International Congress In Thy Arms I Lost Myself

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NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities - Universidade NOVA de Lisboa

9 - 11 October 2019

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

’IN THY ARMS I LOST MYSELF’

IMAGES, PERCEPTIONS AND PRODUCTIONS IN/ OF ANTIQUITY

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Editor: Maria Helena Trindade Lopes

Assistant Editors: André Patrício, Marcus Carvalho, Susana Mota Autores | Authors:

Vários / Various

Design:

© Comissão organizadora / Organizing committee

Imagem da capa | Cover image:

© Susana Mota

Edição | Edition:

CHAM - Centro de Humanidades / CHAM - Centre for the Humanities

Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas / NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities Universidade NOVA de Lisboa | Universidade dos Açores

e-mail: cham@fcsh.unl.pt | web: www.cham.fcsh.unl.pt ISBN: 978-989-8492-69-2

Local e data de publicação | Place and date of publication:

Lisboa / Lisbon, September 2019 © CHAM e/and Autores/Authors.

Copyright:

Esta é uma publicação em acesso aberto, distribuída sob a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-Não Comercial 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0).

This is an open access work distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Apoios | Support:

Este Congresso Internacional conta com o alto patrocínio de Sua Excelência o Presidente da República, Professor Doutor Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa.

This International Congress is under the High Patronage of His Excellency the President of the Portuguese Republic, Professor Doutor Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa.

Este evento e esta publicação tiveram o apoio do CHAM / NOVA FCSH— UAc, através do projecto estragético financianciado pela FCT (UID/HIS/04666/2019).

This event and this publication had the support of CHAM / NOVA FCSH— UAc, through the strategic project sponsored by FCT (UID/HIS/04666/2019).

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’In thy arms I lost myself’ -

Images, Perceptions and Productions in/ of Antiquity

Antiquity... this word encompasses a World, three continents – Africa, Asia and Europe – multiple civilizations – Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Hebrew, Phoenician, Persian, Chinese, Hindu, Cretan, Greek, Roman – and more than 4000 years of history.

The World, as we know it, was molded in this time – vast – and in these founding spaces, fecundated by rivers – Nile, Tiger and Euphrates, Indo and Yellow – and blessed by seas.

One of those seas – the Mediterranean – due to its privileged position on the path of so many people and cultures, soon personified in history the role of the “true sea”, the “sea between the lands” – that both the Hebrews and classic authors such as Lucretius, Plinius and Seneca mentioned – whose waters, symbol of a World in transformation, represent and evoke the dangers and difficulties of the passage from a known to an unknown World.

In “thy arms” of this known World – of this sea, these rivers and these lands – I have lost myself, a long time ago… But in the arms of this World to know – Antiquity – I found myself again, in order to witness a new construction of the true history of the World. A history stripped of dogmas, distortions and ignorance.

The International Congress - “’In thy arms I lost myself’ – Images, Perceptions and Productions in/ of Antiquity” – aims to open clues, to promote debates and devise resources that can contribute to the creation of a new Canon, based on a true knowledge of Ancient History.

Maria Helena Trindade Lopes (CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa)

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Comissão Organizadora | Organizing Committee:

André Patrício Marcus Carvalho Susana Mota

Comissão Científica | Scientific Committee:

Helena Trindade Lopes Francisco Caramelo Isabel Almeida

Joanna Popielska-Grzybowska João Paulo Oliveira e Costa Manuel Patrocínio

Maria de Fátima Rosa

Maria do Rosário Laureano Santos Ronaldo Gurgel Pereira

Apoio à Organização | Support for the Organization:

CHAM – Centro de Humanidades / CHAM – Centre for the Humanities

Illuminati ID, Lda

NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities - Universidade NOVA de Lisboa FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia

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Índice | Index

Resumos | Abstracts

Comunicações | Papers...

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Resumos | Abstracts

Posters……….

49

Programa | Program………..

54

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Resumos|Abstracts

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Comunicações|Papers

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Professor Emeritus Doctor Pascal Vernus

Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sciences Historiques et Philologiques,

Sorbonne 4, France

TITLE

Egyptomania in the globalization of culture

ABSTRACT

The reception of Ancient Egypt in occident has taken different forms. In the Renaissance up to the beginning of the Nineteenth Century, it was biased. Ancient Egypt was appreciated through the images given by the Greek and Latin writers, since no direct access to its written data was possible.

Thanks to Champollion's decipherment in 1822, a new access opened, based on a scientific approach. And indeed, Egyptology provided an entirely renewed outlook of the pharaonic civilization.

It spread mainly throughout the upper classes of the most advanced countries, even though some particular event such as the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb had a wider impact that involved a larger audience.

At the end of the twentieth century and at the outset of the twenty-first century, attention paid to Ancient Egyptian civilization soared to the point of overwhelming "world culture" like a kind of tsunami.

Henceforth, some of its hallmarks and achievements are shared everywhere and beyond social limits, be it in a distorted manner, needless to say.

The paper addresses this phenomenon, which might be deemed a side manifestation of the by and large more complex phenomenon of globalization.

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Egypt: Archaeology

Inmaculada Vivas Sainz

Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain

Antonio Muñoz Herrera

José Ramón Pérez-Accino Picatoste

Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain

TITLE

The embracing mountain: newest research in the Royal Cachette Wadi

KEYWORDS

Landscape, Graffiti, Tradition, Memory, Symbol

ABSTRACT

Since 2017, the joint Egyptian-Spanish C2 Project, has undertaken the exploration of the wadi containing TT 320, the Royal Cachette.

The aim of this project is the understanding of the place as a not merely a hiding location for the tomb. The results of the project so far show the wadi as a structured site with symbolic elements such as worship areas and landscape images represented in graffiti. Such a new scenario breaks away from the traditional view of the site as a place to locate a tomb by hiding it and shows a path of interpretation aiming at a symbolic role of the area probably on the base of the decision to place the last burial of the kings and queens. Therefore, this research project is reinforcing the usefulness of a landscape analysis, as a social and cultural construction, for a better understanding of significant archaeological sites. We will try to explain the concept of ‘space appropriation’, in particular the process of reciprocity between an ancient sacred place and human activity. This phenomenon is well exemplified in the high concentration of graffiti in the Royal Cachette wadi, which points out a significant relation between graffiti and landscape.

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Juan Candelas Fisac

Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain and University of Liverpool,

England

TITLE

Presence of Lithic Industry in C2 Wadi at west Thebes

KEYWORDS

Flint, Lithic-industry, Wadi, Royal Cache, Prehistory

ABSTRACT

After the last two campaigns of the Complutense team in the wadi C2 located on the west bank of Luxor and as result of the works carried out there in 2017 and 2019, it has been possible to attest the presence of lithic industry along the site. The prolific material found within the wadi comprises mainly nodules and retouched flakes of flint but also bifacial tools that, in its archaeological context, lead to think that these were most likely the tool used to carve the vast amount of graffiti that cover the wadi’s walls. The relevance of this find underlays in its impact over the chronology of the site, since although this type of material always comes up with problematic regarding the dating matter, the material certainly shows a Levallois technique. Therefore, this material would allow to place the site chronologically into prehistorical frames and thus giving to this spectacular place even more relevance within the Theban necropolis, together with a new approach concerning the interpretation of this specific and unique landscape.

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Yahya Mahmoud

Fayoum University, Egypt

Sylvie Marchand

IFAO, Egypt

Mostafa Muhammed Qandeel Zayed

Ain Shams University, Egypt

TITLE

Ptolemaic and Roman Cooking wares from Kiman Faris – Crocodilopolis

KEYWORDS

Pottery, Cooking Wares, Kiman Faris, Crocodilopolis

ABSTRACT

Faris, the northwestern part of the modern Medinet el-Fayoum, is the area of Crocodilopolis the main town of Arsinoe nomos and leading town in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt.

The site was subject of many excavations and sebbakhin activities since the early 19th

century a lot of the pioneering archaeologists worked there e.g. J.J. Rifaud, K. R. Lepsius, Luigi Vassalli, Schweinfurth and Petrie. During the 1960s, the Service of Antiquities led rescue excavations on Kiman Faris, after the archaeological work, the main part of Kiman Faris area was used for urban development, then more rescue diggings were made, the latest was in 2018, the pottery revealed from these excavations is kept at the Kom Aushim museum store and mostly unpublished.

The Fayoum university conducted excavations during 2016-17 focused mainly on the eastern Ptolemaic bath. In 2018 the authors surveyed the visible parts of the archaeological area, managed to collect pottery and to document the architectural ruins.

This paper will explore a particular pottery group found in Kiman Faris: The Cooking Wares. The study of Cooking Wares gives valuable information about the dietary system of the inhabitance and sheds light upon the characteristics of this functional group of vessels and how the potters produced them.

The Cooking Wares from Kiman Faris are dated form Ptolemaic to Late Roman Periods. The pottery found during excavations is mainly from Fayoum, other areas of Egypt and some is imported. The catalogue given is built following the chronological periods, following a functional order, and range by productions (form / fabrics). This catalogue will be compared with data from other archaeological sites in the Fayoum province or elsewhere in Egypt.

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Egypt: Literature, Philology

Catarina Apolinário de Almeida

CH-ULisboa, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

Speaking of izf.t in the Coffin Texts: what the bw.t is this? Can someone

get me a knife?

KEYWORDS

Izf.t; bwt; Coffin Texts; Apotropaia; Knives, Metaphor

ABSTRACT

Bwt is the most frequently used verb in the Coffin Texts to introduce izf.t (CT 229, CT 307, CT 510, CT 540, CT 566, CT 789, CT 1011). If, in the following of Montet and Frandsen, we take to bwt as a mark of divine interdiction (izf.t as bw.t for / from Atum - CT 1011), thus, in its full extention, bwt singles out what should be avoided and fight off from the cosmic and ordered realm. The sacred Duat is surrounded by barriers that prevent contact with corrupting and disruptive forces: barriers such as the apotropaic guardians who, holding knives, expose the dead’s manifestations of izf.t, as well as the Lake of Knives (CT 67), among many others. It is our understanding then that bw.t, in the magical and ritual context of the Coffin Texts, materializes itself in the Duat not as a passive border, but as several active mechanisms of protection and purification, which is why, in these funerary texts, the verb bwt is often found as a parallel of the verbs Dr «reject / repel» or xm «remove». In this vein, we propose to discuss in this paper some features of the relationship between the two terms, bw.t and izf.t, under the hypothesis that knives (and other similar functional materializations) embody symbolic instruments of active interdiction, and, ultimately, reveal themselves as metaphors of bw.t.

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Guilherme Borges Pires

CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

When the Producer is the Product: The Demiurge’s Self-Genesis in the

Egyptian New Kingdom Religious Hymns (ca. 1539-1077 BC)

KEYWORDS

Ancient Egypt, New Kingdom, Cosmogony, Self-Genesis, Religious Hymns

ABSTRACT

The main goal of my PhD is to consider the phraseology present in the New Kingdom religious hymns which explicitly mentions the cosmogonical process, that is, that sheds some light on the way the world came into existence. My research is structured around three core questions: Who creates? (The identity of the Creator); What is created? (The outcomes of the Creation); How is it created? (The processes, mechanisms, and devices used by the Creator to set the World into existence). Nevertheless, there is one particular feature in this corpus that somehow blurs the individuation of these analytical axes: the fact that one of the most mentioned outcomes of the creation in these texts is the Creator himself.

The Egyptian term xpr is quintessential in this context since it conveys the idea of “coming to existence” or “assuming/taking a shape” (e.g. BM EA826). Nevertheless, there are other ways of expressing this notion, namely the ones linked to an idea of construction and formation through manual/craft work, employing verbs such as od or nbj (e.g. pLeiden I 344 verso). The deity’s self-creation might as well be rendered by an allusion to a biological process, where the Creator would have engendered (wtT) and given birth (msj) to himself (e.g. BM EA551).

In this paper I intend to focus on the different ways through which the Demiurge’s self-genesis is conveyed in this corpus. On the one hand, I will consider the possible religious meanings and implications of this existential continuity between producer and product. On the other hand, I will link this phenomenon with other cosmogonical aspects attested in these texts, such as the creation of gods (theogony) and human beings (anthropogeny).

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Markéta Preininger Svobodová

Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany

TITLE

Body and Society in the Texts and Images of Coptic Magical Papyri

KEYWORDS

Coptic; Body; Embodiment; Magic; Image

ABSTRACT

Understanding the perception of the body by the Coptic society and vice versa based on magical texts written in Coptic between the 3rd _{to 12}th _{centuries AD is the principal focus}

of the proposed presentation. Magical texts are documents of unofficial religious practices, frowned upon by the Coptic church. Previously, Coptic magical texts were collected, translated and published; the material was rarely used for further interpretation. The purpose of my research is to take the Coptic texts and use them as ground for interpretation of the relationship between the physical body and society, a topic still relevant for us today. How does society shape the understanding of the body and vice versa? How does this happen in Egypt of the 3rd _{to 12}th _{centuries? Studying an}

ancient culture that provides only a limited amount of documents might help us answer this question. I will, therefore, be looking at Coptic magical texts, as well as images depicted on the texts, and interpret them through the lens of hagiographies, letter and other documents produced by the orthodox church at the time. The magical (unofficial) and orthodox (official) documents portray the body in a stark contrast – magical texts asserting its importance, orthodox text going to a direction of denying the body. How does this reflect in the societies that used magical spells and those which focused on ascetic practices in the monasteries? How does the embodied experience shape society?

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Archaeology: Varia

Edoardo Radaelli

The University of Southampton & ‘Sapienza’ - Università di Roma, Italy

TITLE

Pan-Mediterranean Dressel 2–4 wine amphorae in Rome and Ostia during

the Middle Imperial age (2

_{–early 3}

_{centuries AD): reflections derived}

from the ceramic contexts at the ‘Terme di Elagabalo’ in Rome

KEYWORDS

Amphorae, Wine, Commerce, Imitation, Roman Empire

ABSTRACT

The stratigraphic excavations in the building commonly known as the ‘Terme di Elagabalo’ in Rome (held by the ‘Scienze dell’Antichità’ Department of the ‘Sapienza’ - University of Rome from 2007 to 2013) revealed large quantities of unpublished pottery fragments. In the contexts dated to the Middle Imperial age of this site (2nd_{–early 3}rd

centuries AD), the amphorae cover the majority of finds. This study will be based on the wine amphorae Dressel 2–4, one of the most widespread and imitated form of commercial containers of the ancient Roman times. The unpublished data derived from these contexts at the ‘Terme di Elagabalo’ had been added to those derived from other published Middle Imperial contexts in Rome and compared with the amounts found in other contexts discovered in Ostia (the traditional comparison site for the Capital). The resulting data, not only brought to better understand and to slightly refine the studies about the presence in both cities of these containers, but also offered the possibility of reflecting upon the existence of many different origins (many areas of Italy, the Iberian Peninsula, the North-Africa, and various parts across the Eastern basin of the Mediterranean, with also the identification of a few previously undetected manufacture areas) which allow to recognise this form of amphora as one of the first pan-Mediterranean ones for the large variety of production areas.

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Costanza Francavilla

Independent Researcher

TITLE

The site of the Shaym Qalʿa, Marw oasis: reconsidering the chain of information

KEYWORDS

Shaym Qalʿa, Marw, “Early Islamic”, miṣr, Sources. ABSTRACT

The ancient city of Marw, Turkmenistan, represents a unique case study, for having been the object of many archaeological expeditions, from the pioneering mission of R. Pumpelly (1903-1904) to the recent aerial-topographic studies of T. Williams “The Ancient Merv Project” (2001-2003).

Nevertheless, the settlement dynamics during the transition between Late Sasanian and Early Islamic period (VIIth – VIIIth cs. A.D.) are not very well understood. This contribution focuses on some observations on the site of Shaym Qalʿa, a quadrangular area located 1 km south-east from the modern tepe of Gyaur Qalʿa. This last site represents the hellenistic Antiochia Margiana, later determined to be an important shahrestān of the Sasanian north-eastern territories. At first, the main hypothesis stated that Shaym Qalʿa was a Seljuks military camp (XIth-XIIth c.s.), however more recent archaeological studies have uncovered elements which could backdate the site to the VIIIth century. Thanks to this data and according to what is stated by Yakubovskii and Bosworth (1991) about the ancient Marw, the current hypothesis identifies Shaym Qalʿa is an Early Islamic military camp, in other words, a miṣr.

This contribution illustrates this latter hypothesis, the favorable points and the set of problems. Then it verifies the primary ancient author quoted by Yakubovskii and Bosworth, is al-Ṭabarī. Through reading the Islamic historian, both the arabian text and the translation by Humphreys, the identification of Shaym Qalʿa can be reconsidered. This case study stresses the importance to verify the transmission of information to reconstruct the past.

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Maria Leonor Santos

CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

Arqueologia do Império Hitita: um estudo sobre os seus vestígios arqueológicos

e documentais na Síria setentrional e ocidental

KEYWORDS

Síria Setentrional e Ocidental; Século XIV-XII a.C.; Império Hitita, Cultura Material, Tabuinhas Cuneiformes

ABSTRACT

No período do Bronze Final II (1400-1200 a.C.), o reino do Ḫatti reivindicou a sua posição como uma das grandes potências do Próximo Oriente, estendendo o seu poderio a oeste e este da planície anatólica, assim como pela região setentrional e ocidental da actual Síria. Em meados do século XIV a.C., aquando das campanhas miliares de Šuppiluliuma I (c. 1350 a.C.) o reino de Mitani, o rival do Ḫatti na Mesopotâmia setentrional, conheceu o seu fim, e a sua rede de reinos vassalos sírios – correspondente ao território entre a margem oeste do Eufrates e a costa mediterrânea – terá sido incorporada no Império Hitita. O estudo da presença hitita nesta região, bem como da relação entre o centro de poder do Ḫatti e os seus respectivos reinos vassalos sírios, baseia-se essencialmente na documentação cuneiforme provinda dos arquivos da capital hitita, Boğazköy-Ḫattusa, bem como dos principados sírios de Alalaḫ, Emar e Ugarit. A informação retirada destas fontes desenha-nos o quadro político-militar da altura, reportando igualmente aspectos da esfera administrativa e cultual. Contudo, esta visão parcial oferece-nos um vislumbre incompleto da presença hitita e das suas repercussões em território sírio; um cenário inconcluso que pode usufruir do auxílio da componente arqueológica.

Pretende-se, assim, com esta comunicação, correlacionar as fontes históricas com os achados arqueológicos, de modo a construir um quadro mais completo e complexo da ocupação hitita da Síria, analisando a natureza do imperialismo hitita nesta região e as diferentes adaptações ao seu domínio pelos vários reinos vassalos sírios.

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Hala Mostafa Mansour Ebrahim

Ain Shams University, Egypt

TITLE

Decoration System of the Inner Coffin of Hori in Cairo Museum JE 29619 from the

21st Dynasty

KEYWORDS

Coffins; 21st dynasty; Hori; Offerings; Books of the other world

ABSTRACT

The anthropoid coffin set of Hori was found in 1891 in the cache of the gate of the priests’ tomb at eldier elbahary. It consists of an outer coffin, an inner coffin and a third innermost coffin.

Hori belonged to the ruling family of Thebes. His grandfather is Pinodjem I, his father is Menkheperre and his brother is Pinodjem II. All of them were high priests of Amun. It’s the first time to study the coffin. It’s different from all the 21st dynasty coffins as the elbows of Hori are stretched out of the borders of the lids, his hands hold royal insignias Heka scepter and nekhekh and the third innermost coffin consists of two pieces replacing the usual mummy cover.

The aim of the study is to analyze the scenes of the inner coffin, see how they were arranged, how they helped the deceased in his journey in the afterlife and comparing them with other 21st dynasty coffins and mythological papyri.

The lid of the inner coffin shows the face of Hori that was gilded was gold, pectorals covering the chest and different scenes are depicted like winged goddesses, different offering represented to Osiris in different forms and mourning scenes. There’s also texts mention offering formulas and recital by different gods.

The case depicts the following:

The head: goddess Serqet with uplifted arms.

The left side: different offerings are represented (incense, wine, necklace etc.) to different gods, Hori accompanied by different gods and a scene of Hori receiving the double menit from Hathour.

The right side: different vignettes from the books of the other world (Amduat, book of gates, book of earth, etc.), mythological scenes and a scene of representing plants to Osiris.

The interior decorations depict winged Djed pillar, outstretched winged ba bird and different guardian gods.

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Professor Doctor Joanna Popielska-Grzybowska

Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich Orientalnych

Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Polska

TITLE

An Egyptological reflection on Eça de Queiroz’s journey through Egypt

KEYWORDS

Eça de Queiroz, Egypt, 19th century, Egyptomania, Travels to the Middle East

ABSTRACT

José Maria de Eça de Queiroz is undeniably one of the greatest Portuguese novelists. He lived in the 19th century, which was characterized by great interest in the Orient, the Holy Land and Egypt, and he succumbed to the fascination by the idea of the trip to the Middle East, being an experience that many writers of the time had as well. Among many other places he had been to and narrated about, vivid for consideration and captivating for an Egyptologist, are his visits to the Bulak Museum in Heliopolis, Giza, Saqqara and Memphis. The author of the paper intends to convey the enchantment by Ancient Egypt and admiration of the writer of the 19th century for ancient cultures. Likewise, the present author reveals her astonishment and appreciation for the richness of the means of expression of the Portuguese language in the account of the visit in the enchanting country that Egypt may be.

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Egypt: Art, Religion, Culture

Raquel Lavrador Novais

CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

Decapitation in Egypt in the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC):

Between

life

and death, threat and act, body and sign.

From literature to material “evidence”

KEYWORDS

Egypt; Old Kingdom; Decapitation; Funerary and mythological literature; Reserve Heads

ABSTRACT

The death penalty existed throughout the history of Ancient Egypt as a punishment for crimes of desecration of sacred sites. As one of the various options, decapitation represented the major fear for Egyptians meaning the corrupting of one of the fundamental concepts of this civilization - the post-mortem transition from earthly life to the afterlife. Although attested in the judicial corpus from the New Kingdom as a crime sanction, there is still a debate about the real application of decapitation in Old Kingdom.

The Contendings of Horus and Seth, in literature, and the Reserve Heads, in sculpture, personify the ideology behind the theme of decapitation but also the challenges of its analysis. As a satire, the myth warns of improper conduct of the gods themselves metaphorically representing the acts of Humanity and its consequences. Therefore, by dissecting it we get the binary oppositions - order-chaos and life-death - that structure the theme of decapitation. Crossing it with funerary literature as the Coffin Texts and the Pyramid Texts we chase new evidences about the crime punishment dynamic – who was supposed to be decapitated, by whom, how it was done, how it was avoided, how the previous state could be restored. The Reserve Heads reify all the assumptions by introducing a visual twist of the theme. Raising questions about aesthetic theories, canons of representation, confronting realism and idealization, portrait identification correlated with self-eternalization and self-monumentalization, and ritual mutilation. On the one hand questioning whether the beheading theme is approached as a threat or effective penalty, on the other questioning the material evidence as a “body” or a “sign/symbol”. Literature and sculpture breaking dogmas and promoting new debates about the Old Kingdom in Ancient Egypt.

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Francisco L. Borrego Gallardo

Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain

TITLE

In thy wings I raise myself: lecturas semióticas de las estatuas regias con

un halcón a la espalda del Reino Antiguo

KEYWORDS

Semiotics; Old Kingdom; Statuary; Falcon; Kingship

ABSTRACT

Al estudiar la imagen egipcia en la Egiptología ha predominado una mirada anclada en presupuestos tomados de la Historia del Arte occidental, basados en el análisis estilístico y una iconografía principalmente formalista y positivista, tratando las manifestaciones icónicas egipcias como si hubieran sido concebidas originalmente como “obras de arte”. En las últimas décadas, sin embargo, disciplinas como la Antropología cultural y la Hermenéutica han dejado patente lo limitado de estas aproximaciones para comprender los múltiples significados que el ámbito de la imagen tiene en culturas distintas de la occidental contemporánea. La Egiptología ha conocido varios intentos de renovación metodológica en esa dirección; uno de ellos, protagonizado por autores como Ph. Derchain, R. Tefnin o V. Angenot, se basa en las profundas y múltiples interrelaciones entre imagen y texto en el ámbito logoicónico del “discurso monumental”. De la mano de disciplinas como la Semiótica o la Lingüística cognitiva, ha planteado que figuras y escenas pueden ser leídas o decodificadas a modo de sintagmas u oraciones, accediendo de ese modo a las diferentes capas de significación que una imagen puede llegar a desplegar. Sin embargo, la aplicación de estos principios a casos particulares aún dista mucho de ser una práctica establecida o habitual. Esta comunicación se plantea, así, como un estudio de caso a partir de esas premisas metodológicas y de algunos desarrollos teóricos propios. El ejemplo elegido para aplicar estos presupuestos analíticos es el de las esculturas del Reino Antiguo que presentan un halcón detrás de la cabeza de un monarca. La implementación de esta metodología iconológica y semiótica permite plantear nuevas lecturas de esta clase de estatuas y, por consiguiente, un mejor conocimiento de ciertos aspectos de la religión y la realeza egipcias del Reino Antiguo.

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Arkadiy E. Demidchik

Novosibirsk National Research State University, Russia

TITLE

On the beginning of monumental stone building in ancient Egyptian

provincial temples

KEYWORDS

Egyptian Temples, Famine, Elephantine, Khnum

ABSTRACT

Although in the Old Kingdom the Egyptians erected giant pyramids of stone for their pharaohs, their gods’ temples in the provinces were still constructed of nondurable mudbricks. It is considered that building in stone were initiated in provincial temples at the behest of the early XIth dynasty kings Wahankh Intef and Nakht-Nebtepnefer Intef (XXI century B.C). But what could be the Intefs’ incentive for such a grand and labor-intensive innovation, especially as it happened amidst First Intermediate Period turmoil, at the moment when their fledgling Theban monarchy controlled only ten southernmost nomes?

It is shown in the paper that the Intefs’ stone building in the provinces was mainly confined to the construction and redevelopments of the chapels of the goddess Satet and the god Khnum on the island of Elephantine of the archipelago of the Nile First Cataract. Close scrutiny of the inscriptions from the chapels proves that Satet and Khnum were invoked therein primarily as lords of the sources of the Upper Egyptian inundation, which were believed to be located at the First Cataract. This correlates well with the fact that deficient Nile floods and acute food shortages are mentioned in First Intermediate period and early Middle Kingdom writings far more often than in any other period of Egyptian history. It is highly probable that the Intefs undertook innovative stone building on Elephantine first and foremost for the sake of deliverance fromsuch calamities. Later, “The Book of the Temple” and the famous “Famine Stela” stressed that it had been the deficiency of the Nile floods that had once forced kings to dramatically increase royal favors to provincial temples.

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Valentina Santini

CAMNES - Center for Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Studies, Italy

TITLE

A Brand-New Cult in a Traditional People:

What Is the Role of “Antiquity” during the Amarna Age?

KEYWORDS

Amarna Age; Private Religion; Antiquity; Tradition; Atenism

ABSTRACT

The Amarna Age is an innovative and revolutionary period, marked by significant changes in many aspects of social life, mostly influenced by the new State religion, characterized by the rise of the Aten as a supreme god.

In this period, all but everything (administration, art, literature and, of course, especially religion) inclined towards innovation and novelty.

Therefore, what was the role of tradition and “antiquity”, during the Amarna Age? How did common people react to the strong damnatio memoriae cast by the pharaoh Akhenaten against Amun and other deities, and to the rise of the atenism? Did private citizens accept and embrace the new cult (and all related changes) or did they remain clinging to past religion and to the classical pantheon?

In order to find an answer, a closer look must be given to Amarna/Akhetaten, the brand-new capital built as the great centre of atenism.

Within the iconography of the tombs cut in the rocks and built on the surface of the Amarna necropolis, mythological scenes were replaced by images of everyday life, and the Hymns to the Aten took the place of traditional funerary texts. Moreover, the Aten was often the only god represented on the walls of those tombs.

It would seem that everyone approved and supported the new religion: then why are objects (amulets, coffins, altars...) found in the tombs of the Amarna necropolis and in the houses of the atenistic capital clearly related to the past traditional pantheon? Could it be linked to the strong fear of the unknown, partly connected with the Afterlife, which characterized that period? Could the well-known customary religion give much more certainty of reaching the Duat safe and sound?

In substance, was “antiquity” considered as the only safe harbor in a so clouded (and sometimes frightening) henotheistic cult?

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Egypt: Reception

Ronaldo G. Gurgel Pereira

CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

Aegyptiaca: Greek-Egyptian Cultural and Religious Interactions during the

Saite 26th Dynasty (7th-6th centuries BC)

KEYWORDS

Cross-Cultural relations, Late Period Egypt, Saite Dynasty, Ancient Greece, History of Religion, Aegyptiaca, First Millennium BC

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to approach the cross-cultural contacts between Egypt and the Greek world during the 26th Egyptian “Saite” Dynasty (664 – 525 BC). It shall deal with archaeological and literary sources in order to debate the dynamics of the Greek-Egyptian intercultural relations from the religious perspective.

Polytheistic societies such as ancient Greek and Egyptian are familiar to the phenomenon of “translating” foreign gods and pantheons. Such translation of Greek gods into Egyptian equivalents and vice versa depends on previous awareness of the other’s culture. The acceptance that a given god is the representative of a universal force, rather than a mere cultural element, promotes mutual tolerance and respect. What we may call “interpretatio graeca” or “interpretatio aegyptica” are the product of intercultural relations that can be analyzed under an anthropological perspective of its iconographic and linguistic elements.

Thus, this paper will explore the religious affinity developed between Greeks and Egypt en face a new reality of military and diplomatic ties promoted by the pharaohs of the Saite Dynasty.

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Åke Engsheden

Stockholm University, Sweden

TITLE

Mirroring Ancient Egypt in Heredia’s Egyptian poem

KEYWORDS

Egyptomania, French 19th-century poetry, José-Maria de Heredia, resurrection, World Expo 1867

ABSTRACT

One of the lesser explored areas of Egyptomania are its links to poetry. In this paper, I discuss the role of Egyptianizing poetry in French literature, in particular the Parnassian movement (1860s and onwards) by highlighting a few aspects of José-Maria de Heredia’s sonnet cycle “La Terre de Khèmi” from 1874, which was shortened to half its length in Heredia’s lifetime achievement, the poetry collection Les Trophées from 1893 where it appears under the title “La vision de Khèm”. Its genesis is unclear, but it can be safely assumed that Heredia’s vision drew more inspiration from the World Expo in Paris in 1867 than from real monuments. Even if it is true that the author, similar to other Parnassians in general (Leconte de Lisle as a clear exception), did not aim at representing pharaonic Egypt in an archaeologically faithful way, a professional Egyptological view and a close reading of Heredia’s œuvre make it likely that one has in general misunderstood the topic of the little-studied poem. The resurrection of gods and pharaohs which fills the last quatrain is neither derisory, as stated in an authoritative edition, nor can it be linked to the rebirth of the phoenix. In my view, it is a nocturnal reenactment in perpetuity, which is underscored by the atemporal character of the poem in its second and shorter version.

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André Patrício

Marcus Carvalho Pinto

CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

The Café Oriental: Egypt in Portugal at the Beginning of the XX Century

KEYWORDS

Reception of Antiquity; Ancient Egypt; Café Oriental; Tutankhamun; Ichnography

ABSTRACT

In the 1920’s, the discovery of the tomb of King Tutankhamun started a cultural phenomenon that gripped the world’s imagination. Designs and motifs inspired in the Ancient Egypt became popular worldwide and the city of Guimarães, in the North of Portugal, was not an exception.

In 1925 it was inaugurated the Café Oriental. Replicating in its interior a refined Egyptian ambience with furniture, accurate New Kingdom murals, Old Kingdom sculptures and architectural details from ancient Egyptian temples and palaces. The Café Oriental was in the centre of Guimarães’ cultural life until its destruction in the 1960’s.

Using photographic glass plates dated from the 1920’s as well as local newspapers and the remaining furniture of the Café Oriental, our current purpose is to identify the models and ideas that shaped the creation of this establishment.

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José das Candeias Sales

Universidade Aberta and CHUL, Portugal

Susana Mota

CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

History, art and curses:

how the Portuguese press reported the discovery of the tomb of

Tutankhamun

KEYWORDS

Tutankhamun; Portuguese press; History; Art; Curses

ABSTRACT

It is certainly no exaggeration to say that the pharaoh Tutankhamun is among the best-known pharaohs by non-experts in Egyptology. It may even be said that he is the best known of them all. However, this is not because of his exceptional or far-reaching governmental acts to the history of Egypt of his time. In fact, having ascended to the throne as a child, and have died before he reached the age of 20, the young child who ruled Egypt in the 14th _{century BC for about 10 years (1333-1323 BC) is best known for}

the exceptional discovery of his tomb (KV 62) in the Valley of the Kings by Howard Carter and his patron Lord Carnarvon.

The amazing discovery that occurred on the 4th _{November of 1922, the official opening}

of the tomb, and the ten years of excavation that followed were unveiled in the international press in an unusual and unprecedented way. As a result of this massive publication of news about the discovery and the excavation of the tomb of Tutankhamun, the name of the virtually incognito 12th _{pharaoh of the New Kingdom,}

and of the main players in this “wonderful discovery in the Valley” became well known for millions of readers around the world.

The research project Tutankhamon em Portugal. Relatos na imprensa portuguesa (1922-1939), aims, in the context of the Reception of Antiquity studies, to understand how the Portuguese press reported the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun. Portugal was, in the early 20th _{century, a country with no direct connection with any archaeological work}

in Egypt, and the press was dominated by the political troubled reality of the time. Thus, it is our goal to understand whether, even in this particular reality, Carter’s great archaeological discovery had an impact on the Portuguese press, and in what form the discovery was release to the public.

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Mesopotamian Studies

Isabel Gomes de Almeida

Maria de Fátima Rosa

CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

Vera Gonçalves

FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

The Divine Feminine in Mesopotamia: glyptic symbology from the Dyala

region (4

_{– 3}

_{millennia BC)}

KEYWORDS

Archaeology of Religion, Mesopotamian Goddesses, Inanna/Ištar, Jemdet Nasr Period, Cylinder Seals

ABSTRACT

The importance of the rivers on the birth of Mesopotamian civilization is well known. One of these fluvial courses, the Dyala, an affluent of the Tigris, brought fertility to its region, which had a substantial geo-strategic importance given that it linked the alluvial Mesopotamian area with the Iranian plateau. During the transition from the 4th _{to the}

3rd _{millennia BC, the Dyala region saw the rise of urbanism, and in centuries to come}

Ešnunna (Tell Asmar) would rise as one of the key powers in Mesopotamia.

The archaeological excavations in this region, during the 1930’s and 1940’s, led by the Oriental Institute of Chicago, brought to light several sites dating back to the 4th

millennium BC. Some of them display data that confirms a continuous occupation until the First Babylonian dynasty (19th _{century BC). Hence, the analysis of its material culture}

affirms itself as an excellent case-study to identify the multiple layers and traits of this civilization. In what concerns the religious sphere, the material found in the cultic structures, namely the cylinder seals and its symbolic content, can help to shed light on the religious thought and practices in Early times. Following the work we have been developing together in the last couple of years, focused on the Mesopotamian Divine Feminine representations, with this paper we propose to analyse the feminine symbols present in the cylinder seals found in three archaeological sites of Dyala (Tell Agrab, Khafajah, and Tell Asmar).

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Beatriz Catarina Tralhão Freitas

CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

Construção de Identidades no Período Neo-Assírio

KEYWORDS

Assíria; I milénio a.C.; Identidades; Representação do outro; Perceções

ABSTRACT

Durante o I milénio a.C., a Assíria constituiu-se como a potência com maior extensão territorial no Médio Oriente Antigo, comportando, no seu auge, territórios desde a Anatólia às Montanhas dos Zagros e da Arménia ao Golfo Pérsico. Face à grande amplitude geográfica os assírios socorreram-se de instrumentos de natureza político-militar e diplomática que, aliados a registos textuais e visuais, consubstanciavam e efetivavam o seu poder.

De um ponto de vista ideológico, a ascensão de Aššur a líder do panteão era projetada na terra através do reconhecimento da soberania do seu representante: o rei assírio. As decisões reais, incluindo os atos militares, eram entendidos como desejo do próprio deus já que cabia ao governante executar os desígnios divinos. Assim, o objetivo da expansão era desenvolver o projeto de um mundo civilizado, dominado pelo rei da Assíria no plano terreno e pelo deus Aššur no plano divino.

Os territórios que ficavam para lá do seu domínio eram hostis, caóticos, selvagens, mas um espaço que era seu por direito. A guerra, legitimada como um meio para restabelecer a ordem e, simultaneamente, como instrumento simbólico de estruturação e monopolização da Assíria, tornou-se o lugar por excelência de contacto e encontro com o “não-assírio”.

A materialização iconográfica da figura real e dos seus feitos, enquanto ferramenta de apropriação de formas de ver e organizar o mundo, espelhava a diversidade de vivências históricas e culturais, coadjuvando as autodefinições de grupos e dos seus membros. Neste sentido, a presente comunicação consiste na análise de baixos-relevos assírios que retratam “o outro” procurando entender de que forma é que estas representações assumiam um papel fundamental na orientação de condutas e práticas sociais, a fim de compreender as perceções que as próprias Antiguidades estabeleciam entre si.

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Professor Doctor Anderson Zalewski Vargas

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil

TITLE

The Reception of Antiquity in the Cultural Globalization and Integration of

the Press of the XIX Century - Brazil and Portugal

KEYWORDS

Reception, Antiquity, XIX Century, Press, Argumentation

ABSTRACT

The lecture aims to present results of research in progress about the Reception of Antiquity in the Brazilian and Portuguese press in the first half of the nineteenth century. At that time - in a globalized world through the action of empires, commerce and the flow of ideas - among the various functions of the newspapers, we can name the transmission of information, the debate and the political struggle. In that context, Antiquity was not only a source of authority, but frequently composed the arguments offering models and anti-models, examples, epithets. I intend to offer a glimpse of this active appropriation of a past considered significant enough for reflection on the present and the future.

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Mediterranean World

Ana Margarida Arruda

Elisa de Sousa

Francisco B. Gomes

Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Letras - UNIARQ (Centro de

Arqueologia), Portugal

TITLE

Changing perspectives on the Phoenician presence in the Mediterranean,

past, present and future.

KEYWORDS

Ancient Mediterranean; Phoenician Studies; Historiography; Theory & Methodology; Intercultural Contact

ABSTRACT

When compared to other fields of study, Phoenician Studies are a relatively late addition to the list of disciplines focusing on the Ancient World as they only started to become institutionalized as an autonomous research field in the late 1960s. However, and despite their comparatively short history, Phoenician Studies have undergone a very significant evolution throughout the years. In fact, not only have an increasing number of research projects and finds enlarge their chronological and geographic scope, but theoretical and methodological approaches have also undergone very deep structural changes, from early, diffusionist models to current scholarship focusing on the diverse nature of the Phoenician diaspora and on the variety of local responses to Phoenician presence throughout the Mediterranean. This contribution aims to present a brief outline of the evolution of the field of Phoenician studies taking some of the more significant synthesis on the subject published throughout the past sixty years as barometers of the changing ideas and perspectives developed within the discipline. An attempt will also be made to reflect on the future of Phoenician Studies, at a point in time when the use (and abuse) of new analytical tools poses new and stimulating challenges to scholarship on intercultural encounters in the Ancient Mediterranean, especially in the framework of the Phoenician expansion.

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Ekaterine Kobakhidze

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia

TITLE

The First Image of Medea in Mediterranean Art?

KEYWORDS

Medea, Etruscan, Caere, Angitia, Vanth

ABSTRACT

A supposed image of Medea first appeared in world art on Etruscan ceramics made from Etrusco-Corinthian ware during the Orientalizing period. Particularly, on famous amphora, preserved in the Allard Pierson Museum of Amsterdam, dating from 660-640 BC, probably found in the Etruscan city of Caere where according to widespread opinion, Medea and a three-headed dragon have been pictured.

The woman wrapped in a long cloak, facing the three-headed snake, and touching the two upper heads with outstretched arms has been quite enthusiastically connected to the episode of the Argonaut myth, according to which Medea puts the dragon guarding the Golden Fleece to sleep with a spell. The basic argument that an image of a woman with three-headed serpent depicts Medea, emanates from inscription “Metaia”, appearing on an Etruscan Caeretan olpe of the same period, which represents an Etruscan transliteration of Medea's name. Apart from this, the connection between Medea and the woman pictured on the olpe, at a glance, is bolstered by the fact that Medea also appears surrounded by snakes on Greek ceramics.

The paper gives analyses of previously undertaken research, Greek and Roman literary sources and recently discovered archeological material, providing a solid precondition for substantive and new conclusions- the amphora discovered in Cerveteri with the image of the woman and a three-headed serpent is not Medea and could represent some unknown local mythological story.

This story most probably reflects the voyage of a deceased person to the underworld or some ritual connected to the burial, where the three-headed snake depicts a creature living in (or guarding) the underworld, with this creature in turn being approached by a priestess or goddess (Angitia or Vanth) or the deceased herself.

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Kerasia Stratiki

Hellenic Open University, Greece

TITLE

Sparta, Thira, Cyrene.

Myth and cult of Thiras, founder of a Lacaedemonian colony

KEYWORDS

Colonization, Foundation, Founder, Myth, Cult

ABSTRACT

The annual cult of the founder of a Greek city served both as a symbol of unity and as a celebration of the local identity and was practised throughout the territories controlled by the city. Yet, the symbolic value of such a cult built up even more in case the hero worshiped was the founder of a colony. The annual festivities in his honour were a prominent city affair and an opportunity to commemorate the founding of the colony by its metropolitan city. Between those two worlds also lay the founder of a Lacaedemonian colony in the Aegean, Thiras. In the Periegesis, Thiras is put down as the sole founder of a Greek colony, with Pausanias describing his cult. The said hero appears to have attracted Pausanias’ attraction because the myth surrounding him and his cult portray the past of Sparta and the origins of the Spartan kingship, as well as a part of the (not-so-known) colonisation of the island of Thira by Sparta. Not to mention that according to Herodotus, Grinnos, Thira's king and direct descendant of his eponymous hero, was the first to receive an oracle for the foundation of Cyrene.

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Fausto Fialho

Isabel Gomes de Almeida

CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

From Mediterranean to China:

Religious elements in Buddhism through the Silk Road

KEYWORDS

History of Religion, cultural interactions, Ancient Middle East symbols, Mahāyāna Buddhism, Chinese Buddhism

ABSTRACT

During several centuries, the Mahāyāna Buddhism travelled through Central Asia, on its way to China. In this long journey, this religion contacted with numerous cultural contexts, assimilating elements from different origins. Thus, the Buddhism that arrived to Dunhuang, the famous Chinese “Jade Gates”, in the first centuries of the Christian Era, was deeply transformed, integrating references that came as far as the Mediterranean shores.

In fact, the contacts between the Ancient Near and Middle East with Central Asia, through the millenary system of communications known as the “Silk Road”, allowed that several religious and cultural elements (whether one speaks about animal symbols or iconographic traits) reached distant territories. By means of systematic and complex syncretic processes, these elements were continuously absorbed, integrating different cultural and religious frameworks. Being no exception, during its journey to China, the Mahāyāna Buddhism came across and integrated several of those elements.

With this paper, we aim to analyze some of the religious elements that travelled from Mediterranean to China, focusing our attention on the Chinese Buddhists objects belonging to the collection of the Macau Scientific and Cultural Centre (CCCM), in Lisbon.

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Reception Studies: Varia

António Manuel de Andrade Moniz

CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

O Fascínio da Cultura Clássica na Vida e Obra do Infante D. Pedro de Avis

Cultura Clássica, valores humanos, ideal de governação.

ABSTRACT

A Cultura Clássica exerceu um verdadeiro fascínio na vida e obra do Infante D. Pedro de Avis (1392-1449).

Com efeito, ele foi tradutor do De Officiis, de Cícero, e do De Re Militari, de Vegécio, além de ter composto em latim uma oração para a canonização do Condestável D. Nun’Álvares Pereira. A sua obra Livro da Virtuosa Benfeitoria é um notável repositório de citações de autores clássicos, bem como de referências a várias personalidades da História da Grécia e Roma antigas. A essência do seu ideal de governação e a sua grande preocupação pela Justiça tiveram como grandes pilares autores como Aristóteles, Cícero e Séneca, bebendo neste último o seu estoicismo.

Deste modo, a Cultura Clássica constituiu para o Infante uma das principais fontes do seu saber e dos valores humanos que nortearam toda a sua vida, podendo dizer-se que não apenas “nos seus braços se perdeu”, mas principalmente se encontrou a si próprio, num fascínio que foi testemunhado pela sua divisa désir.

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Filipa Araújo

CIEC, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal

TITLE

The reception of classical myths in Alciato’s Emblemata - an inspiring

contribution to Portuguese Baroque art?

KEYWORDS

Antiquity, Emblem, Alciato, Hieroglyphs, Baroque

ABSTRACT

Considering the enthusiastic reception of Antiquity in the Modern Period, this proposal discusses how ars emblematica contributed to that phenomenon, since emblem books transferred and revised ancient models (such as hieroglyphic language and Classical poetry), creating a new type of cultural production.

In 1531, Alciato printed the first version of his Emblematum Liber, which soon became not only an editorial success, but also provided inspiration for Arts. According to Alciato’s own words, his purpose was producing new hieroglyphs, in order to enable a universal language of “mute signs”, mostly taken from ancient authors. Some of these compositions imitate or translate epigrams displayed by the Anthologia Graeca and many reproduce mythological contents, but the ingenious relation between text and images changed their communicative potential. The triplex emblematic pattern (motto, picture, verse text) became widespread and the influence of logo-iconic compositions extended over the whole of Europe from 16th to 18th centuries, including Portugal. This proposal will focus on the reception of classic myths in Lusitanian emblem books and plastic arts, taking Alciato’s model as reference, in order to shed a new light on that mater.

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Carolina Subtil Pereira

FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

Receção da Antiguidade Oriental e bíblica na Época Moderna:

Viajantes e peregrinos entre Portugal e a Terra Santa

KEYWORDS

Viajantes Portugueses; Rotas Terrestres; Jerusalém; História Bíblica; Receção da Antiguidade

ABSTRACT

A região da Palestina, e Jerusalém em particular, afirma-se como um dos lugares centrais do Cristianismo, que recebe, atualmente, milhares de visitantes e peregrinos que chegam dos “quatro cantos do mundo”.

Mas como eram as peregrinações há cinco séculos atrás? Qual a preparação prática e espiritual necessária para uma viagem deste tipo? E que propósitos haveria para a realização destas viagens? As respostas a estas perguntas podem ser encontradas nos relatos de viajantes/peregrinos à Terra Santa que deixaram registo escrito. Mas mais que responder a estas questões, estes textos podem levantar outras discussões muito significativas. De que forma os homens dos séculos XVI e XVII entendiam a história do Próximo Oriente, nomeadamente a dos locais sagrados, e quais as perceções que tinham da Antiguidade oriental e bíblica? É precisamente este tema que pretende ser analisado e discutido nesta apresentação.

Partindo, então, dos textos de viajantes portugueses que passaram pela Terra Santa entre estes séculos, procuremos analisar referências a personagens ou episódios bíblicos, tanto do Antigo, como do Novo Testamento, avaliando-se as suas interpretações morais, tipológicas e anagógicas. As Sagradas Escrituras têm, portanto, um papel fulcral nesta equação, sendo muito estudadas por estes viajantes.

Eventualmente analisaremos referências à Antiguidade mesopotâmica, que tenham como pano de fundo o horizonte bíblico. Neste sentido, não poderemos deixar de abordar as eventuais conceções geográficas erróneas – o exemplo mais flagrante, nesta altura, é a confusão feita entre Bagdad e a Babilónia, por certos autores, tidas como a mesma cidade.

Este estudo pretende contribuir para a discussão em torno da Receção da Antiguidade, fornecendo elementos para investigações de grande interesse e que permitam conhecer melhor a mentalidade do homem moderno e do conhecimento que tinha sobre épocas anteriores.

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David Galicia Lechuga

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

TITLE

Cupido taumaturgo

Tópicos de enfermedad, muerte y resurrección de amor

KEYWORDS

Recepción de la Antigüedad, Poesía renacentista, Tradición clásica, Poesía de los Siglos de Oro, Amor en la literatura

ABSTRACT

El más importante legado de la Antigüedad grecolatina a la literatura europea es una serie de imágenes, motivos y tópicos, que inspiraron nuevas y originales obras. La labor de identificación de éstos se ha prolongado por siglos y nos proporciona una visión de la importancia e influencia de la Antigüedad desde el Renacimiento hasta nuestros días. El propósito de este trabajo es explorar uno de los tópicos menos conocidos: el de Eros/Cupido como un sanador, tal como lo consagraba Platón en el Banquete. Se mostrará que esta concepción fue ignorada entre los poetas de la Antigüedad, que prefirieron hacer hincapié en otros aspectos de este dios. En cambio, hacia el final de la Edad Media, Petrarca rescatará este aspecto olvidado en uno de los poemas de su Canzoniere para explicar la naturaleza paradójica de la pasión y la incapacidad de desprenderse de ella, ya que Amor crea una herida a la vez que la sana. Por su parte, Juan Boscán llevará el tópico a otro extremo al otorgarle a Amor la capacidad de resurrección. Con ello busca retomar una dimensión espiritual de la pasión que se adecue a los preceptos de la última parte de su cancionero, en la que el yo lírico, después de haber pasado por el sufrimiento amoroso, se vuelve un ejemplo y alcanza una nueva visión espiritual dirigida hacia Dios. Por último se observará cómo esta visión expuesta por Boscán, típicamente renacentista, será disuelta por Góngora, quien recrea ingeniosamente los tópicos de enfermedad, muerte y resurrección de amor, con el fin de romper con la tradición petrarquista y señalar nuevos caminos poéticos.

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Greco-Roman Studies

Leonor Santa Bárbara

CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

Eros, from Antiquity to Art

KEYWORDS

Eros, Art, Love, Antiquity, Modernity

ABSTRACT

Eros, known to us mainly as the god of Love, became familiar to us as a winged child, armed with bow and arrows. Yet, Antiquity shows us that this god may have other occupations. He hasn’t been represented always in the same way and his most well-known form is a production from the Hellenistic Age.

Later, the god was represented in different other ways, both in sculpture and painting. These representations focus on legends connected with the god of love.

The purpose of this paper is to show how Eros’ representations evolved since the most ancient, to the famous child, establishing a connection with the way he has been represented since the Renaissance.

39

Mariana Morais

CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal

TITLE

Warpaint: body art as a tool for the alteration of perception in militar

contexts (a case study in Herodotus)

KEYWORDS

Ancient Warfare; Body Art; Herodotus; Paint; Sensory Perception

ABSTRACT

Warfare is largely based on the senses and on psychomotor capabilities of those involved; soldiers and commanders need to be aware of their surroundings and of the enemy in order to fight. Any disruption which leads to alteration of perception can prove disastrous, and Ancient Warfare has numerous such cases. In Herodotus, the case study of the usage of whitewash by the Phocians against the Thessalians is a good example of the effect’s deception can have in the perception of reality by an enemy army, leading them to lose their north and consequently lose the battle. In other words, deception is a key element in warfare, due to its ability to shift the state of mind of the enemy, causing them to become confused, and hence less proficient in their tasks.

In my communication, I intend to approach the topic of deception as a disruptor for the experience of battle, supporting my statements with evidence collected from the aforementioned battle between Phocians and Thessalians, recounted by Herodotus in his Histories (book 8, sections 27 and 28). Furthermore, I will also aim to provide an overview of the importance of perception as a whole in the topic of battle, and how perception (or the disruption of perception) contributes to the outcome of military episodes.

40

Gyongyi Domokos

University of Pecs, Hungary

TITLE

The narrative recusatio

KEYWORDS

recusatio, Genre, Callimachos, Golden Age, intertextuality

ABSTRACT

The recusatio is principally known as a literary topos used in the Golden Age of Augustus, especially by Vergil, Propertius, Ovid and Horace. However, this refusal of changing genre can be found in several Ancient Greek texts as well, it has been principally analyzed in isolated contexts. The way of recieving answers for global questions, like the transformation of recusatio by different ages, can light on a new approach of the interpretation relating to not just the recusatio and the concerning texts, but the whole generic system.

In the Hellenistic Age a new recusatio type could be recognized by me called narrative recusatio. Whereas in the Archaic Age the object of the recusatio becomes emphasized, concerning the Apollo form in the Aetia of Callimachos the narrative field obtains an extended highlight. Furthermore, in the text a sort of metageneric symbolic speech is embedded which represents a particular generic approach for this age. This lecture gives a new approach to the interpretation of recusationes, as well as, defines a new type of them.