❉❡t❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❙♣❛♠ ❡♠
✉♠❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠
▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❍❡❧❡♥ ❞❡ ❈áss✐❛ ❙♦✉s❛ ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ▲✐♠❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ Pr❡t♦
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❖❯❘❖ P❘❊❚❖
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❋❛❜rí❝✐♦ ❇❡♥❡✈❡♥✉t♦
❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ▲✉✐③ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣♦s ▼❡rs❝❤♠❛♥♥
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ ❛♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❇✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ Pr❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❉❡t❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❙♣❛♠ ❡♠
✉♠❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠
▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❍❡❧❡♥ ❞❡ ❈áss✐❛ ❙♦✉s❛ ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ▲✐♠❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ Pr❡t♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❋❛❜rí❝✐♦ ❇❡♥❡✈❡♥✉t♦
Catalogação: sisbin@sisbin.ufop.br
L732d Lima, Helen de Cássia Sousa da Costa.
Detectando avaliações spam em uma rede social baseada em localização [manuscrito] / Helen de Cássia Sousa da Costa Lima – 2013.
67f.: il. color.; graf.; tab.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Fabrício Benevenuto de Souza. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Henrique de Campos Merschmann.
Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas. Departamento de Computação. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência da Computação.
Área de concentração:Ciência da Computação.
1. Redes sociais - Teses. 2. Spam (Mensagens eletrônicas) - Teses. 3. Ciências sociais – Análises de redes - Teses. I. Souza, Fabrício Benevenuto de. II. Merschmann, Luiz Henrique de Campos. III. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. IV. Título.
CDU: 519.876.3
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯❋❖P✳ ❆ ❣❛rr❛ ❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês ♠❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛ ❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛ ❛ ❢❛③❡r s❡♠♣r❡ ♦ ♠❡✉ ♠❡❧❤♦r✳
❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❙♣❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧
❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❘❡s✉♠♦
❘❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✭▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✲ ▲❇❙◆s✮ sã♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵ q✉❡ ✈❡♠ ❛tr❛✐♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♥♦✈♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❘❡❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❋♦✉rsq✉❛r❡ ❡ ❨❡❧♣ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ r❡❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ●P❙✱ ❜✉sq✉❡♠ ♣♦r ❧♦❝❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦st❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❆♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♠❡♥t❡♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s✱ ▲❇❙◆s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s tê♠ q✉❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡s✱ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♥ã♦ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s✳ ❙♣❛♠♠❡rs ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛r ❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♦ s❡✉ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛♠♦s ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ s♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐✲ ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ▲❇❙◆ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♣ré✲❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ❡ ❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛s s♦✲ ❜r❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ❧♦❝❛✐s✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠♦s três t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r❡s q✉❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❈♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ ❇♦❝❛✲s✉❥❛ ❡ P♦❧✉✐❞♦r❛✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐á✲❧❛s ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❧❛♥❛ ❢♦✐ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ 77✪ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ❧♦❝❛✐s✱ 64✪ ❞❛s ♣♦❧✉✐❞♦r❛s✱ 50✪
❞❛s ❜♦❝❛s✲s✉❥❛s✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❡rr♦♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡5✪ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♥♦ss♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✭❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✶✵ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✮✱ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
❢♦✐ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✉♠❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❛❧t❛ ✭75✪✮✳ ▼❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉s❛♠♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❞♦s
t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ♥♦ss❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ 68✪✳
❉❡t❡❝t✐♥❣ ❚✐♣ ❙♣❛♠ ✐♥ ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧
◆❡t✇♦r❦s
❆❜str❛❝t
▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❇❛s❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✭▲❇❙◆s✮ ❛r❡ r❡❝❡♥t ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵ s②st❡♠s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❛t✲ tr❛❝t✐♥❣ ♥❡✇ ✉s❡rs ✐♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ r❛t❡s✳ ▲❇❙◆s ❧✐❦❡ ❋♦✉rsq✉❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❨❡❧♣ ❛❧❧♦✇ ✉s❡rs t♦ s❤❛r❡ t❤❡✐r ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❢r✐❡♥❞s t❤r♦✉❣❤ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s ❡q✉✐♣♣❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ●P❙✱ s❡❛r❝❤ ❢♦r ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ♣❧❛❝❡s ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ♣♦st t✐♣s ❛❜♦✉t ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❇② ❛❧❧♦✇✲ ✐♥❣ ✉s❡rs t♦ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ♦♥ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ▲❇❙◆s ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣❧② ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ♥❡✇ ❢♦r♠s ♦❢ s♣❛♠♠❡rs✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛✐♠ ❛t ❛❞✈❡rt✐s✐♥❣ ✉♥s♦❧✐❝✐t❡❞ ♠❡ss❛❣❡s ♦♥ t✐♣s ❛❜♦✉t ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❙♣❛♠✲ ♠❡rs ♠❛② ❥❡♦♣❛r❞✐③❡ t❤❡ tr✉st ♦❢ ✉s❡rs ♦♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✱ t❤✉s✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ✐ts s✉❝❝❡ss ✐♥ ♣r♦♠♦t✐♥❣ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✲❜❛s❡❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s✳
■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱ ✇❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞ t❤❡ t❛s❦ ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t②♣❡s ♦❢ t✐♣ s♣❛♠ ♦♥ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ▲❇❙◆ s②st❡♠✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❧❛❜❡❧❡❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✐♣s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❝r❛✇❧❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ✉s❡rs ❛♥❞ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ t❤r❡❡ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r t✐♣s✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② ▲♦❝❛❧ ▼❛r❦❡t✐♥❣✱ P♦❧❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞✱ ❇❛❞✲ ♠♦✉t❤✐♥❣✳ ❲❡ ❧❡✈❡r❛❣❡❞ ♦✉r ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ st✉❞② t♦✇❛r❞s ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ t❤❡s❡ t✐♣s ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝②✳ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧②✱ ♦✉r ✢❛t ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇❛s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ❝♦rr❡❝t❧② ✼✼✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♠❛r❦❡t✐♥❣ t✐♣s✱ ✻✹✪ ♦❢ ♣♦❧❧✉t✐♦♥ t✐♣s✱ ✺✵✪ ♦❢ ❜❛❞✲♠♦✉t❤✐♥❣ t✐♣s✱ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❢❡✇ ♠✐st❛❦❡s ✭❛❜♦✉t ✺✪ ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲s♣❛♠ t✐♣s✮✳ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ♦✉r ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ❡✈❡♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s♠❛❧❧ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s ✭❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✶✵ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s✮✱ ♦✉r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇❛s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ r❡❛❝❤ ❤✐❣❤ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ✭✼✺✪✮✳ ❖✉r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❜❡♥❡✜ts ❡✈❡♥ ✇❤❡♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s✱ ❜❡✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❡st ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ♦❢ ❛❧♠♦st ✻✽✪✳
❉❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡①❝❡t♦ ♦♥❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥❡st❛ ♥❡♠ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✳
❍❡❧❡♥ ❞❡ ❈áss✐❛ ❙♦✉s❛ ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ▲✐♠❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❊♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛✲ ❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ P❛✉❧♦ ❡ ❊❞♥❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ♠❡❞✐r❡♠ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❚✉❞♦ q✉❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣♦r ♠✐♠ ❢♦✐ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❝❤❡❣❛ss❡ ❛té ❛q✉✐✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♠❛r✐❞♦✱ ▼❛r❝♦s✱ ♣♦r s❡✉ ❛♠♦r✱ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ❡ r❡♥ú♥❝✐❛s✳ ❙❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦ss❡ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ✐♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡✉ ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ ♣❛ss❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡ss❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ tã♦ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝❡❞♦r❛ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♠❡✉ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ❋❛❜rí❝✐♦ ❇❡♥❡✈❡♥✉t♦✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r s❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r s❡r tã♦ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦r✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ❝♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ▲✉✐③ ▼❡rs❝❤♠❛♥♥✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ♥♦s ❛❥✉❞❛r q✉❛♥t♦ à r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ s✉❛ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳
❆♦ ❋❛❜rí❝✐♦ ❇❛rt❤✱ ♣♦r s✉❛s ✈❛❧✐♦s❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❡♠ ❈r✐st♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐❣r❡❥❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ♦r❛çõ❡s✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ✜③ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦✱ ❜♦❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✳
➚ ❈❆P❊❙ ❡ à ❯❋❖P✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳
❊ ❛♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦s✱ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐①
◆♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ✶
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✸
✶✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✷ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✶✳✸ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✼
✷✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✷ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❙♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❖✉tr❛s ❘❡❞❡s ❙♦❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲❇❙◆s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✹ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❙♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸ ❈♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✶✸
✸✳✶ ❇❛s❡ ❞❛ ❉❛❞♦s ❘♦t✉❧❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸✳✷ ❉❛❞♦s ❈♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✹ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ▲❇❙◆ ✶✾
✹✳✶ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✹✳✷ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ❯s✉ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✹✳✸ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ▲♦❝❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✹✳✹ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ❙♦❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✹✳✺ ■♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✺ ❉❡t❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❙♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ✸✶
✺✳✶ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✺✳✷ ❖s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❛ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✺✳✷✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✺✳✷✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✺✳✷✳✸ P❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✺✳✸ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❧❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✺✳✹ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✺✳✺ ❖ ■♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✹✸
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✹✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❱❡♥♥ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✹✳✶ ❈❉❋s ❞♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✹✳✷ ❈❉❋s ❞♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✹✳✸ ❈❉❋s ❞♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✺✳✶ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✺✳✷ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ♣❧❛♥❛ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✺✳✸ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✺✳✹ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❧❛♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✺✳✺ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❧❛♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✺✳✻ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡st ✭♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✺✳✼ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡st ✭s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✺✳✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✺✳✾ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❝♦♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ s♣❛♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✹✳✶ ❘❛♥❦✐♥❣ ❞♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✏❊✉ t✐✈❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ❝♦✐s❛s q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❡✐ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛s ♠ã♦s✱ ❡ ❛s ♣❡r❞✐✳ ▼❛s t✉❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❡✐ ♥❛s ♠ã♦s ❞❡ ❉❡✉s✱ ❡✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦ss✉♦✳✑
✖ ▼❛rt✐♥ ▲✉t❤❡r ❑✐♥❣
◆♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛
❆P■ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡
❈❉❋ ❈✉♠✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥
●P❙ ●❧♦❜❛❧ P♦s✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠
▲❇❙◆ ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ▼❉❆ ▼❡❛♥ ❉❡❝r❡❛s❡ ❆❝❝✉r❛❝②
❘❇❋ ❘❛❞✐❛❧ ❇❛s✐s ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥
❘❋ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡st
❙❆❈ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❆t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r
❙❱▼ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡
❯❘▲ ❯♥✐❢♦r♠ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ▲♦❝❛t♦r
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❘❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✭▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✲ ▲❇❙◆s✮ sã♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵ q✉❡ ✈❡♠ ❛tr❛✐♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♥♦✈♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❆♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡ ❛❝❡ss❛ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ s❡✉ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ ❬✽❪✳ ❘❡❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❋♦✉rsq✉❛r❡ ❡ ❨❡❧♣ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ r❡❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ●P❙✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ✉♠❛ ▲❇❙◆ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r é ♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r✶✱ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❋♦✉rsq✉❛r❡ ❡ ❨❡❧♣✳ P❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❜✉sq✉❡♠ ♣♦r ❧♦❝❛✐s✱ ❝❛❞❛str❡♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡ ❢❛ç❛♠ ❝❤❡❝❦✲✐♥ ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ▲❇❙◆✱ ❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣♦st❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐✲ ❛çõ❡s ✭❞✐❝❛s✮ ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡ ❝♦♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ▲❇❙◆✱ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ só ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❧♦❝❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ✈✐s✐t❛r✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❧❡r s✉❣❡stõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡❞✐r✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛r ❡ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡♠ ✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✳
✶✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛tr❛❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝❡r ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♥♦ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❛❜r❡♠ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛r❡♠ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♥ã♦ s♦❧✐❝✐✲ t❛❞❛s✳ ▲❇❙◆s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s tê♠ q✉❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡s✱ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ ❛
✶✇✇✇✳❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦r✳❝♦♠✳❜r
✹ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
♣r♦♣❛❣❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♥ã♦ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ❧❡❣ít✐♠❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛ sã♦ ❢♦❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ s♣❛♠ ✭❖♣✐♥✐♦♥ ❙♣❛♠✮✳ ❯♠❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ s♣❛♠ é ✉♠❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❣❛♥❛ ♦s ❧❡✐t♦r❡s✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ❛ ✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈ê✲❧♦ ❡✴♦✉ ❞❛♥❞♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛r ❛ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦✉❝♦ s❡ s❛❜❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡s✳ ❊ss❡s ❛t❛q✉❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ❝♦♠ ❛♥ú♥❝✐♦s✱ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛s ❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛r ❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♦ s❡✉ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧♦✲ ❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r ❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❡❧❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡♣❛r❛r s♣❛♠ ❞♦ q✉❡ ✈❛❧❡ ❛ ♣❡♥❛ ❧❡r✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✉♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠ ❡♠ ▲❇❙◆s✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ três ❡t❛♣❛s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛ é ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛r ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠ ❡♠ três ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝❡❞✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠ ♣ré✲❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ✈ár✐♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ss❡s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s✲ t✐♥❣✉✐r ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠✳ ❊ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ss❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ s♣❛♠✳
✶✳✷ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦✿
• ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦ três t✐♣♦s ❞❡
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✺
❛çõ❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❡r ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❛❣r❡ss✐✈♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ s❡✉ ❞♦♥♦ ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ♦❢❡♥s✐✈❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝❛❧ã♦✳
• ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ s♣❛♠✳ ◆♦ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♥ã♦
❢♦✐ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠ ❡ ♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠ ❡♠ três ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❧❛ss❡s✳
✶✳✸ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❝✐❛✐s ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✿
• ❈❖❙❚❆✱ ❍✳❀ ❇❊◆❊❱❊◆❯❚❖✱ ❋❀ ▼❊❘❙❈❍▼❆◆◆✱ ▲✳ ❍✳ ❈✳✿ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♥❣ t✐♣ s♣❛♠
✐♥ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✲❜❛s❡❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❆❈▼ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✭❙❆❈✮✱ ✷✵✶✸✱ ❈♦✐♠❜r❛✱ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✳
❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠♦s ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ s♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠ ❡ ♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠✱ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠ ❬✾❪✳
❯♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ ❛❣✉❛r❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞♦s r❡✈✐s♦r❡s✿
• ❈❖❙❚❆✱ ❍✳❀ ❇❊◆❊❱❊◆❯❚❖✱ ❋❀ ▼❊❘❙❈❍▼❆◆◆✱ ▲✳ ❍✳ ❈❀ ❇❆❘❚❍✱ ❋✳✿ P♦❧✲
❧✉t✐♦♥✱ ❇❛❞✲♠♦✉t❤✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ▲♦❝❛❧ ▼❛r❦❡t✐♥❣✿ ❚❤❡ ❯♥❞❡r❣r♦✉♥❞ ♦❢ ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❆❈▼ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✭❈❖❙◆✬✶✸✮✱ ✷✵✶✸✱ ❇♦st♦♥✱ ❯❙❆✳
✻ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❡♠ três ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✿ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ s♣❛♠ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ♥❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐✲ ③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲❇❙◆s ♦✉ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ s♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✳
✷✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
❆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ é ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭♦✉ ❢✉♥çã♦✮ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❛ ❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉❛ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✉s❛r ❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❞✐③❡r ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❝✉❥♦ rót✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ é ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❬✶✷❪✳ ❆ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ❝✉❥♦ rót✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✳ ❚❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❢♦r♠❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✱ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✱ r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s✱ ❡t❝✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ é ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♥ã♦✲s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✭♦✉ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦✮✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ rót✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✱ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s sã♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥tr❛✲❝❧❛ss❡ ❡ ❞❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❝❧❛ss❡✳ ■st♦ é✱ ❝❧✉st❡rs ✭❣r✉♣♦s✮ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s sã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝❧✉st❡r tê♠ ❛❧t❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐ss✐♠✐❧❛r❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❝❧✉st❡rs✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❝❧✉st❡r
✽ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ q✉❛❧ r❡❣r❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❣❡r❛❞❛s✳ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s q✉❡ ❛❣r✉♣❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✳
▼ét♦❞♦s ♥ã♦✲s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ s❡r ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♦♣çã♦ ♣❛r❛ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✲ ✜❝❛çã♦✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ t❡r❡♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❣❡r❛r ❝❧✉st❡rs q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♠ét♦❞♦s s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡①✐❣❡♠ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s r♦t✉❧❛❞♦s✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ é ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛r❛ ❡ ❞❡♠♦r❛❞❛✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s é ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛❧❣♦r✐t✲ ♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s❡♠✐✲s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s r♦t✉❧❛❞♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ r♦t✉❧❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s❡♠✐✲s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛ é ♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ rót✉❧♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♦✉ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❡♠ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❛ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ■ss♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s✱ ♦✉ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ❡ r❡str✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s r♦t✉❧❛❞♦s✳
❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ s♣❛♠ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡✲♠❛✐❧✱ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥❛ ❲❡❜ ❡ ❜❧♦❣s✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ✈ár✐❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡ ❞❡ s♣❛♠ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❡❧❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r s♣❛♠✳ ❲✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✹❪ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡✲♠❛✐❧s s♣❛♠ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✐♠❛✲ ❣❡♥s ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s út❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ s♣❛♠✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ✜❧tr♦ ❛♥t✐✲s♣❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛✳ ❙❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ▲✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✶✼❪ ❛❜♦r❞❛r❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ s♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❜❧♦❣ ✭s♣❧♦❣✮✳ ❙♣❧♦❣s sã♦ ❜❧♦❣s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s✱ ❞❡s✲ t✐♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛tr❛✐r ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r s✐t❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s✳ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣♦st❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❧✐♥❦s✱ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s♣❛♠✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❈❛st✐❧❧♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✼❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ s♣❛♠ q✉❡ ✉s❛ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❛ ❲❡❜✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣á❣✐♥❛s ❞❛ ❲❡❜✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♥✲ t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ♣á❣✐♥❛s✳ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❛s ♣á❣✐♥❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❜❛s❡✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❡❧❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❦s ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♥♦✈❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❊ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❡ss❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦✈♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡tr❡✐♥❛r ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❜❛s❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥str✉ír❛♠✳
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✾
▼❛❝❤✐♥❡✮ ❬✷✶❪ ❡ ❘❋ ✭❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡st✮ ❬✺❪✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✺✳✷✳
✷✳✷ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❙♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❖✉tr❛s ❘❡❞❡s ❙♦❝✐❛✐s
❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ s♣❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ♦♥❧✐♥❡✳ ❇❡♥❡✲ ✈❡♥✉t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳❬✹❪ ❛❜♦r❞❛r❛♠ ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ s♣❛♠♠❡rs ❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦✳ P❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ✐ss♦✱ ❝♦❧❡t❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ 260 ♠✐❧ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s r♦t✉❧❛❞❛ ❡
❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❡❧❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r✲ ❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❧❡❣ít✐♠♦s✱ s♣❛♠♠❡rs ❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡❞♦r❡s✳
●❤♦s❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✶✶❪✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r❛♠ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❢❛r♠✐♥❣ ♥♦ ❚✇✐tt❡r✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐✲ ③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s♣❛♠♠❡rs✱ q✉❡ t❡♥t❛♠ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉✐❞♦r❡s ♥❛ r❡❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✳ ▲✐♥❦ ❢❛r♠✐♥❣ ♥ã♦ só ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ r❡✢❡t✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ r❛♥q✉❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s❡✉s t✇❡❡ts ♣❡❧❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❦s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡40.000 ❝♦♥t❛s ❞❡ s♣❛♠♠❡rs s✉s♣❡♥s❛s ❞♦ ❚✇✐tt❡r✱ ❡❧❡s ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐✲
r❛♠ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❧❡❣ít✐♠♦s✱ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r❡s ❡ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❇❛r❛❝❦ ❖❜❛♠❛✱ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❢❛r♠✐♥❣✳ ❊ss❡s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛❝❛❜❛♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♥❞♦ ✐♥✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❢❛r♠✐♥❣ q✉❛♥❞♦ t❡♥t❛♠ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛r ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ s❡❣✉✐r ❞❡ ✈♦❧t❛ ✐♥❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❡ ♦s s❡❣✉❡♠✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ s♣❛♠♠❡rs ❛❝❛❜❛♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛♥❤❛r s❡❣✉✐❞♦r❡s ❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❞❡✳ P❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥❝♦r❛❥❛r ♦s ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✐st❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ s❡❣✉✐r ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡s❝♦✲ ♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❛♥q✉❡❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♣❡♥❛❧✐③❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❡s s❡❣✉❡♠ s♣❛♠♠❡rs✳
✶✵ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r s♣❛♠♠❡rs ♥❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s s✐st❡♠❛s✳
●❛♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✶✵❪ ♠❡❞✐r❛♠ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r❛♠ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ s♣❛♠ ♥♦ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦✳ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♠✉r❛❧ ❞♦ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦✱ ❡❧❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r❛♠ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣❛♥❤❛s s♣❛♠✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❝♦♥str✉ír❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ♣♦st❛❞❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♥ó ❡ ❞♦✐s ♥ós sã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❯❘▲ ♦✉ s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝r✐♦✉ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ s✉❜❣r❛❢♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛✈❛♠ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♠✉r❛✐s s✉s♣❡✐t❛s✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ r❛❥❛❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞✐s✲ tr✐❜✉í❞❛✱ ❡❧❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r❛♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ❡①✐❜✐❛♠ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣❛♥❤❛s ❞❡ s♣❛♠ ♠❛❧✐❝✐♦s❛s✳ ❊ ❛♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r❛♠ ❡ss❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r❛♠ q✉❡ ♣❤✐s❤✐♥❣ é ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣❡ ♦ ❛t❛q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ♥♦ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡ss❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s t❡♥❤❛♠ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❞♦ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛q✉✐✱ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❡❧❡s✱ ❥á q✉❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛♠♦s s♣❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜✲ ❝❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ q✉❡ ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ s♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛✐s✳
✷✳✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲❇❙◆s
❊①✐st❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s q✉❡ t❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ▲❇❙◆s✳ P❛r✲ t✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❙❝❡❧❧❛t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✶✾❪ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r❛♠ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛s ❡ ❣❡♦✲ s♦❝✐❛✐s ❞❛s r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❊❧❡s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ▲❇❙◆s sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝✉rt❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❡♠ ❧❛ç♦s ❞❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❚✇✐tt❡r ❡ ♦ ▲✐✈❡❏♦✉r♥❛❧✱ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s tê♠ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❆❧❧❛♠❛✲ ♥✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✶❪ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r❛♠ ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r❛♠ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❡♠ ▲❇❙◆s✳ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ s♥❛♣s❤♦ts ❞❛ r❡❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ●♦✇❛❧❧❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ✈✐s✐t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ s✉❛s ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❡❧❡s ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞♦s ♥ós ❡ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❣❡✲ ♦❣rá✜❝❛ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❧✐♥❦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠✱ q✉❡ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❡ ✈✐s✐t❛♠ ❡ss❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❥✉❞❛♠ ❛ ♣r❡❞✐③❡r q✉❛✐s ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s s❡rã♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s✳
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✶✶
❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦s à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡❧❡s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠✱ ❧✐♥❦s ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❧♦♥❣♦s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s✉r❣✐r ❡♥tr❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❧✐♥❦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡r ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❝✉rt♦s✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ◆♦✉❧❛s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✶✽❪ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣♦r✲ t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ s✉❛s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❤❡❝❦✲✐♥ ❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❣❡♦✲t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ♥♦ ❋♦✉rsq✉❛r❡✳ ❊❧❡s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❣❡♦✲t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❤❡❝❦✲✐♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❧✉❣❛r✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r ❞❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♠ s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
❊♠ ✉♠ ❡s❢♦rç♦ r❡❝❡♥t❡✱ ❱❛s❝♦♥❝❡❧♦s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✷❪ ❝♦❧❡t❛r❛♠ ♦ ❋♦✉rsq✉❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛✲ r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t✐♣s✱ ❞♦♥❡s ❡ t♦✲ ❉♦s✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛①✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡❧❡s ❛❣r✉♣❛r❛♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❣r✉♣♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❡r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❡❧❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s♣❛♠ ❡♠ ▲❇❙◆s✳
✷✳✹ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❙♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s
◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ❏✐♥❞❛❧ ❛♥❞ ▲✐✉ ❬✶✹❪ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ s♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❛♠❛✲ ③♦♥✳❝♦♠✳ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s s♣❛♠ sã♦ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❢❛❧s❛s q✉❡ ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❣❛♥❛♠ ♦s ❧❡✐t♦r❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s s❡♠ ♠ér✐t♦ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦✲❛❧✈♦✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❡ss❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❡✴♦✉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ✐♥❥✉st♦s ♦✉ ♠❛❧✲✐♥t❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛r ❛ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦✳ ❊❧❡s ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝✐❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ✭❝ó♣✐❛s✮✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✐♥s♣✐r♦✉ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ▼♦❧❛✈✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✶✺❪ ❛❜♦r❞❛r❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝r✐❛♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✉s❛♠ ❡ss❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s s♦❜r❡ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♦✉ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❊❧❡s ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ■♦❧❛✉s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐t✐❣❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♦♥❧✐♥❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡♠ ▲❇❙◆s✳
✶✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸
❈♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s
◆♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ s♣❛♠✱ ♣r❡✲ ❝✐s❛♠♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s r♦t✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✱ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ ♣♦❧✉✐❞♦r❛✱ ❜♦❝❛✲s✉❥❛ ❡ ♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ t❡♠♦s ❝♦✲ ♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ▲❇❙◆✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♥str✉✐r♠♦s ✉♠❛✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♣♦st❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r✳ ❈♦♠15♠✐❧❤õ❡s
❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ♠❡♥s❛✐s✱ ♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r é ✉♠ ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❛♥ú♥❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡♦rr❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡
7,5♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❛ s❡r❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦s✳
◆ós ❝♦♥str✉í♠♦s ♥♦ss❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧♦✲ ❝❛✐s r♦t✉❧❛❞❛ ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✏s♣❛♠✑ ♦✉ ✏♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠✑ ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r✳ ◆♦ss❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ ❞❛❞♦s é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❛ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❧✉✐❞♦r❛✱ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ ❜♦❝❛✲s✉❥❛ ❡ ♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛♠♦s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ♦s ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳
✸✳✶ ❇❛s❡ ❞❛ ❉❛❞♦s ❘♦t✉❧❛❞❛
❊♠❜♦r❛ s♣❛♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛♥❞❛ ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛ ✐♥❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❬✶✸❪✳ ❊♠ ▲❇❙◆s✱ s♣❛♠ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡
✶✹ ❈♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s
♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐r ♣r♦♣❛❣❛♥❞❛✳
❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❋♦✉rsq✉❛r❡✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s r❡✐✈✐♥❞✐q✉❡♠ s❡r ♦ ❞♦♥♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r s✐❞♦ ❝❛❞❛str❛❞♦ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦r ♦✉tr❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✱ ♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❡ss❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝❛❞❛str❡ ✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ss❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦ é ♦ ❞♦♥♦ ❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡♠♣r❡s❛s q✉❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠ ❡st❛r s❡♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❛♠❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♣♦st❛❞❛s ❡♠ s❡✉s ❧♦❝❛✐s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ♣✉❞❡♠♦s ♦❜t❡r ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s r♦t✉❧❛❞❛s ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✏s♣❛♠✑ ♦✉ ✏♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠✑ ♣♦r s❡✉s ♠♦❞❡r❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❊❧❡s ✐♥s♣❡❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♣♦st❛❞❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♠ês ❞❡ ❙❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ✸✳✻✻✽ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ s♣❛♠✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❞éss❡♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r t❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡✉ ✸✳✻✻✽ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ s♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✱ ♣❡❞✐♠♦s ❛ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♥tár✐♦s ❞♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ ✜③❡ss❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠✳ ❆♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ é s♣❛♠ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛♠♦s s❡ ♦s ✈♦❧✉♥tár✐♦s ❝♦♥❝♦r❞❛✈❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦❞❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♣❡❞✐♠♦s ❛♦s ✈♦❧✉♥tár✐♦s q✉❡ ✜③❡ss❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛♥❞♦✲❛s ❡♠ s♣❛♠ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠ ❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ss❡♠ ✉♠ ♥♦♠❡ q✉❡ ❢♦ss❡ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✳
❖s ✈♦❧✉♥tár✐♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r❛♠ ✶✸✵ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠ ❡ ✸✳✺✸✽ ❝♦♠♦ s♣❛♠✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ 3,5✪ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s t❡r❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠✱ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠
❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡✢❡t❡ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♥❡ss❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❞❡❝✐❞✐♠♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❆♣♦♥t❛❞♦r r❡t✐r❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠✳
❆♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛s✱ ♣✉❞❡♠♦s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r três ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠✿ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ ♣♦❧✉✐❞♦r❛ ❡ ❜♦❝❛✲s✉❥❛✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ❧♦❝❛✐s sã♦ ♣r♦♣❛✲ ❣❛♥❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❧✈♦ ♦✉ s♦❜r❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜❛r③✐♥❤♦✱ ✉♠ s♣❛♠♠❡r ♣♦st♦✉ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❧♦❝❛❧✿
❈♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✶✺
P♦❧✉✐❞♦r❛s sã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ár❡❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s❡ t♦r♥❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❙❆❈ ✭❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❆t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r✮✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r t❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣♦❧✉✐❞♦r❛✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♣♦st❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♦❜✐❧✐ár✐❛✿
✧❇♦❛ t❛r❞❡✳ ◆ã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❥❡✐t♦ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❢❛❧❛r ❝♦♠ ✈♦❝ês✳✳✳✳ ❚❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❛s❛ ♣ ❛❧✉❣❛r ♥❛ r✉❛ ♣♦♥t❛ ❣r♦ss❛✱ t❡♥❤♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳ ◗✉❛❧ ♦✉tr♦ t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡ q✉❡ ✈♦❝ês t❡♠✧
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❜♦❝❛s✲s✉❥❛s sã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❡r ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❛❣r❡s✲ s✐✈♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ s❡✉ ❞♦♥♦ ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ♦❢❡♥s✐✈❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝❛❧ã♦✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❜♦❝❛✲s✉❥❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♥♦ss❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
✧❊ss❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ é ♣éss✐♠❛ ♣♦✐s ♥ã♦ ♣❛❣❛ s❡✉s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ❝❡rt♦✳ ❊ s❡✉ ❞♦♥♦ é s❡♠✐✲❛♥❛❧❢❛❜❡t♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛ é ❞❡s♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛✳✳✳✧
❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳✶ r❡s✉♠❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s r♦t✉❧❛❞❛s ❡stã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ s♣❛♠✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳✶✿ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ s♣❛♠
❈❧❛ss❡ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s P♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠
❈♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ▲♦❝❛❧ ✶✳✵✻✸ 30
,1✪
P♦❧✉✐❞♦r❛ ✶✳✼✶✻ 48
,5✪
❇♦❝❛✲s✉❥❛ ✼✺✾ 21
,4✪
❚♦t❛❧ ✸✳✺✸✽ 100✪
❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞❛✱ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♠♦s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ 3.538 ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠✳ ❊♠ sí♥t❡s❡✱ ♥♦ss❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s
❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♥té♠ 7.076 ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ s♣❛♠ ❡ ♥ã♦✲s♣❛♠✳ ❆s
❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s♣❛♠ tê♠ ✉♠❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ 30,1✪ ❞❡❧❛s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦
❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❧♦❝❛❧✱48,5✪ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❧✉✐❞♦r❛ ❡21,4✪ ❝♦♠♦ ❜♦❝❛✲s✉❥❛✳ ❊ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠
♣♦st❛❞❛s ♣♦r 4.494 ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❡♠ 5.585 ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳
