Editor
Ioannis Metzidakis Organising Committee
Dr. L Metzidakis, (Chairm311) NAGREF, Subt. Plants and Olivc Tree Institute. Greece Prof. O. Voyiatzis, ArislOtles University
ofThessaloniki, Greece Mrs M. Matruoudi. NAGREF,
Athens, Grcece
Mr. S. Panayiotou, Ministry of Agricu!tme, Athens, Greece
Mrs E. Papakosta, NAGREF, Athens, Grcece
Secrctariat
V. Selianakis, E. Patcraki. N. Oetorakis and K. Kambaki,
NAGREF, Subtropical Plants Intcrnational Olive Working Group Executive Committcc Prof. D. Voyiatzis, Grecce
(Chainnan, 1993-1997) Prof. S. Lavee, Israel Dr. 1. Caballero, Spain Dr. C. Vitagliano, ltaly Dr. G. Martin. USA
All papers have been reviewed by two experts
ISBN 90 6605 8714, Acta Horticuhurae n° 474
Co-Editor O. Voyiatzis Editorial Board
Dr. E. Barone, Ulliversity ofReggio, Calabria, Italy
Dr. Y. Ben-Tal, ARO,
VoIcani Center - Bet Oagan - Israel Dr. J. Caballero. C.LF.A.
" Alameda deI obispo" - Cordoba, Spain Dr. L. Ferguson,
University ofCalifomia, Davis Prof. A. Kyritsakis,
Technological Institute ofThessaloniki, Greece Prof. S. Lavee, Volcani Center
Hebrew University -Bct Dagan - Israel Dr. I. Metzidakis NAGREF
Subtropical Plants and Olive Tree lnstitutc, and Olive Tree Institute Greccc
Dr. H. Rapoport,
University of Cordoba - Spain Prof. A. Tombesi,
Uruvcrsity of Pcmgia - haly Dr. C. Vitagliano,
University of Pisa, !taly Prof. D. Voyiatzis,
Aristotlcs Univcrsity of'rhessaloniki, Greece
Price for non-members of ISHS for Volume I and 2: €123,-Published by ISHS, April, 1999
Executive Director of ISHS: Ir. J. Van Assche Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, 3001 Leuven, BeJgium
Printed by Drukkerij P.J. Jansen BV, Aalmarkt 1-3, 2311 EC Leiden, The Nethcrlands
o 1999 by the International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS). Ali rights rcscrved. No part of this book may be reproduccd and/or published in any fonu or by any meaus, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm and recording, or by any infonnation storage and rctrieval system, without written permission fi'OIll the publishers.
Photographs on the fi'ont cover: 1. Tillage in new olive orchard
2. Olive tree cv Koroneiki in full production 3. Dcrails of fruiting of cv Mastoidcs
4. Clobe-shaped trees undergoing cuuing back in 1 111 height from ground leveI 5. Heavy pmned i11"igated trees one year after
6. Details of fi'uiting of cv Koroneiki
EFFECT
OF TREE SIZE AND VARIETY ON OLIVE HARVESTING WITH
AN
IMPACTSHAKER
A.H.
Dias,
J.O.
Pe
ç
a
anel
i).c.
Pinheiro,
Area
Departamen
ta
l
Ciências Agrárias, da Universidade de EvoraL.
Santos
Departamento Olivicultura
da Estação Fruticultura Vieira NatividadeS. Costa
Engineering
S
tud
ç
nt
af
Universidade
de Evo
ra
R
ey
nolds
de
Souza
,
D.
Re
yno
ld
s
and
O
li
vei
ra Ld
'
J.
Lopes, Direcção Regionalde Agricultura de
Trás-os-Montes
K
eywo
rd
s:
Oli
ve
har
ves
tin
g,
v
ibration
A
b
slrac
l
A.
Almeida
Escola
S
up
e
rior Agrária
cle
Bragança
Tests \Vere carricd oul in Alentejo (Southern Portugal), with lhe objective af studying the
in
f
lu
encc
of trce
size and varieties
in oliv
e
ha
rves
ting
byvibrati
on.
A
s
haker
manufactured in
Portugal,
moul1lcd 011a
fmnt load
er
D
r
a
fo
Ul" whe
e
l
drive
tractor was
us
ed
in
th
e
tests. The
s
hak
er
rcquircs
a
minimum
af 30 kW ane
l
v
ibrat
es
eilher
lh
e
trunk
,
or
th
e
m
a
in
branches.
The
r
es
ult
s
will
b
e s
tat
ed
in
L
úms af
lh
e
p
e
r
cc
lll
age
of
o
l
i
ves
ha
r
vested w
ithin
lh
e
total
yield,
wo
rk rat
e a
nel t
i
m
e of v
ibra
t
ion
p
e
r tr
ec.
I
.
lnt
ro
du
c
tion
Manual oliv
e
harvesling
represenls mor
e
than
50%
af lhe tot
al
produc
tion
cosls. L
arge
o
liv
e
growers
have
made
th
e
natural
s
t
c
p t
o
w
a
rel
s
mechanizati
on
,
a
nel tree shak
e
r
s are
nowaelays
a
Coml1lon
equ
ipment
for
ol
i
ve
harvesling. Multidircc
li
ona
l
shakcrs are
lhe
solution aelapted by mast
of
lhe
far
m
e
r
s
i
n P
or
t
ugal.
ln 1
990, l
h
e
portugucse
co
m
pany
R&O
,
d
esig
ned
and
m
an
ufa
c
tur
ed
a
t
r
ee
s
h
ake
r
lIsing
Lh
e impac
t
p
rin
cip
ie
in
s
teael
a
f
lhe
Illultidi
rectional
principie.
Th
e co
mp
any was
awarded
by l
h
e
A
m
c
ri
ca
n
Socie
t
y
af
Ag
ri
c
llhllra
l
En
g
in
eers
in
1
992.
Th
e
aim
af t
hi
s
poste
I'
is
lo
s
h
aw
daw co
ll
ec
t
ed duri
n
g a
first
evaluat
ion
af
th
i
s
impacl sha
k
e
r
perfa
rming
olive
harvest
i
ng
in threc
d
iff
e
rcnt
t
r
ee
sizes.
2.
Materiais anel m
ethods
2.
1
.
The
s
hak
e
r
Figure
1
s
ha
ws a side
vi
ew af lhe
s
haker. Placed
in
a cas
in
g (2)
,
twa
eccc
ntri
c
Illa
sses
a
r
e
IUro
e
d
by a
h
y
drauli
c
motor
(I),p
rov
idin
g a
lin
ear si
nu
so
i
dal
driv
in
g
forc
e
wh
ich acts
at a
metallic
bu
m
pe
r
(8), gu
ided
by a
t
e
l
oscop
i
c
tube
(3)
,
producing
an im
pa
ct on
the
c
l
amp/
trunk
(
4
)
thus
vib
rating lhe tre
c.
T
he
impact
s
haker
is
m
ou
nt
ed on
a
fron
t loader
(figure 2),
in a
falir wheel
drive
tractor
o
f
50 kW.
This
shaker
i
s ab
l
e of
vibrating
c
ith
e
r
th
e
trunk ar the l11ain
branches.
2.2. Olive orchards and t'icld operalion
Field trials took place in Moura which is one of the main olive production regions or Alentejo (Southern Portugal). Figure 3 shows the canopy projection of the olive orehard.
The experiments were conducted as if wc had three different orchards ln the same field (figure 4). First lhe «Cordovil» variety was harvested, lhen lhe «Galega I» anel finally the «Galega 2» variety.
Olives were collected on a canvas held by 4 labourers. Meanwhilc 4 other labourers were laying down canvas undcr lhe trees in lhe next J'OW (Fig. 5 ).
3. Results
Resuhs were presented
in
TableI
,
Figure6
,
Figure 7, Figure8
and Figure9.
4. ConclusionsFrom figure 8, in lhe «Galega» variety lhe mass of olives harvested as a percentage of total Illass is between 70 and 80% during 20 anel 10 seconds of vibration respectively. These valucs are similar to Ihose stated by Cini, Anlognozi anel Tombesi for multidireClional shakers, and rellect situations where mOSl of lhe trees are trunk shaken.
«Cordovil» variety, being
a
larger lree, reqllireel 4S seconds of effcctive vibration time(EVT). Above ali it was necessary lo vibrate lhe main branches rather than just vibrating the tl'lInk to obtain
a
similar elegree of 77%ar
ma$S harvestcd. This explains the average tOlal vibration time per tree (TVT) of 98 seconds. As a result the work rale foundin
lhe «Cordovil» variety was lower and, as expccted, lhe smaller trces showed a faster workrate. However, more studies about Lhe ability of this shaker to the portuguese conditions are reqllired.
Acknowledgements
The auLhors wish 10 thank lhe olive growcr for his collaboration and lhe pOrlugucse rescarch programme PAMAF (Programa ele Apoio
à
Modernização Agrícola e Florestal),with the projeet PAMAF 2072 for the financial support. References
Cini,
E.
and Cioni,A.
1993. Un'operatricc per la racolta meccanicca delle olive, m&ma.n
0
7-8,
Anlognozi, E., Tombesi, A. and Palliotti, A. I 993.Influencc of age, tree shape and cultivar on mechanical harvesting Df olives
Tombesi, A., Carteehini, A. anel Proietti, P.1993, Influenee of the kinel of vibration on olive rnechanical harvesling
Fi
g
ur
e
1. Side
view of
lhe
shake
r
1
-
Hydraulic
mOlor; 2 - eccen
tri
c
ma
ss
ca
s
ing
;
3
-
lelescopic
lube;
4
-
clam
p;
5
-cy
nobl
oc
s
u
s
p
e
n
s
i
on
;
6 - helic
o
id
n
l
s
prings
s
u
s
pen
s
i
o
n
: 7
-
s
upport f
r
a
me
: 8
-impacL bumper
Varicty 5ize oflrec ])i~:mcc
in lhe row tet\\L'CIl f(l\\:-i
"Cordovil" Lnrgc 20 III 20 rn
"Galega I" iv1ediurn 20m 20m
"GalegaT Snnll 10m 20m
•••••• 1> • • _ __ ...
Figure 5. Layo
ul
o
f
fieldope
ration
Table
1
.
Characteristics af the
tr
ees
Tru
n
k
Cro
w
n
CrowllVariety
diameter diamcterhcigh[
(m)
(m)
(
m
)
Car
do
v
il
0,52
4
,
92
2,89
Galega I0
,
24
4
,43
2,68
Galega 20
,
1
5
2
,
87
2
,
0
8
~I
J
Co
rd
ovi
l
Figure
6.
Lay
out
af tree
sizes
100 80
-g
60 o ~ ~ 40 20o
Cordov;! Galega J Tn:;umcnts Galega 2.TOI~I "ibrnlion time • Efli!ct;vc vibwtion. lime
Tree
T
o
ta
l
W-Olives F-Detachment
F/W
hei
ght
yie
ld
weightforce
(g)
(m)
(kg) (g)4,
1
3
26,7
4
,
0
1
4
3
1
,2
1
07,5
3,
83
6,4
2,31
31
1
,3
1
34,8
3,42
3,3
2
,
3
1
3
11
,3
13
4
,
8
Galega
JGalega
2
100 80 61l 20o
Conlovil Galega I Galega 2
Trc:\!IllCIlIS
ElQlivcs removed DOlivcs 1101 rcmovcd
Figure 7. Time of vibration per (rce average
