1
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2
Este Caderno contém 5 questões discursivas referentes à Prova da Língua Estrangeira escolhida pelo candidato. Não destaque nenhuma folha.3
Se o Caderno estiver incompleto ou contiver imperfeição gráfica que impeça a leitura, solicite imediatamente ao Fiscal que o substitua.4
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Só será permitido o uso de dicionário INGLÊS/INGLÊS.7
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Utilize para rascunhos, o verso de cada página deste Caderno.9
Você dispõe de, no máximo, três horas, para responder as 5 questões que constituem a Prova .10
Antes de retirar-se definitivamente da sala, devolva ao Fiscal este Caderno.As questões de 01 a 05, cujas respostas deverão ser redigidas EM PORTUGUÊS, referem -se ao texto abaixo.
The Development of Human Capacity in Malawi: The Role of Science and Technology
Dorothy Nampota, Jeff Thompson Felicity Wikeley
The development of human capacity in science and technology has been high on the agenda of almost all developing countries for many decades. This is in response to widespread evidence from developed countries and, more recently, from experiences with the East Asian Tiger economies, of the positive relationship that exists between science and technology and development (Caillods et al. 1996). In the twenty-first century, this determination is further increased by two pressing needs. The first – and perhaps most important – of these is the escalation of poverty in these countries (Watson et al. 2003; UNDP 2003). The second is the current information and communication revolution with its subsequent globalizatio n effects. The link between human development and poverty reduction is now rarely questioned. In the 1950s, development was associated with economic growth and was consequently measured by Gross National Product (GNP) per capita. The argument was that eco nomic growth would result in structural and social change, industrialization and, consequently, improvement in the living standards of the people (Dwivedi 1994). In the 1960s, however, it was observed that while economic growth had led to prosperity in some societies of the world, in the majority, ‘‘poverty, disease and hunger had either worsened or remained unaltered .’’
Hence, a summary conclusion could be that science and technology have influenced people’s lives for the better in aspects such as food s ecurity, health, energy, clean water and sanitation. In addition, science and technology have contributed to the increased economic growth that has led to high GNP per capita in many countries. In reality, however, this influence has not been spread evenly across the different regions and countries of the world. There are many people starving today, while at the same time well-established but controllable diseases continue to threaten peoples’ lives in most countries of the developing world. In addition, th ese countries continue to be characterized by massive environmental degradation and low GNP (UNDP 2003).
Malawi is a landlocked country in Sub-Saharan Africa with a total surface area of 118,480 km of which the fresh-water Lake Malawi accounts for 24,000 (CIA 2003). The poverty indicators for the country are not encouraging, partly as a result of the geographic and economic characteristics described. These indicators, of course, tend to be averages and possibly hide the acuteness of the hardships experienc ed by poor households. For example, the country is currently ranked 164 out of 174 countries on the HDI. An estimated 65.3% of the population live below the poverty line and over 80% depend on agriculture for their livelihoods (Malawi Government 2002).
Due to the country’s accelerating poverty rate, the Government of Malawi has revived its commitment to science and technology. Its recent policy measures in this regard began with the Vision 2020 initiative. Launched in 1997, the aim behind the initiative was to change Malawi’s economic base from a reliance on physical labor to a ‘‘technologically driven economy’’ (Malawi Government 1999b) by developing human capacity in the field of science and technology. This vision is reflected in the recently developed N ational Science and Technology Policy paper (Malawi Government 2001). This paper argues that the country needs to make better use of the few natural resources at its disposal as one means of reducing poverty. As part of the poverty reduction strategy polic y, it also calls for the development of indigenous science and technology, and the utilization of indigenous science and technology approaches already in use elsewhere, both of which require skilled scientists and technologists. The policy strategies to ac hieve this goal include expanding university education, ‘‘especially in the scientific, engineering and
The strategies inherent in Vision 2020, the Science and Te chnology Policy paper and the PRSP are reflected in the Policy and Investment Framework – a policy document for the education sector. A review of the education sector, however, reveals a number of challenges and opportunities that have an impact on the suc cess of human capital development strategies in the field of science and technology that could potentially reduce poverty.
The Malawi Poverty Reduction and Strategy Paper (PRSP), which is the government’s blueprint for poverty reduction, also echoes the n eed to increase human capacity in the field of science and technology (Malawi Government, 2002). In addition to sustainable governance, human capital development is one of the four pillars upon which the PRSP is built. Science and technology arguably affect all four of these pillars. The paper argues for the expansion of both undergraduate and postgraduate science and technology programs. Additionally, the PRSP calls for the quality and relevance of secondary science education to be improved through providi ng adequate teaching and learning resources and reviewing the curriculum.
International Review of Education (2009) 55:59–74
Questão 1
Segundo o texto, quais os dois fatos que mais claramente indicam existir uma relação positiva entre ciência e tecnologia e desenvolvimento?
Questão 2
Que argumento era utilizado para que, nos anos 50, desenvolvi mento fosse associado com crescimento econômico e consequentemente medido através do Produto Interno Bruto per capita?
Espaço para Resposta
Questão 3
Qual era o objetivo do Programa Visão 2020 do Governo do Malawi?
Questão 4
O que buscava o Plano Estratégico de Redução da pobreza do governo do Malawi? Espaço para Resposta
Questão 5
Traduza o fragmento textual abaixo no espaço reservado para isso.
Seu texto deverá apresentar clareza e estar bem articulado tanto em termos estruturais quanto de sentido.
”Science and technology have influenced people’s lives for the better in aspects such as food security, health, energy, clean water and sanitation. In addition, science and technology have contributed to the increased economic growth that has led to high GNP per capita in many countries. In reality, however, this influence has not been spread evenly across the different regions and countries of the world. There are many people starving today, while at the same time wel l-established but controllable diseases continue to threaten peoples’ lives in most countries of the developing world.”
