❒ ➬➮ ➼ ➻➱ ➳ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➻➱ ➮ á ➶ ✑ ➮ ã ➼ ➽ ➵ ➶

➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➻➱ ➱ ➽ ➶ ❼ ➶ ➘ ➱ ✃ ④ ② ✁ ➳➶ ➵ ➬➺ ➻➶ ➳ ➶ ❒

➫ ➭

➝ ➴ ➼ ➽ ➬ ❒ ➘ ➳ ➬➽ ➵ ➞ ➥ ➥ ➢ ➾

➞ ➥ ➫ ➥ ➡ ✂➽ ➻ã ➶ ❒ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ➶ ❒ ➮ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳ ➬➶ ➺ ➻ã ➬➺ ➬➽ ❒ ➬➮ ➼ ➻➱ ➳ ➳ ➶ ➵ ➬➺ ➻➶ ➳ ➺ ã ➬➵ ã ➶ ➳ ➷➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➺ ➼ ➽ ❒

➶ ❮ ➶ ➽ ➶ ✑ ➮ ➶ ➶ ❒ ➺ ➻ã ➶ ④ ② ✁ ❮ ➱ ➷➘ ä ➶ ➡ ß ã ➶ ➳➱ ➻➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➹ ➶ ➶ ❒ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➻➱ ➮ á ➶ ✑ ➮ ã ➼ ➽ ➵ ➶ ➼ ➽ ❒

(9)

➪ ➡

Hîncu, V. Iordachi

✓ Ø ✔ ÝÒ Ô Ö ✕ ❾ ✕ ❿ ➱ ➷➘ ä ➶ ➼ ➽ ❒ ➽ ➘ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬➶ ➺ ➬➺ ➺ ➘ ➶ ➺

➳ ➶ ➵ ➬➺ ➻➶ ➳ ➶ ❒

➴ ➲ ➽ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➳ ➶ ➵ ➘ ➷➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➴ ➱ ❒ ➬➶ ➺ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬➶ ➺ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻➺ ✃ ➳ ➱ ä ✙ ✂✚ ä ➶ ä ➴ ➶ ➳

➺ ➻➼ ➻➶ ➺

✙ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳ ➲

➘ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➱ ✃ ➬➺ ➺ ➘ ➶ ➺

❿ ➱ ➷➘ ä ➶ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬➶ ➺ ➼ ➻

➹ ➷➼ ➮ ➶ ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➹ ➳ ➬➮ ➶

➻ã ➱ ➘ ➺ ➼ ➽ ❒

â ✚ ÿ ② ➱ ➷➷➼ ➳ ➺

ÿ ➻

➡➥

➡➞ ➥ ➥ ➠

ÿ ➻

➡➥

➡➞ ➥ ➥ ➢

ÿ ➻

➡➥

➡➞ ➥ ➥ ➠

ÿ ➻

➡➥

➡➞ ➥ ➥ ➢

ÿ ➳ ä ➶ ➽ ➬➼

t s ➀ ⑥ ♠s s ♦ ♥ t ♠⑥ ➀ ✉

✣ ➶ ➷➼ ➳ ➘ ➺ ➝ ➡

➩ ➭

➟ ➝ ➡➥ ➢

➠ ➡➥ ➝ ➞ ➡

➥ ➥

➝ ➡

➡➟ ➥ ➥

➯ ➼ ➸ ➼ á ã ➺ ➻➼ ➽ ➞ ➡➟ ➠ ➠ ➞ ➡➟ ➢ ➞

➫ ➫

➡➝

➥ ➡➥ ➥ ➥

➫ ➭

➡➞ ➥ ➥ ➡➥ ➥ ➥

➯ ➲ ➳ ➵ ➲ ➸ ➺ ➻➼ ➽ ➟ ➢ ➢ ➝ ➝

➡➟ ➞

➩ ➫

➝ ➥ ➡➢ ➝ ➠

❈ ✝❉ ❊ ❋ ✌ ✟● ☞ ❍

☛ ☞ ✌ ✍ ☞ ✎ ✠

➠ ➟

➝ ➝

➫ ➫

➞ ➡➝ ➢ ➠ ➟ ➠ ➡➞ ➠

➪ ➘ ➺ ➺ ➬➼ ➞ ➡➞ ➢

➫ ➫

➥ ➡

➝ ➠ ➾ ➾

ß ➼ à ➬á ➬➺ ➻➼ ➽ ➞ ➟ ➝ ➝

➩ ➚

➭ ➩

â á ➳ ➼ ➬➽ ➶ ➞ ➡➤ ➢ ➠ ➞ ➡➤ ➫ ➭ ➫ ➭ ➡➫ ➟ ➠ ➡➝ ➩ ➥ ➫ ➞ ➡➭ ➠ ➢ ➡➥ ➟ ➝

å æ ç è é ê ë ì í ìî ï ð í ñ ò ì ó ïô õ ö ÷ øù ñ ì ÷ ð õ ú í ì ï ì úö õ û ü ü ü ýþ ù î ú ýû í

➽ ➻ã ➶ ➱ ➻ã ➶ ➳ ã ➼ ➽ ❒

❒ ➘ ➳ ➬➽ ➵ ➞ ➥ ➥ ➤ ➾➞ ➥ ➥ ➟

➻ã ➶ ➼ ➽ ➽ ➘ ➼ ➷ ➵ ➳➱ ➻ã ➱ ✃

➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➱ ✃ ❐ ➱ ➷❒ ➱ ❮ ➼ ➼ ➺ ä ➱ ➳ ➶ ➼ ➮ ➮ ➶ ➷➶ ➳ ➼ ➻➶ ❒ ➚ ➬➽ ➮ ➱ ä ➹ ➼ ➳ ➬➺ ➱ ➽ ➻➱ ④ ② ✁

➵ ➳ ➱ ➻ã ➡ ÿ ➺ ➼ ➳➶ ➺ ➘ ➷➻

➬➽ ➞ ➥ ➥ ➟ ➻ã ➶ ➶ ➬➵ ã ➻ ➱ ✃ ➝ ➡➠ ➠ ✡ ➱ ✃ ➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻

➹ ➶ ➽ ➶ ➻➳ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➬➽ ➽ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➶ ➮ ➱ ➽ ➱ ä ➲ ➼ ➺ ➳ ➶ ➼ ➮ ã ➶ ❒ ➡ ② ➘ ➳ ➬➽ ➵ ➻ã ➶ ➹ ➳ ➶ ❮ ➬➱ ➘ ➺ ➲ ➶ ➼ ➳

➻ã ➶ ➵ ➳ ➱ ➻ã ➱ ✃ ➹ ➶ ➽ ➶ ➻➳ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➷➶ ❮ ➶ ➷ ➳ ➶ ➼ ➮ ã ➶ ❒ ➭ ➡➥ ➟ ✡ ➦ ➬➻ã ➼ ➫ ➡➝ ➠ ✡ ➬➽ ➮ ➳ ➶ ➼ ➺ ➶

✃➳ ➱ ä ➱ ➽ ➷➲ ➞ ➡➭ ➠ ✡ ➧ ➡ ß ã ➬➺ ➳ ã ➲ ➻ã ä ➬➺ ➻➱ ➱ ➺ ➷➱ ➼ ➽ ❒ ➳ ➶ ➹ ➳ ➶ ➺ ➶ ➽ ➻➺ ➬➽ ➺ ➬➵ ➽ ➬✃➬➮ ➼ ➽ ➻

➳➶ ➺ ➘ ➷➻➺ ➬➽ ➮ ➱ ä ➹ ➼ ➳ ➬➺ ➱ ➽ ➻➱ ❮ ➶ ➳ ➲ ã ➬➵ ã ➷➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➺ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➬➺ ➬➽ ❒ ➬➮ ➼ ➻➱ ➳ ➬➽ ❒ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ➶ ❒

➮ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳➬➶ ➺ ➱ ➳ ➻ã ➶ ➱ ➽ ➶ ➺ ➬➻ã ❒ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ➬➽ ➵ ➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳á ➶ ➻➺ ➡

✚ ➻➬➷➷➚ ➼ ➹ ➱ ➺ ➬➻➬❮ ➶ ä ➱ ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➳➶ ➺ ➘ ➷➻➺ ✃ ➳ ➱ ä ➶ ä ➹ ã ➼ ➺ ➬➸ ➬➽ ➵ ➼ ➽ ➘ ➹ ➻➳ ➶ ➽ ❒ ➬➽

➻ã ➶ ➶ ❮ ➱ ➷➘ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➹ ➶ ➽ ➶ ➻➳➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➷➶ ❮ ➶ ➷ ➱ ✃ ➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➬➽ ➽ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➶ ➮ ➱ ➽ ➱ ä ➲

➱ ✃ ❐ ➱ ➷❒ ➱ ❮ ➼ ➚ ➻ã ➶ ✃ ➼ ➮ ➻ ➻ã ➼ ➻ ➹ ➳ ➱ ä ➬➺ ➶ ➺ ➼ ➵ ➳ ➱ ➻ã ➱ ✃ ✃ ➱ ➳ ➶ ➬➵ ➽ ❒ ➬➳ ➶ ➮ ➻ ➬➽ ❮ ➶ ➺ ➻ä ➶ ➽ ➻➺

➦❏ ② ✂ ➧ ➬➽ ✃ ➘ ➻➘ ➳➶ ➬➽ ➻ã ➶ ➽ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ➶ ➮ ➱ ➽ ➱ ä ➲ ➚ ➴ ➲ ä ➶ ➼ ➽ ➺ ➱ ✃ ➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➡

The number of securities’ issues registered by nation

➼ ➷ ➳ ➶ ➵ ➘ ➷➼ ➻➬➱ ➽

➼ ➘ ➻ã ➱ ➳➬➻➬➶ ➺ ➚ ➹ ➳ ➼ ➮ ➻➬➮ ➼ ➷➷ ➲ ➚ ➬➽ ➮ ➳ ➶ ➼ ➺ ➶ ❒ ➬➽ ➼ ➷➷ ✙ ✂✚ ä ➶ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➮ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳ ➬➶ ➺ ➚ ➼ ➵ ➼ ➬➽ ➺ ➻ ➻ã ➶

➼ ➘ ➵ ä ➶ ➽ ➻➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➻➳ ➼ ➽ ➺ ➼ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➮ ➱ ➺ ➻ ➱ ➽ ➺ ➻➱ ➮ á ➶ ✑ ➮ ã ➼ ➽ ➵ ➶ ➺

➺ ➶ ➶ ➻➼ ➴ ➷➶

➧ ➡

④ ➬❮ ➶ ➽ ➮ ã ➼ ➽ ➵ ➶ ➺ ➱ ➽ ➺ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬➶ ➺ ä ➼ ➳á ➶ ➻ ➶ ➳ ➶ ➵ ➶ ➽ ➶ ➳ ➼ ➻ ➶ ❒ ➴ ➲ ➼ ➳ ➶ ➷➼ ➻➬❮ ➶ ➷➲

➷➬ä ➬➻➶ ❒ ➼ ➮ ➮ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➻➱ ➮ ➳➶ ❒ ➬➻ ✃ ➘ ➽ ❒ ➺ ✃ ➳➱ ä ➴ ➼ ➽ á ➺ ➶ ➮ ➻➱ ➳➚ ➼ ➺ ➶ ➷➷ ➼ ➺ ➚ ➬➽ ➮ ➶ ➳ ➻➼ ➬➽

ä ➶ ➼ ➺ ➘ ➳ ➶

➴ ➲ ➻ã ➶ ❒ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬ ➶ ➺ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➼ ➽ ❒ ➼ ➽ ➬➽ ➮ ➳➶ ➼ ➺ ➬➽ ➵

(10)

✓ Ø ✔ ÝÒ Ô Ö ✕ ➁ ✕ ❿ ➱ ➷➘ ä ➶ ➱ ✃ ➻➳ ➼ ➽ ➺ ➼ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➬➻ã ✃ ➬➽ ➼ ➽ ➮ ➬➼ ➷ ➬➽ ➺ ➻➳ ➘ ä ➶ ➽ ➻➺

➱ ➽ ➱ ➳ ➵ ➼ ➽ ➬➸ ➶ ❒ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ✙ ✂✚ ä ➶ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➮ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻ ➳ ➬➶ ➺

✙ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳ ➲

ß ➱ ➻➼ ➷ ❮ ➱ ➷➘ ä ➶ ➱ ✃

➻➳ ➼ ➽ ➺ ➼ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➱ ➽ ➹ ➳ ➬ä ➼ ➳ ➲

➼ ➽ ❒ ➺ ➶ ➮ ➱ ➽ ❒ ➼ ➳ ➲ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻

➦ ➻ã ➱ ➘ ➺ ➼ ➽ ❒ â ✚ ② ➧

❿ ➱ ➷➘ ä ➶ ➱ ✃

➻➳➼ ➽ ➺ ➼ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➺

③④ ② ✁

➦ ➻ã ➱ ➘ ➺ ➼ ➽ ❒ â ✚ ② ➧

ÿ ➳ ä ➶ ➽ ➬➼ ➫ ➩ ➡➝ ➫ ➤ ➥ ➚➥ ➥ ➫

✣ ➶ ➷➼ ➳ ➘ ➺ ➝ ➟

➡➢ ➥ ➥ ➥

➯ ➼ ➸ ➼ á ã ➺ ➻➼ ➽ ➞

➥ ➡

➡➞

➫ ➚

➯ ➲ ➳ ➵ ➲ ➸ ➺ ➻➼ ➽ ➞ ➩ ➭ ➡➤ ➞ ➝ ➥ ➚➥ ➭ ➢

❈ ✝❉ ❊ ❋ ✌✟● ☞ ❍ ☛ ☞ ✌✍ ☞ ✎ ✠ ➢ ➝ ➡➠

➞ ➥

➪ ➘ ➺ ➺ ➬ ➼ ➞ ➡➥

➟ ➡

➫ ➫

➥ ➡➥ ➥ ➥

➫ ➚➭

➤ ➞

ß ➼ à ➬á ➬➺ ➻➼ ➽ ➤ ➥ ➥ ➥ ➥ ➚➥ ➥ ➫

â á ➳ ➼ ➬➽ ➶ ➭ ➡➠ ➟ ➥ ➡➤ ➝ ➥ ➥ ➚➥ ➭ ➥

å æ ç è é ê ë ì í ì î ï ð í ñ ò ì ó ïô õ ö ÷ øù ñ ì ÷ ð õ ú í ìï ì úö õ û ü ü ü ýþù î ú ýû í

ÿ

➮ ➮ ➱ ➳ ❒ ➬➽ ➵ ➻➱ ➻ã ➶ ❮ ➱ ➷➘ ä ➶ ➱ ✃ ➻➳ ➼ ➽ ➺ ➼ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➹ ➶ ➳ ✃ ➱ ➳ ä ➶ ❒ ➱ ➽ ➻ã ➶

➱ ➳ ➵ ➼ ➽ ➬➸ ➶ ❒ ➺ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬➶ ➺ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻➚ ➻ã ➶ ➴ ➬➵ ➵ ➶ ➺ ➻ ä ➼ ➳á ➶ ➻➺ ➼ ➳ ➶ ➻ã ➶ ➱ ➽ ➶ ➺ ✃ ➳➱ ä ➪ ➘ ➺ ➺ ➬➼ ➚

✣ ➶ ➷➼ ➳ ➘ ➺ ➚ ➯ ➼ ➸ ➼ á ã ➺ ➻➼ ➽ ➼ ➽ ❒ â á ➳ ➼ ➬➽ ➶ ➡ ÿ ➻ ➻ã ➶ ➺ ➼ ä ➶ ➻➬ä ➶ ➚ ➻ã ➶ ❮ ➱ ➷➘ ä ➶ ➱ ✃

➻➳ ➼ ➽ ➺ ➼ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➬➽ ④ ② ✁

➬➽ ä ➱ ➺ ➻ ➱ ✃ ➮ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳ ➬➶ ➺ ➳ ➶ ä ➼ ➬➽ ➺ ➼ ➻ ä ➬➽ ➬ä ➼ ➷ ➷➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➺

➺ ➶ ➶

➻➼ ➴ ➷➶ ➝ ➧ ➡

ÿ ➮ ➮ ➱ ➳ ❒ ➬➽ ➵ ➻➱ ❒ ➼ ➻➼ ✃ ➳➱ ä ➻➼ ➴ ➷➶ ➺ ➩ ➼ ➽ ❒ ➝ ➚ ➼ ➷➱ ➳ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➱ ✃

➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷➬➸ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➷➶ ❮ ➶ ➷ ➼ ➽ ❒ ❮ ➱ ➷➘ ä ➶ ➱ ✃ ➻➳ ➼ ➽ ➺ ➼ ➮ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➻➱ ④ ② ✁ ➬➺ ➼ ➻➻➶ ➺ ➻➶ ❒ ➬➽ ➼ ➷➷

✙ ✂✚ ä ➶ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➺ ➻➼ ➻➶ ➺

➻ã ➼ ➻ ❒ ➶ ä ➱ ➽ ➺ ➻➳ ➼ ➻➶ ➺ ➼ ➷➱ ❒ ➶ ➵ ➳ ➶ ➶ ➱ ✃ ❒ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➱ ✃

➺ ➶ ➮ ➘ ➳ ➬➻➬➶ ➺ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻➺ ➡ ✚ ➻➬➷➷➚ ➻ã ➬➺ ✃ ➼ ➮ ➻ ➼ ➷➺ ➱ ❒ ➶ ➻➶ ➳ ä ➬➽ ➶ ➺ ➻ã ➶ ➶ ✑ ➬➺ ➻➶ ➽ ➮ ➶ ➱ ✃ ➼

➮ ➱ ➽ ➺ ➬❒ ➶ ➳ ➼ ➴ ➷➶ ➹ ➱ ➻➶ ➽ ➻➬➼ ➷ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ➽ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻➺ ✃ ➘ ➻➘ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ä ➶ ➽ ➻

➬➽

➮ ➱ ➽ ❒ ➬➻➬➱ ➽ ➺ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ➬➳ ➮ ➱ ä ➹ ➶ ➻➬➻➬❮ ➶ ➽ ➶ ➺ ➺ ➬➽ ➺ ➘ ➳ ➼ ➽ ➮ ➶ ➚ ➮ ➱ ä ➹ ➼ ➳ ➬➽ ➵ ➬➻ã ➻ã ➶

ä ➼ ➳á ➶ ➻➺ ✃ ➳ ➱ ä ➻ã ➶ ❒ ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ➶ ❒ ➮ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳ ➬➶ ➺ ➡

➂ Ò Ô Ò Ñ Ø Ý Ð Ñ ÚÔ Ù ÚÐ ÝÒ Ó Ö × Ù Ø Ð ÚÏ Ø Ý ➃ Ø Ñ ➄ Ò Ï Ó ➅ Ò Û Ò ÝÖ Ð ➃ Ò Ô Ï ❄ ÚÏ ❅ ÚÔ

Ï ❅ Ò ➆ ➇ ➈ ➃ Ò ➃ ✔ Ò Ñ Ó ÏØ Ï Ò Ó

② ➶ ❮ ➶ ➷➱ ➹ ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➱ ✃ ➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳á ➶ ➻➺ ➱ ✃ ➺ ➱ ä ➶ ✙ ✂ ✚ ä ➶ ä ➴ ➶ ➳ ➺ ➻➼ ➻ ➶ ➺ ➮ ➼ ➽

➴ ➶ ➮ ã ➼ ➳ ➼ ➮ ➻➶ ➳➬➸ ➶ ❒ ➴ ➲ ➻ã ➶ ✃ ➱ ➷➷➱ ➬➽ ➵ ❉ ☎ ✟✞ ● ✟❉ ✌✝ ❳ ❂

➡ ✂ ➽ ➺ ➘ ✃ ✃ ➬➮ ➬➶ ➽ ➻ ➬ ➽ ➻➶ ➵ ➳ ➼ ➻➬➱ ➽ ➱ ✃ ➻ã ➶ ➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳á ➶ ➻➺ ➱ ✃ ✙ ✂ ✚ ä ➶ ä ➴ ➶ ➳

➮ ➱ ➘ ➽ ➻➳ ➬➶ ➺ ➬➽ ➻ã ➶ ➱ ➳ ➷❒

’s

➶ ➮ ➱ ➽ ➱ ä ➲ ➻ã ➼ ➻ ➼ ➷➷➱ ➶ ❒

❑▲

✝ ✠ ✎ ☞ ✟✍ ✠ ✞ ● ✝ ☞ ❍

❑▲

(11)

➪ ➡

Hîncu, V. Iordachi

➺ ➻➱ ➮ á ➺ ➬➺ ➺ ➘ ➶ ➺ ➬➽ ❈ ❊ ❳ ❳ ✟✠ ➼ ➽ ❒ ❸ ✠ ❹ ✠ ◗

✠ ✞ ➺ ➘ ✃ ✃ ➶ ➳ ➶ ❒ ➮ ã ➼ ➽ ➵ ➶ ➺

➻ã ➶ ➴ ➬➷➷➺ ➱ ✃

➶ ✑ ➮ ã ➼ ➽ ➵ ➶ ➼ ➽ ❒ ❒ ➶ ➹ ➱ ➺ ➬➻ ➳ ➶ ➮ ➶ ➬➹ ➻ ➺ ➱ ✃ ã ➬➮ ã ➼ ➳ ➶ ➻➳ ➼ ❒ ➶ ❒ ➱ ➽ ❼ ➱ ➽ ❒ ➱ ➽ ✚ ➻➱ ➮ á

■ ✑ ➮ ã ➼ ➽ ➵ ➶ ➡

➞ ➡ ✂ ä ➹ ➳➱ ❮ ➶ ä ➶ ➽ ➻ ➱ ✃ ➷➶ ➵ ➬➺ ➷➼ ➻➬❮ ➶ ✃ ➳ ➼ ä ➶ ➱ ➳ á ➱ ➽ ➮ ➼ ➹ ➬➻➼ ➷ ä ➼ ➳ á ➶ ➻ ➻➼ á ➶ ➺

➹ ➷➼ ➮ ➶ ➱ ➽ ➻ã ➶ ✃ ➱ ➷➷➱ ➬➽ ➵ ❒ ➬ ➳ ➶ ➮ ➻➬ ➱ ➽ ➺ ❂

Ø

➉ ➊ ➋ ➌ ➍ ➎➏ ➐ ➏ ➑ ➌ ➒ ➐ ➎➓ ➒ ➋ ➊ ➋ ➔ ➏ ➊→ ➣ ➌ ↔ ➎↔ ➏ ➑ ➊ ➎↕ ➙ ➍↔ ➏ ➐ ↔ ➋ ➔ ➒ ➊ ➎➍➎➋ ↔ ➛

Ø

➜➝ ➞ ➊ ➏ ➟ ➋ ➝ ➋ ➐ ➍ ➏ ➑ ➋ ➟ ➎→ ➋ ➐ ➔ ➋ ➏ ➑ ➏ ➠ ➐ ➋ ➊ ↔ ➙ ➎➞ ➊ ➎↕ ➙ ➍ ➍➊ ➌ ➐ ↔ ➑ ➋ ➊ ➏ ➟ ➋ ➊

↔ ➋ ➔ ➒ ➊➎➍ ➎➋ ↔ ➛

Ø

➡ ➏ → ➎➑ ➎➔ ➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➏ ➑ ➊ ➋ ➔ ➏ ↕ ➐ ➎➍➎➏ ➐ ➏ ➊ → ➋ ➊ ➏ ➑ ➍➊ ➌ ➐ ↔ ➌ ➔ ➍➎➏ ➐ ↔ ➞ ➋ ➊ ➑ ➏ ➊ ➝ ➋ → ➏ ➐

➍➙ ➋ ➏ ➊ ↕ ➌ ➐ ➎➢ ➋ → ➝ ➌ ➊ ➤ ➋ ➍ ➠ ➎➍➙ ➍➙ ➋ ↔ ➔ ➏ ➞ ➋ ➏ ➑ ➝ ➌ ➐ ➎➞ ➒ ➥➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➌ ➐ →

➎➝ ➞ ➥➋ ➝ ➋ ➐ ➍➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➏ ➑ ➍➙ ➋ ↔ ➒ → → ➋ ➐ ➊ ➋ ➌ ➔ ➍➎➏ ➐ ↔ ➦ ↔ ➍➋ ➝ ➧ → ➋ ➟ ➋ ➥➏ ➞ ➝ ➋ ➐ ➍ ➏ ➑

➍➙ ➋ ➔ ➏ ➥➥➋ ➔ ➍➎➟ ➋ ➎➐ ➟ ➋ ↔ ➍➝ ➋ ➐ ➍↔ ↔ ➦ ↔ ➍➋ ➝ ➨ ➑ ➏ ➊ ➋ ➩ ➌ ➝ ➞ ➥➋ ➧ ➌ → ➏ ➞ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➎➐

➫ ➭ ➯ ➲ ➳➵ ➸

, at December 18, 2008, of the Law „On collective

➎➐ ➟ ➋ ↔ ➍➝ ➋ ➐ ➍↔ ➎➐ ↔ ➍➎ ➍➒ ➍➎➏ ➐ ↔ ➧ ➝ ➒ ➍➒ ➌ ➥ ➌ ➐ → ➔ ➏ ➊ ➞ ➏ ➊ ➌ ➍➋ ➎➐ ➟ ➋ ↔ ➍➝ ➋ ➐ ➍↔

➑ ➒ ➐ → ↔

”)

➧ ➠ ➙ ➎➔ ➙ ➊ ➋ ➑ ➋ ➊ ➍➏ ➌ ↔ ↔ ➋ ➍↔ ➝ ➌ ➐ ➌ ↕ ➋ ➝ ➋ ➐ ➍ ➔ ➏ ➝ ➞ ➌ ➐ ➎➋ ↔ ➏ ➑ ➟ ➋ ➐ ➍➒ ➊ ➋

➏ ➊ ↕ ➌ ➐ ➎➢ ➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ↔ ➺ ➛

Ø

➻ ➋ ➟ ➋ ➥➏ ➞ ➝ ➋ ➐ ➍ ➏ ➑ ➔ ➏ ➊➞ ➏ ➊ ➌ ➍ ➋ ➣ ➏ ➐ → ↔ ➝ ➌ ➊ ➤ ➋ ➍ ➛

Ø

➼ ➊ ➌ ➐ ➍ ➎➐ ↕ ➑ ➌ ➔ ➎➥➎➍➎➋ ↔ ➑ ➏ ➊ ➎➐ ➔ ➏ ➝ ➋ ➍➌ ➩ ➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➧ ➌ ↔ ➌ ➊ ➋ ↔ ➒ ➥➍ ➏ ➑ ➍➊ ➌ ➐ ↔ ➌ ➔ ➍➎➏ ➐ ↔

➠ ➎➍➙ ↔ ➋ ➔ ➒ ➊ ➎➍➎➋ ↔ ➏ ➐ ➌ ➐ ➏ ➊ ↕ ➌ ➐ ➎ ➢ ➋ → ➝ ➌ ➊ ➤ ➋ ➍ ➛

Ø

➽ ↔ ➍➌ ➣ ➥➎↔ ➙ ➎➐ ↕ ➌ ➍➌ ➩ ➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➝ ➋ ➔ ➙ ➌ ➐ ➎↔ ➝ ➏ ➑ ➍➊ ➌ ➐ ↔ ➌ ➔ ➍➎➏ ➐ ↔ ➠ ➎➍➙

→ ➋ ➊➎ ➟ ➌ ➍➎ ➟ ➋ ➑ ➎➐ ➌ ➐ ➔ ➎➌ ➥ ➎➐ ↔ ➍➊ ➒ ➝ ➋ ➐ ➍↔ ➧ ➎➐ ➔ ➥➒ ↔ ➎➟ ➋ ➥➦ ➧ ➍➙ ➏ ↔ ➋ ➠ ➎➍➙ ➍➙ ➋

↔ ➔ ➏ ➞ ➋ ➏ ➑ ➙ ➋ → ↕ ➎➐ ↕ ➾

Sources’ extension of creating the companies’ social capital

and of financial instruments’ types that ar

➋ ➍➊ ➌ → ➋ → ➏ ➐ ➝ ➌ ➊ ➤ ➋ ➍ ➾ ➪ ➙ ➒ ↔ ➧ ➎➐

➶ ➸➹ ➘ ➴ ➷➳➬ ➮ ➱ ✃ ➸ ➷➲ ➯ ➘ ❐

➧ ➍➙ ➋ ➝ ➌ ➎➐ ↔ ➏ ➒ ➊ ➔ ➋ ➑ ➏ ➊ ↔ ➏ ➔ ➎➌ ➥ ➔ ➌ ➞ ➎ ➍➌ ➥ ➔ ➊ ➋ ➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➏ ➑

➔ ➏ ➝ ➞ ➌ ➐ ➎➋ ↔ ➌ ➐ → ➣ ➌ ➐ ➤ ↔ ➎➐ ❒ ❮ ❮ ❰ ➠ ➌ ↔ ➑ ➊ ➏ ➝ ➏ ➠ ➐ ➊ ➋ ↔ ➏ ➒ ➊ ➔ ➋ ↔ ➧ ➠ ➙ ➎➥➋ ➎➐ ❒ ❮ ❮ Ï ➧

➍➙ ➋ ↔ ➎ ➍➒ ➌ ➍ ➎➏ ➐ ➍➏ ➍➌ ➥➥ ➦ ➔ ➙ ➌ ➐ ↕ ➋ → Ð ❰ Ñ Ò ➑ ➊ ➏ ➝ ➎➐ ➟ ➋ ↔ ➍➝ ➋ ➐ ➍↔ ➎➐ ➍➙ ➋ ↔ ➏ ➔ ➎➌ ➥ ➔ ➌ ➞ ➎➍➌ ➥

➏ ➑ ➍➙ ➋

companies was financed on account of stocks’ issuance. Also,

↔ ➍➏ ➔ ➤ ➋ ➩ ➔ ➙ ➌ ➐ ↕ ➋ ➣ ➏ ➐ → ↔ ➠ ➋ ➊ ➋ ➎➝ ➞ ➥➋ ➝ ➋ ➐ ➍➋ → ➏ ➐ ➍➙ ➋ ➝ ➌ ➊ ➤ ➋ ➍ ➏ ➑ Ó ➋ ➥➌ ➊ ➒ ↔ ➾

➪ ➙ ➋ ↔ ➋ ➏ ➐ ➋ ↔ ➌ ➊ ➋ ➎↔ ↔ ➒ ➋ → ➠ ➎➍➙ ➏ ➒ ➍ ➌ ➐ ➦ ↔ ➍➌ ➍➋ ➊ ➋ ↕ ➎↔ ➍➊ ➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➧ ➎➐ ↔ ➒ ➊ ➌ ➐ ➔ ➋ ➏ ➊

prospectus’ publication, but only in the dematerialized form with the

➝ ➌ ➍➒ ➊ ➎➍➦ ➏ ➑ ➍➎ ➥➥ ➏ ➐ ➋ ➦ ➋ ➌ ➊ ➾

Ô

➾ Õ ➔ ➍➎➟ ➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➏ ➑ ➍➙ ➋ ➎➐ ➑ ➏ ➊ ➝ ➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➌ ➔ ➍➎➟ ➎➍➎ ➋ ↔ ➊ ➋ ↕ ➌ ➊ → ➎➐ ↕ ➍➙ ➋

↔ ➋ ➔ ➒ ➊ ➎➍ ➎➋ ↔ ➝ ➌ ➊ ➤ ➋ ➍ ➑ ➒ ➐ ➔ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➎➐ ↕ ➌ ➐ → ➎➐ ➔ ➊ ➋ ➌ ↔ ➎➐ ↕ ➍➙ ➋ ➞ ➊ ➏ ➑ ➋ ↔ ↔ ➎➏ ➐ ➌ ➥➎↔ ➝ → ➋ ↕ ➊ ➋ ➋

➏ ➑ ➎➍↔ ➞ ➌ ➊ ➍➎➔ ➎➞ ➌ ➐ ➍ ↔ ➾

Ö × Ø Ù ÚÛ Ü Ý× Ø Ü

(12)

í

Ñ

➏ ➊ ↕ ➌ ➐ ➎➢ ➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➌ ➥ ➞ ➏ ➎➐ ➍ ➏ ➑ ➟ ➎➋ ➠ ➾ ➜➍ ➔ ➌ ➐ ➣ ➋ ↔ ➒ ➞ ➞ ➏ ↔ ➋ → ➍➙ ➌ ➍ ➊➋ ↕ ➒ ➥➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➏ ➑ ➍➙ ➋ ↕ ➎➟ ➋ ➐

➝ ➌ ➊➤ ➋ ➍↔ ➧ ➣ ➦ ➔ ➏ ➐ ↔ ➎→ ➋ ➊ ➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➏ ➑ ➍➙ ➋ ➊➋ ➥➌ ➍➋ → ➔ ➙ ➌ ➊➌ ➔ ➍➋ ➊ ➎↔ ➍➎➔ ↔ ➧ ➠ ➎➥➥ ➋ ➐ ➔ ➏ ➒ ➊ ➌ ↕ ➋ ➍➙ ➋

liquidities’ growth and national securities markets’ attractiveness.

Õ ➍ ➍➙ ➋ ↔ ➌ ➝ ➋ ➍➎➝ ➋ ➧ ➎➍ ➎↔ ➎➝ ➞ ➏ ➊ ➍➌ ➐ ➍ ➍➏ ➝ ➋ ➐ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➍➙ ➌ ➍ ➍➙ ➋ ➔ ➌ ➞ ➎➍➌ ➥ ➝ ➌ ➊ ➤ ➋ ➍↔

➑➊ ➏ ➝ → ➋ ➟ ➋ ➥➏ ➞ ➋ → ➔ ➏ ➒ ➐ ➍➊➎➋ ↔ ➙ ➌ ➟ ➋ ➝ ➒ ➥➍➎➞ ➥➋ ➔ ➏ ➝ ➝ ➏ ➐ ➔ ➙ ➌ ➊ ➌ ➔ ➍➋ ➊➎↔ ➍➎➔ ↔ ➧ → ➎↔ ➍➎➐ ➔ ➍➎➏ ➐ ↔

➊➋ ➥➌ ➍➋ → ➍➏ ➍➙ ➋ ➎➊ ➞ ➋ ➔ ➒ ➥➎➌ ➊➎➍➎➋ ↔ ➏ ➑ ➌ ➔ ➍➎➟ ➎➍➦ ➣ ➋ ➎➐ ↕ ➒ ➐ ➋ ↔ ↔ ➋ ➐ ➍➎➌ ➥➧ ➠ ➙ ➎➥➋ ➎➐ ➍➙ ➋

➍➊ ➌ ➐ ↔ ➎➍➎➏ ➐ ➔ ➏ ➒ ➐ ➍➊ ➎➋ ↔ ➧ → ➋ ➞ ➋ ➐ → ➎➐ ↕ ➏ ➐ ➍➙ ➋ → ➋ ↕ ➊➋ ➋ ➏ ➑ ➍➙ ➋ ➎➊ ➋ ➔ ➏ ➐ ➏ ➝ ➎➔

→ ➋ ➟ ➋ ➥➏ ➞ ➝ ➋ ➐ ➍➧ ➍➙ ➋ ↕ ➎➟ ➋ ➐ ➞ ➋ ➔ ➒ ➥➎➌ ➊➎➍➎➋ ↔ ➌ ➊ ➋ ➝ ➏ ➊➋ ↔ ➎↕ ➐ ➎➑ ➎➔ ➌ ➐ ➍➧ ➠ ➎➍➙ ➠ ➋ ➥➥

➞ ➊ ➏ ➐ ➏ ➒ ➐ ➔ ➋ → ↔ ➞ ➋ ➔ ➎➑ ➎➔ ➔ ➙ ➌ ➊➌ ➔ ➍➋ ➊ ➎↔ ➍➎➔ ↔ ➾ ➻ ➋ ➍➋ ➊➝ ➎➐ ➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➏ ➑ ➍➙ ➋ ↔ ➋ ➞ ➋ ➔ ➒ ➥➎➌ ➊➎➍➎➋ ↔

➌ ➥➥➏ ➠ ↔ ➎→ ➋ ➐ ➍➎➑ ➦ ➎➐ ↕ ➍➙ ➋ ➝ ➌ ➎➐ → ➋ ➟ ➋ ➥➏ ➞ ➝ ➋ ➐ ➍ ➍➋ ➐ → ➋ ➐ ➔ ➎➋ ↔ ➏ ➑ ➍➙ ➋ ➐ ➌ ➍➎➏ ➐ ➌ ➥ ➔ ➌ ➞ ➎➍➌ ➥

➝ ➌ ➊➤ ➋ ➍↔ ➧ ➌ ↔ ➠ ➋ ➥➥ ➌ ↔ ➍➙ ➋ ➎➊ ➎➝ ➞ ➌ ➔ ➍ ➏ ➟ ➋ ➊ ➍➙ ➋ ➠ ➙ ➏ ➥➋ ➋ ➔ ➏ ➐ ➏ ➝ ➦ ➾

õ Ýö ÚÝ× ÷ ø ù ú û ü

➉ ➏ ➊ ➝ ➧ ➼ ➾ ➨ Ñ ý ý þ ➺ ➾

Noua dezordine economic• mondial•.

ÿ

➲ ➳ ✁ ➮ ➲ ➯ ➸ ➷➸

insucceselor dezvolt•rii

➾ ➽ → ➎➍➒ ➊ ➌ ➻ ➌ ➔ ➎➌ ➧ ➉ ➥➒

✂ ✄ ☎

➌ ➞ ➏ ➔ ➌ ➧ ➞ ➞ ✆ ý ý ➾

Hîncu

➧ ✝ ➾➧ ➜ ➏ ➊ → ➌ ➔ ➙ ➎➧ ✞ ➾ ➌ ➐ → ➏ ➍➙ ➋ ➊ ➌ ➒ ➍➙ ➏ ➊ ↔ ➨ ❒ ❮ Ñ ❒ ➺ ➾

Bazele func!ion•rii

pie!elor de capital

, catedra „Investi!ii "i pie!e de capital”, Editura

Õ ✟ ➽ ➡

Hîncu

➧ ✝ ➾➧ ➜➏ ➊ → ➌ ➔ ➙ ➎➧

V., Ro"ca

➧ ➡ ➾ ➨ ❒ ❮ Ñ ❒ ➺ ➾

Tendin!e manifestate pe

pia!a de capital din Republica Moldova. Evolu!ia pie!ei valorilor

➮ ➴ ➳➷➳➲ ➯ ➸ ➲ ➘ ✡➮ ☛ ✡➮ ➵ ➸

➧ ➽ → ➎➍➒ ➊ ➌ Õ ✟ ➽ ➡ ➧ ✝ ➋ ➟ ➎

sta “Economica”, nr.1,

➞ ➞ ➾❰ ❰

Ï ☞ ➾

✟ ➍➏ ➎➔ ➌ ➧ ✌ ➾ ➨ ❒ ❮ ❮ ❒ ➺ ➾ ✍

ecanisme "i institu!ii ale pie!ei de capitral. Pie!e

➸ ➬ ➲ ➹ ➳✡➲ ➷ ➸

➸ ➯ ✏ ➸ ➵ ✡➸

➾ Ó ➒ ➔

ure"ti, Editura Economic#,

➞ ➞ ➾

Ô

☞ ❮

➒ ➔ ➔ ➙ ➋ ➍➍➎➧ Õ ➾➧ ➡ ➌ ➔ → ➏ ➐ ➌ ➥→ ➧ Õ ➾ ✒

➘ ➯ ➮ ➵ ➸ ✓ ✡ ✔ ☛ ➲ ➯ ➸ ☛ ➮ ➷

➸ ➯ ❐ ✕ ➹ ➹ ➯ ➮ ✁ ➸

✕ ➬ ✖ ➘ ➳ ❐ ➳✡➳➮ ➵ ➴ ✗ ✘ ✙ ✔

✒ ✚

✟ ➍➋ ➊ ➐ ➧ ✟ ➾ ➨ ➋ → ➎➍➏ ➊ ➺ ➾ ➨ Ñ ý ý Ñ ➺ ➾ ✍

➸ ➸ ✡ ✛ ➸ ➯

➲ ➵ ✗ ➫ ➵ ➳✡ ➸

✚ ✜ ➊ ➌ ➐ ➤ ➑ ➒ ➊ ➍➋ ➊

Õ ➥➥↕ ➋ ➝ ➋ ➎ ➐ ➋ ✢ ➋ ➎➍➒ ➐ ↕ ➧ ✜ ➊ ➌ ➐ ➤ ➑ ➒ ➊ ➍➧ ➞ ➞ ➾ Ñ ❒

✟ ➔ ➙ ➠ ➌ ➊ ➍➢ ➧ ✝ ➾ ➨ Ñ ý ý Ï ➺ ➾ ✒

✖ ➘ ➳✡✗

➲ ➯ ➭ ➸ ✡❐

➾ ✣ ➌ ➊ ➞ ➋ ➊ ✤ ✝ ➏ ➠ ➧

➋ ➠ ✥ ➏ ➊ ➤ ➧ ➞ ➞ ➾

Ñ

Ô

➪ ➙ ➋ ✦ ➌ ➥➥ ✟ ➍➊ ➋ ➋ ➍ ✧ ➏ ➒ ➊ ➐ ➌ ➥ ➾

æ ããà ★✩✩ ä ï éèï á ô✪ ß✫ ôâ ä ê ✩ ç ëã èâ éá✩ ò ✬ ✭ ✭ ✮ ✮ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✲ ✮ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✭ ✯ ✵ ✵ ✯ ✭ ôæ ãê éô

✪ ✪ ✪ ôå èó î ôâ ä ê ô

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