Gender, Health and Development in the Americas 2003

(1)

Gender, Health,

and Development

in the

(2)

A

round the world, efforts to reduce poverty and enhance development have had

greater success where women and men have relatively equal opportunities. In

much of Latin America, however, women’s low social status, poor health, and

sub-ordination to men persist. Governments in the region increasingly acknowledge the need

to promote gender equity in health and other aspects of development, but the data to

monitor disparities between men and women—and progress in closing the gaps—have not

been readily available.

This data sheet profiles gender differences in health and development in 48 countries in

the Americas, focusing on women’s reproductive health, access to key health services, and

major causes of death. Its objective is to raise awareness of gender inequities in the region

and to promote the use of sex-disaggregated health statistics for policies and programs.

This effort is consistent with the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals, adopted

by 189 member countries at the UN Millennium Summit (2000), which focus on achieving

measurable improvements in people’s lives, including greater gender equality.

The data sheet also provides basic population and development indicators and

informa-tion on other factors that influence health, including educainforma-tion, employment, political

participation, and risk factors. Staff of the Pan American Health Organization and the

Population Reference Bureau compiled this information using data from official national

sources as well as data collected by specialized international agencies.

This data sheet provides basic information for identifying sex differences in these areas,

which can serve as a first step for conducting a gender analysis of health. As more data

disaggregated by sex and socioeconomic status become available, future editions of this

publication will fill in the gaps in gender equity and health information.

Basic Concepts

“Gender equity in health,” the principle that guided the selection of data presented

here, is based on the following concepts:

■

GENDER

refers to the roles that women and men play in society and the relative power

they wield. While the term “sex” pertains to innate biological differences between

women and men, “gender” focuses on the social relations between women and men

that create inequalities in health and other aspects of life.

■

HEALTH

is defined by the World Health Organization as “a state of complete physical,

mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

■

EQUITY

implies that need, rather than social advantage, determines how resources are

allocated. Hence, not all inequalities are inequitable, only those judged unfair and

avoidable and linked to different levels of social privilege.

Gender equity in health, therefore, refers to the absence of unfair and avoidable

dispari-ties between women and men in terms of health and the factors that influence it.

■

GENDER EQUITY IN HEALTH STATUS

denotes equal opportunities to enjoy good health

and remain free of preventable illness and disability.

■

GENDER EQUITY IN HEALTH CARE

means that resources are allocated according to

men’s and women’s particular needs; that health services are received according to

those needs; and that financial contributions are made according to ability to pay. It

also means that society, rather than women alone, bears the cost of childbearing.

■

GENDER EQUITY IN HEALTH CARE PROVISION

means that responsibilities, power, and

rewards for the informal and formal care provided in homes, communities, and health

institutions are divided fairly between men and women.

(3)

Notes

— Data are unavailable or inapplicable.

Italics refer to year prior to that indicated.

b

_{Also known as gross enrollment ratio.}

z

_{Magnitude zero.}

Life Expectancy at Birth (years)

2002 Female Male

Life Expectancy at Age 60

(years) 2000-05 Female Male

Percent of Urban Households Headed by Women

1997/99 Total Poor Not Poor

— — 23 — 44 — 45 — 27 37 25 — 22 14 25 26 — 51 27 27 — — — 43 50 50 50 40 — 21 — — 27 35 — 25 — — — — 50 33 — 20 23 — — — O z 65e 35 z 38e 81e 68e z 390 56 2 z 23 92 35 34 z 69 92 63 21e z 28e 98 133 523 108 106 z 84 z 32e 87 61 114 185 20 247e 35e z 153e 45 z 10 11 60 z z B — — 0.3 — 3.0 — 2.0 — 0.1 0.5 0.2 — 0.1 0.2 0.3 z — 2.8 0.2 0.4 — — — 0.8 4.0 5.0 1.5 0.9 — 0.1 — — 0.1 1.3 — 0.2 — — — — 1.5 3.2 — 0.2 0.2 — — — O

Notes

* Wealth and income data may have

changed dramatically after December 2001.

1

_{1993/99 refers to the latest available}

year during that period.

— Data are unavailable or inapplicable.

Italics refer to year prior to that indicated.

z

_{Magnitude zero.}

u

_{Urban areas only.}

n

_{National data only.}

Percent Enrolled in Total Population (thousands) 2003 Percent Urban 2002 Women Ages 15-49 (thousands) 2003 Annual Population Growth Rate (%) 2000-05 GNI PPP per Capita 2000 (US$) Income Ratio: Highest 20% to Lowest 20% 1993/991

Percent of Population With Access to Potable Water Basic Sanitation

1998 1998 Urban Rural Urban Rural

Total Health Expenditure Per Capita As

(current Percent US$) of GDP

1999 1999 1993/99

Percent Literate (Ages 15+) 2002 Female Male

Secondary Schoolb_{Higher Education}b 1998/2000 1998/2000 Female Male Female Male

Percent of Population in Labor Force

1997/99 Urban Rural Female Male Female Male

Percent of Urban Population Employed in Enterprises of up

to Five People 1997/99 Female Male 12 65 38,400 111 316 270 240 64 8,895 176,845 31,517 42 15,774 44,185 4,285 11,306 70 8,770 13,342 6,640 182 94 438 12,308 767 8,531 6,888 2,645 390 103,296 4 221 5,488 2,984 5,922 26,952 4,023 38 153 115 423 1,312 18 291,065 3,409 25,553 26 125 A 100 37 89 51 89 51 48 100 64 82 79 100 86 76 60 76 72 67 64 62 75 39 100 40 37 37 55 57 95 75 13 70 57 57 57 74 76 35 38 57 75 75 46 78 92 87 63 47 B — — 9,601 — 87 77 62 — 2,185 50,051 8,020 — 4,134 12,025 1,125 3,048 — 2,306 3,547 1,757 44 — 117 2,898 224 2,194 1,692 718 104 28,360 — 59 1,361 794 1,473 7,307 1,054 — 42 — 121 380 — 72,460 826 669 — — A 1.7 0.5 1.2 2.0 1.1 0.4 2.1 0.7 1.9 1.2 0.8 3.0 1.2 1.6 1.9 0.3 0.3 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.5 -0.3 0.8 2.6 0.2 1.3 2.3 0.9 0.6 1.5 0.3 0.8 2.4 1.8 2.4 1.5 0.5 -0.3 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.3 3.5 1.0 0.7 1.9 1.8 0.9 C 80 74 78 82 74 80 76 79 65 73 82 82 79 75 80 79 77 70 74 74 80 66 82 69 67 57 69 78 82 76 80 79 72 77 73 72 80 74 76 75 74 77 76 80 79 77 77 83 B — 10,000 12,050 — 16,400 15,020 5,240 — 2,360 7,300 27,170 — 9,100 6,060 7,980 — 5,040 5,710 2,910 4,410 — 6,960 — 3,770 3,670 1,470 2,400 3,440 — 8,790 — — 2,080 5,680 4,450 4,660 — 10,960 5,400 5,210 3,480 8,220 — 34,100 8,880 5,740 — — E — — 13 — 13 — — — 12 30 5 — 19 20 12 — — 11 9 17 — — — 16 7 — 27 7 — 17 — — 28 15 32 12 18 — 9 — — 8 — 9 9 18 — — F — — — — — — — — 14 12 — — <2 20 13 — — 3 20 21 — — — 10 — — 24 3 — 16 — — — 14 20 16 — — — — — 12 — — <2 23 — — E — — 20u — — — — — 61 38 — — 21 55 20 — — 37 64u 50 — — — 61 — — 80 — — 47 — — 70 30 61 — — — — — — — — 12 9u 49 — — G,H Public Expenditure as Percent of Total Expenditure Urban Unemployment Rate 1999 Female Male Urban Women’s Median Salary as Percent of Men’s 1997/99 Percent of Births Within 24 Months of Last Pregnancy 1996/2001 Percent of Births That Are Higher Than 3rd Order 1996/2001 Percent of Women Giving Birth by Age 20d 2000/01

Percent of Women With Anemia

1985/1997 Pregnant Not Pregnant Total

Fertility Ratec 2002

Percent of Women Giving Birth

2000 Ages 15-19 Ages 35-49

H E A L T H C A R E

F I N A N C I N G E M P L O Y M E N T

Number of Newly Registered AIDS Cases

1997/2001 Female Male

Percent of Women Ages 15-49 in Union Using Contraception

1993/2001 Sterlization

Any Modern Female Male Condoms

Percent of Women Receiving Health Care

by Trained Personnel 1997/2002 Prenatalh _{At Delivery}

Percent of Births by Caesarean Section 1996/2001 74 69 71 75 65 75 73 75 62 65 76 76 73 69 75 75 71 64 68 68 72 63 75 63 58 50 63 74 76 70 76 73 67 73 69 67 71 69 71 71 69 73 72 75 72 71 75 75 B — — 22 — 22 22 22 — 18 20 — — 22 21 22 22 — 19 21 21 — — 25 19 19 16 20 22 25 22 — 22 20 22 20 20 24 — — — 19 21 — — 23 21 — — D — — 18 — 18 18 20 — 16 17 — — 19 19 20 20 — 17 19 18 — — 20 17 16 15 18 20 21 20 — 18 18 19 18 18 19 — — — 17 18 — — 18 18 — — D — — 28 — — — — — 21 25 — — 24 29 28 — — 31 20 31 — — — 24 — — 30 — — 19 — — 35 27 27 — — — — — — — — — 31 27n — — G — — 29 — — — — — 21 24 — — 24 29 45 — — 38 22 36 — — — 23 — — 32 — — 17 — — 38 33 26 — — — — — — — — — 26 30n — — G — — 27 — — — — — 21 26 — — 24 29 25 — — 29 18 29 — — — 25 — — 28 — — 21 — — 30 26 28 — — — — — — — — — 31 25n — — G National Poverty Line 1997/ 2000 US$1/ Day 1995/ 2002

D E M O G R A P H Y W E A L T H A N D I N C O M E I N E Q U A L I T I E S

Percent of Population Living Below

E N V I R O N M E N T A L H E A L T H

60 95 85 100 99 100 100 — 93 96 100 — 99 98 100 98 100 96 82 92 88 97 98 99 98 49 94 98 — 95 100 — 95 88 70 87 100 99 98 — 98 86 100 100 98 85 98 — B — 89 30 — 86 — 82 — 44 65 99 — 66 73 92 77 90 73 51 25 71 93 — 70 91 45 70 59 — 65 — — 34 86 13 51 100 — — 93 58 — 100 100 93 71 — — B 99 98 89 — 100 99 71 — 82 94 100 — 93 97 89 97 86 96 71 86 84 96 64 95 97 46 94 90 — 87 96 — 93 99 85 90 100 96 89 — 99 100 98 100 95 71 98 — B — 94 48 — 100 — 25 — 35 53 99 — 94 51 97 84 75 79 37 50 57 97 — 71 81 17 50 91 — 32 — — 56 87 47 40 100 — — 96 56 — 94 100 85 48 — — B 382 465 697 — 664 506 126 1,060 54 271 2,151 1,452 331 211 285 139 177 112 65 161 300 154 183 91 39 24 59 140 242 221 545 526 43 231 128 91 605 326 188 166 98 214 426 4,433 618 437 1,162 — B 4.9 5.5 9.1 2.5 5.1 6.6 4.8 3.3 5.5 8.4 9.3 4.2 7.1 9.3 9.1 6.7 5.9 6.5 4.0 8.2 2.7 5.6 2.4 5.4 4.6 5.9 7.2 4.9 2.9 5.3 6.0 4.5 9.2 6.8 7.2 4.4 6.0 5.3 4.7 6.2 7.3 4.5 4.9 13.1 10.3 8.8 4.0 — B 55 34 41 — 65 66 51 16 66 41 74 53 55 55 76 83 66 30 51 40 — 59 — 26 76 38 37 50 — 47 67 49 61 82 30 49 — 60 67 69 73 58 56 45 47 32 37 — I 96 88 97 97 96 97 94 99 81 86 99 98 96 92 96 97 84 84 91 77 82 98 91 63 98 50 76 91 98 90 97 97 68 92 93 86 94 98 82 96 91 98 98 100 98 93 99 — B 95 90 97 97 95 98 94 98 93 86 99 98 96 92 96 97 86 84 94 82 84 98 90 77 99 54 76 84 97 94 97 97 67 93 95 95 94 97 81 96 95 99 99 100 98 94 98 — B — — 97 — — 103 72 — 76 109 103 — 88 75 54 84 — 73 57 50 — — — 30 82 — — 82 — 75 — 88 65 71 58 78 — — 104 — — 82 — 95 99 65 — — J — — 91 — — 99 72 — 81 98 102 — 87 67 48 80 — 60 56 50 — — — 35 80 — — 85 — 72 — 79 55 67 56 83 — — 85 — — 75 — 94 84 54 — — J — — 60 — — — — — 23 17 69 — 36 23 — 23 — — — 20 — — — — — — — 18 — 19 — 18 — — — 15 — — — — — 7 — 81 43 35 — — J — — 36 — — — — — 43 13 52 — 39 21 — 19 — — — 16 — — — — — — — 10 — 20 — 14 — — — 43 — — — — — 5 — 62 24 24 — — J — — 44 — — — — — 54 53 — — 41 55 45 — — 49 54 52 — — — 54 — — 54 — — 43 — — 51 48 54 — — — — — — — — — 50 48n — — G — — 74 — — — — — 75 80 — — 75 79 79 — — 83 82 76 — — — 82 — — 82 — — 81 — — 81 78 83 — — — — — — — — — 73 84n — — G — — — — — — — — 77 63 — — 22 40 32 — — 35 — 32 — — — 38 — — 35 — — 39 — — 31 28 41 — — — — — — — — — — — — — G — — — — — — — — 94 90 — — 76 86 84 — — 85 — 84 — — — 93 — — 91 — — 88 — — 90 84 88 — — — — — — — — — — — — — G — — 44 — — — — — 75 53 — — 42 — 45 — — 46 65 60 — — — 57 — — 59 — — 50 — — 67 39 72 — — — — — — — — — 45 52n — — G — — 41 — — — — — 57 44 — — 30 — 40 — — 48 55 46 — — — 53 — — 52 — — 41 — — 56 37 54 — — — — — — — — — 39 55n — — G — — 17 — — — — — 9 14 — — 11 23 7 — — — 20 5 — — — 2 — — 4 — — 3 — — 14 17 10 8 — — — — — — — — 15 16n — — G — — 13 — — — — — 6 9 — — 9 16 5 — — — 11 9 — — — 4 — — 6 — — 4 — — 14 11 10 7 — — — — — — — — 9 14n — — G — — 65 — — — — — 63 64 — — 66 75 70 — — 75 67 75 — — — 55 — — 65 — — 57 — — 65 83 71 63 — — — — — — — — 67 74 — — G Reported Maternal Deathsc_per

100,000 Live Births 1993/2001

Estimated Deaths per 100,000 Women 1993/1997 Cervical/ Uterine Breast Cancer Cancer Percent of Adult Pop-ulation Ages 15-49 With HIV/AIDS 2001 Women as Percent of Adult Population With HIV/AIDS 2001 Percent of Youth Ages 15-24 With HIV/AIDSg 2001 Female Male Anguilla

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Cayman Is. Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Mexico Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico St. Kitts-Nevis Saint Lucia

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Suriname

Trinidad and Tobago

Turks & Caicos

United States

Uruguay

Venezuela

Virgin Is. (UK)

Virgin Is. (USA)

Anguilla

Suriname

Turks & Caicos

United States

Uruguay

Venezuela

Virgin Is. (UK)

Anguilla

Suriname

Turks & Caicos

United States

Uruguay

Venezuela

Virgin Is. (UK)

Virgin Is. (USA) 1.8 2.3 2.4 1.8 2.3 1.5 2.9 1.8 3.9 2.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.6 2.7 1.6 2.0 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.9 2.5 2.0 4.4 2.3 4.0 3.7 2.4 1.7 2.5 1.8 2.1 3.8 2.4 3.8 2.6 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.0 2.1 1.5 3.2 1.9 2.3 2.7 1.7 2.2 B — — 6 — 6 4 9 — 8 7 — — 5 8 8 7 — 10 7 9 10 — 2 12 7 7 11 8 3 7 — 5 15 9 8 7 6 — 7 — 4 4 — — 7 10 — — A — — 6 — 6 3 8 — 11 4 — — 5 6 5 2 — 5 8 7 8 — 7 12 5 14 10 5 5 6 — 5 9 6 11 8 3 — 6 — 7 4 — — 5 6 — — A — — — — — — — — 28 29 — — — 27 — — — 31 — — — — — 32 — 27 — — — — — — 26 — 38 20 — — — — — — — — — — — — Q — — — — — — — — 19 19 — — — 9 — — — 10 — — — — — 21 — 21 — — — — — — 17 — 16 15 — — — — — — — — — — — — Q — — — — — — — — 36 32 — — — 36 — — — 39 53 46 — — — 45 — 32 49 — — 35 — — 48 — 37 32 — — — — — 30 — 19 — — — — L,Q — — 24 — — — — — 28 40 — — 20 40 28 57 — 35 40 40 — — — 40 — 63 35 — — 21 — — 35 39 35 39 — — — — — — — — — 35 — — M — — 18 — — — — — 20 20 — — 8 23 19 35 — 20 20 20 — — — 35 — — 26 — — 14 — — 34 29 20 36 — — — — — — — — — 18 — — M 21 4 14 — 9 29 7 13 — 12 7 3 15 15 10 16 21 — 19 14 — — — — 12 — — 19 — 13 — — 23 14 24 — 7 — 17 20 11 16 — 8 — 14 15 — I 16 22 28 — 18 31 4 45 — 13 34 19 13 9 9 18 18 — 6 3 — — — — 7 — — 16 — 6 — — 5 10 12 — 17 — 20 11 9 17 20 32 — 8 10 — I — 8 129 — 34 52 28 2 9 1,043 28 1 58 97f 25 43 4 145 75 126 — 1 — 121 179 1,749 284 118 7 708 1 — 13 110 13 168 — 1 4 15 63 152 — 10,495 44 3 z — B,N — — 0.7 — 3.5 1.2 2.0 — 0.1 0.7 0.3 — 0.3 0.4 0.6 <.1 — 2.5 0.3 0.6 — — — 1.0 2.7 6.1 1.6 1.2 — 0.3 — — 0.2 1.5 — 0.4 — — — — 1.2 2.5 — 0.6 0.3 0.5 — — O — 6 398 — 53 116 62 8 62 1,981 232 z 416 97f 111 224 4 174 471 299 — 3 — 227 233 2,353 312 120 35 3,589 z — 23 343 34 447 — 3 2 36 146 240 — 33,399 128 4 2 — B,N — — 0.9 — 2.6 — 1.1 — 0.1 0.6 0.3 — 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.1 — 2.1 0.3 0.8 — — — 0.9 3.3 4.1 1.1 0.8 — 0.4 — — 0.2 1.9 0.2 0.4 — — — — 1.2 2.4 — 0.5 0.5 0.7 — — O — — — — — — 47 — 48 76 69 — — 76 80 73 — 64 66 60 — 54 — 38 — 28 50 66 — 69 — — 60 — 57 68 78 — — — 42 — — 76 — — — — P — — — — — — 42 — 25 70 68 — — 64 72 72 — 59 50 54 — 49 — 31 — 22 40 63 — 60 — — 57 — 48 50 68 — — — — — — 72 — — — — P — — — — — — 19 — 7 40 21 — — 27 21 19 — 41 23 32 — — — 17 — 3 18 12 — 31 — — 26 — 8 12 46 — — — 10 — — 24 — — — — P — — — — — — — — — 3 18 — — 1 1 z — — — — — — — 1 — z — z — 1 — — 1 — z 1 4 — — — — — — 13 — — — — P — — — — — — 2 — 3 4 11 — — 6 11 5 — 1 3 3 — 22 — 2 — 3 3 17 — 4 — — 3 — 7 6 6 — — — — — — 13 — — — — P 100 100 84 100 87 98 100 100 50 51 100 99 83 91 70 100 100 99 81 53 73 85 84 37 91 79 83 94 99 89 100 — 86 78 70 84 99 — 48 99 91 64 100 99 92 26 100 95 B 100 100 98 99 99 98 100 100 58 97 100 100 100 86 98 100 100 96 84 57 100 100 100 80 90 24 42 99 100 85 98 — 67 90 86 59 100 99 100 100 100 99 88 92 100 95 100 47 B

Percent of Adolescents Who Are Current

Smokers 1993/99 Female Male

Percent of Adults Ages 15-49

Who Are Obese 1996/2001 Female Male — — 35 — — — — — 7 — 29 — 26 — 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 7 — — — — — 15 — — — — — — — 18 — 23 — — I — — 47 — — — — — 19 — 28 — 26 — 11 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10 — — — — — 40 — — — — — — — 19 — 32 — — I — — — — — — — — 11 13 13 — — 11 — 10 — 10 — — — — — 12 — — — — — 23 — — 18 — — 20 — — — — — — — 33 19 — — — Q,R,S — — — — — — — — — 7 14 — — — — 7 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 11 — — — — — 1 — — — — — — — 28 17 — — — R,S Anguilla

Argentina* Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Cayman Is. Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Mexico Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico St. Kitts-Nevis Saint Lucia

Suriname

Turks & Caicos

United States

Uruguay

Venezuela

Virgin Is. (UK)

Source:

R I S K F A C T O R S A C C E S S T O S E R V I C E S

R E P R O D U C T I V E H E A L T H

E D U C A T I O N

— — — — — — — — 14 36 — — — 24 — — — 26 — — — — — 11 — 2 — — — — — — 15 — 13 13 — — — — — — — — — — — — Q

R E P R O D U C T I V E H E A L T H

Notes

— Data are unavailable or inapplicable.

Italics refer to year prior to that indicated.

c

_{Figure may differ from other sources.}

n

_{National data only.}

Notes

— Data are unavailable or inapplicable.

Italics refer to year prior to that indicated.

z

_{Magnitude zero.}

c

_{Figure may differ from other sources.}

d

_{Reported by women ages 20 to 24.}

e

_{Fewer than 10,000 live births.}

f

_{97 new cases reported, but data not disaggregated by sex.}

g

_{Midpoint between low and high estimates.}

Notes

— Data are unavailable or inapplicable.

Italics refer to year prior to that indicated.

z

_{Magnitude zero.}

h

_{At least one visit.}

Women as Percent of Ministerial Parliament Officials 2002 1998 — 5 31 — 8 11 7 — 19 7 21 — 13 12 35 28 19 17 15 10 — 27 — 9 20 4 6 13 — 16 — — 21 10 3 18 — 13 11 23 18 17 — 14 12 10 — — K — z 8 — 17 27 z — 6 4 14 — 13 18 15 5 20 10 20 6 — 14 — z 15 z 11 12 — 5 — — 5 6 7 10 — z 10 10 5 14 — 26 7 3 — — K

P O L I T I C A L P A R T I C I P A T I O N

Anguilla

Suriname

Turks & Caicos

United States

Uruguay

Venezuela

Virgin Is. (UK)

(4)

41

11

41

29

10

27

17 Haiti

Colombia

Peru

Nicaragua**

Physical violence*

Sexual violence (rape)

n.a.

Percent of Women Ages 15 to 49 Ever in Union Who Report Ever Having Experienced

Violence by a Spouse or Partner

Percent of Deliveries Attended by Trained Personnel, by Mother’s Education and Residence

Level of Mother’s

Mother’s Place

Education

of Residence

Total

None

Primary Secondary+

Urban

Rural

Bolivia (1998)

59

21

41

87

77

31 Brazil (1996)

89

66

82

95

92

73 Colombia (2000)

87

63

75

96

94

70 Dominican Republic (1999)

97

90

96

100

98

97 Guatemala (1998-99)

42

22

40

85

66

25 Haiti (2000)

26

10

24

62

52

11 Nicaragua (2001)

67

34

73

92

89

46 Peru (2000)

49

13

25

69

20 Note: Refers to births in the last five years.

Source: ORC Macro, Demographic and Health Surveys (1996/2001).

58

40

34

25 ₂₅

12

25

23

24

10

19

7

20

15

18

6 Haiti

Bolivia

Dominican

Nicaragua

Republic

Guatemala

Peru

Brazil

Colombia

Ages 15 to 19

Ages 15 to 49

Anguilla

Argentina

Aruba

Bahamas

Barbados

Belize

Bermuda

Bolivia

Brazil

Canada

Cayman Is.

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Grenada

Guadeloupe

Guatemala

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Jamaica

Martinique

Mexico

Montserrat

Netherlands Antilles

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Puerto Rico

St. Kitts-Nevis

Saint Lucia

Suriname

Turks & Caicos

United States

Uruguay

Venezuela

Virgin Is. (UK)

Source:

Cerebrovascular Diseases 1993/97 Female Male

124

—

44

147

—

59

—

62

—

29

73

—

70

—

99

—

58

90

—

42

—

120

—

57

—

72

—

I

104

93

—

41

112

—

57

—

45

—

26

66

—

85

—

79

—

55

80

—

44

—

77

—

48

—

47

—

I

Ischemic Heart Disease 1993/97 Female Male

72

42

54

—

34

87

28

168

—

58

133

81

55

69

45

141

—

25

34

—

50

—

31

—

36

—

35

54

55

—

86

—

23

—

48

112

33

171

—

54

—

I

57

45

87

—

43

81

38

238

—

83

167

101

63

70

59

168

—

34

37

—

74

—

29

—

46

—

38

63

71

—

116

—

42

—

79

136

47

182

—

75

—

I

External Causes 1997/2000 Female Male

26

17

26

—

18

23

26

12

—

42

29

—

24

40

20

52

—

35

41

50

—

30

—

3

—

23

—

44

26

27

—

24

—

20

—

31

—

33

—

26

—

B

36

47

78

—

76

59

140

66

—

166

61

—

91

231

70

98

—

96

154

190

—

103

—

10

—

127

—

127

96

80

—

126

—

86

—

86

—

79

—

87

—

B

Diabetes Mellitus 1993/97 Female Male

5

57

21

—

46

103

14

32

—

25

19

15

13

18

13

25

—

20

16

—

34

—

72

—

40

—

21

27

23

—

62

—

75

—

22

93

33

25

—

19

—

I

—

18

15

—

13

17

4

17

—

22

10

9

31

6

15

11

—

20

15

—

24

—

5

—

38

—

21

10

8

—

33

—

19

—

18

11

14

12

—

13

—

I

Cirrhosis and Other Chronic Liver Diseases

1993/97 Female Male

5

4

9

—

4

6

2

12

—

6

38

7

4

17

3

—

3

2

—

2

—

6

—

4

—

2

5

3

—

10

—

5

3

5

4

—

45

—

6

—

I

5

11

42

—

14

17

6

43

—

17

68

19

17

10

7

42

15

—

6

3

—

3

—

19

—

10

—

4

12

9

—

21

—

10

9

8

11

—

70

—

11

10

—

I

—

438

—

17

—

3,096

814

1

50

197

—

332

24

100

—

201

—

609

—

7

—

3,598

—

152

—

I,T,U

Number of Deaths From HIV/AIDS

1997/2002 Female Male

—

1,351

—

13

—

7,670

11,721

1

360

1,270

—

575

157

275

—

212

—

3,595

—

13

—

10,901

—

935

—

I,T,U

38

41

19

39

18

27

12

19

11

14

8

15

6

13

5

8 Haiti

Bolivia

Guatemala

Nicaragua

Dominican

Republic

Peru

Brazil

Colombia

Rural

Urban

Percent of Women Who Are in Union Who Report Unmet Need, by Residence

Percent of Women Who Are in Union Who Have Unmet Need, by Age

Violence Against Women

Percent of Women Ages 15-49 Ever in Union Who Have Suffered Physical Violence by

Spouse or Partner, by Residence and Education

Colombia Peru Nicaragua**

Haiti

Characteristics (2000)

(2000)

(1997-98)

(2000)

Residence

Urban

43

42

30

30 Rural

36

40

26

27 Education

None

41

43

32

21 Primary

45

30

29 Secondary

41

43

26

34 University

29

30

18 —

Total

41

29

27 * Physical violence includes pushing or shaking, hitting with hands or other objects, biting, kicking, threatening or attacking with weapons, strangling, or burning.

** Includes violence by spouse, partner, or another person.

n.a. = Not available.

Source: ORC Macro, Demographic and Health Surveys (1997/2000).

Less-educated and rural women are less likely to have trained assistance when

deliv-ering a child than their more-educated and urban peers.

Women in rural areas and young women (ages 15 to 19) are more likely to have

unmet need for family planning.

Lung Canceri 1993/97 Female Male

5

40

20

—

26

68

6

20

—

17

19

14

11

10

8

13

—

15

10

—

24

—

43

—

31

—

15

18

15

—

57

—

45

—

23

82

27

21

—

16

—

I

16

9

5

—

7

5

z

8

—

5

—

12

4

6

—

7

4

—

6

—

1

—

11

—

5

3

—

9

—

14

—

9

3

—

7

—

4

—

I

Estimated Deaths per 100,000 Population

C A U S E S O F M O R T A L I T Y

Domestic violence has serious health and social consequences, but it has only

recently come into public view.

*Refers to women who are in union who say they would prefer not to have any more children or want children after two years but who are not using any method

of contraception.

Source: ORC Macro, Demographic and Health Surveys (1996/2001).

Notes

— Data are unavailable or inapplicable.

Italics refer to year prior to that indicated.

z

_{Magnitude zero.}

i