Appropriate mechanical harvesting systems for different types of olive orchards

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UNIVERSITY

of

LIFE SCIENCES

in Lublln

era-FARM MACHINERY AND PROCESSES MANAGEMENT

IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

VI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM

VI International Scientific Symposium

FARM MACHINERY

AND PROCESSES MANAGEMENT

IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Symposium Proceedings

Edited by

Edmund Lorencowicz, Jocek Uziak, Bruno Huyghebaert

Published by

Department of Mochinery Exploitation

and Management of Production Processes University of Life Sciences in Lublin, POLAND

The symposium is organized in the research proiect

,.Optimization of composition and pressure agglomeration of plant biomass in terms of combustion parameters in heating insfaJiafions of low power " NN 313 7 57 5 40

Organizers

University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Deportment of Machinery Exploitation

and Management of Production Processes, Lublin, POLAND

Wolloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, BELGIUM

Programmes & Organizing Committee

Chairmen

Prof. dr hob. Jozef Sawa, University of life Sciences in Lublin, Poland Prof. dr Yves Schenkel, Wolloon Agricultural Research Centre, Belgium

Members

lr. Bruno Huygheboert

Dr. Gerhard Moitzi

Prof. dr hob. Edmund Lorencowicz Prof. dr hob. Janusz Nowak Prof. Dr. Taskin Oztas

Prof. Athanassios Papogeorgiou

Prof. lng. Giacomo Scarascio-Mugnozzo Prof. dr hob. Mieczyslaw Szpryngiel Prof. dr Jacek Uziok

Cover page: Jaroslaw Figurski Cover page photo: Slawomir Kocira

CRA- W Gembloux/BELGIUM

BOKU -University of Natural Resources and life Sciences, Vienna/ AUSTRIA

University of Life Sciences in Lublin/POLAND University of Life Sciences in Lublin/POLAND

Atotiirk University, Erzurum/TURKEY Technological Educational Institute of Kalomoto/GREECE

University of Bari Aldo Moro /ITALY

University of Life Sciences in Lublin/POLAND University of Botswana/BOTSWANA

All papers are published on the responsibility of authors and after the positive reviewing by the Symposium Organizing Committee.

ISBN 978-83-937433-0-8

The organizers wish to acknowledge with gratitude

the sponsorship and support of

Rector of the University

of

Life Sciences

in

Lublin

Marshal

of

Lubelskie

L

ubel

s

kie

European Society

of

Agricultural Engineers

Polish

Society

of

Agricultural Engineers

Branch Lublin

Wytwornia Sprz~tu Komunikacyjnego

,PZL-Swidnik",

an AgustaWestland company

Same Deutz-Fahr Polska

Sp. z o.o.

Agencja Rynku Rolnego Oddzial Lublin

Agricultural Market Agency

Lublin Branch EurAgEng

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1'/lntemmiona/ Scienti)ic Svmposium

"/·(mu MachineJT and Processes ,1/anagement in Sustainable Agriculture". Lublin. l'o/aJI(/. 201 J

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 9

Valerii ADAMCHUK, Volodymyr BULGAKOV, Hryhorij KALETNIK, // Andrii BORYS, Janusz NOWAK

THE THEORY OF WORKING BODY FOR PROCESS OF DIVISION OF TOPS OF A SUGAR BEET

Valerii ADAMCHUK, Volodymyr BULGAKOV, Hryhorij KALETNIK /7

THE THEORY OF VIBRATING EXCAVATION OFROOTCROPSOFASUGARBEET

Arlindo ALMEIDA

APPROPRIATE MECHANICAL HARVESTING SYSTEMS

FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF OLIVE ORCHARDS

23

Rat~ll BAUM, Karol WAJSZCZUK, Jacek WA WRZYNOWICZ, Jaroslaw 29 WANKOWICZ

SHAPING AN ORGANIZATIONAL CUL TlJRE IN AGRICULTURE ENTERPRISE- A CASE STUDY

Tomasz BERBEKA, Tomasz SZUK, Tomasz WICIAK 33

MODERNIZATION OF FARMS IN LOWER SILESIA

Robert BOREK 39

AGROFORESTRY- A SUSTAINABLE LAND USE FOR THE FUTURE OF

EUROPEAN AGRICUL TlJRE

Philippe BURNY, Franyois Terrones GAVIRA, Maxime HABRAN -I/

IMPACT OF DIFFERENT SCENARIOS RELATED TO THE NEW

COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY ON FARM INCOME IN WALLONIA

Philippe BURNY, J'vlaxime HABRAN, Frmwois Ten·ones GAVIRA -15

THE COIVIMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY TOWARDS 2020

Philippe BURNY, Frederic DEBODE -19

DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC FARMING IN WALLONIA: PAST, PRESENT AND PERSPECTIVES

Malgorzata BZOWSKA-BAKALARZ, Michal PNIAK, rvtartin BAGAR, 53 Andrzej WILCZANSKI

BIOLOGICAL CROP PROTECTION USING AU TOGYRO-MOUNTED SPRAYING SYSTEMS

Maria Lisa CLODOVEO, Simone PASCUZZI, 57

Giacomo SCARASCIA MUGNOZZA, Riccardo AMIRANTE

APPLICABILITY OF EXPERIENCE FROM LABORATORY SCALE EXPE RIMENTS TO DEVELOP A MORE SUSTAINABLE VIRGIN OLIVE OIL

INDlJSTRIAL PLANT

Renata CZECZKO 65

INFLUENCE OF AGROECOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF SELECTED VEGETABLE SPECIES

Artur GODYN, Ryszard I-IOLOWNICKI, Grzegorz DORUCI-IOWSKI, 6~

Waldemar SWIECHOWSKI

THE COMPARISON OF THE NOZZLE INSPECTION METHODS: NOZZLE FLOW VS. SPRAY TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION- THE METHODOLOGY AND THE FIRST RESULTS

r "llntemational Sciem!fic s:n11posium

'Turm i\laclrineJ:v and Pmcesses ,\/wragement in s·ustainab/e .·lgricuftw;e", l.ubfin. f'oland. 2013

APPROPRIATE MECHANICAL HARVESTING SYSTEMS

FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF OLIVE ORCHARDS

.·lrlindo .·I L.\IUD.-1

School !!{.-lgricullllre. Pu~vtechnic lnstitllfe (!t" Bragwrra - .\/oumain Research Centre

(('/A 10) Campus de Stu .. ·lpu/6nia -.·lpartaclo 1 17 2 5301-855 /Jraganra. POIUI iG.-1 L

e-mail: ac}(t'a·iph.pt

Keywords: olive harvesting. mechanical harvesting

I. Introduction

In the last decades olive growers spent a substantial part of their gross return to face high costs of manually cultural practices. due to shortage of

manpower.

Olive crop is in a critical situation due to low product price and high production costs.

In order to face the problem it is mandatory to increase competitiveness on

the global market reducing costs and improving fruit quality. Low

mechanization level penalizes the sector.

Olive harvesting mechanization systems allow achieving these goals

[Amirante. Tamborino 20121: costs - reducing manpower needs and quality - better work rates make possible to harvest in the optimal harvest timing.

For mechanical harvesting, different types of olive orchards must be

considered: (a) traditional ( < 150 trees per hectare). (b) high density olive orchards (300 to 400 trees per hectare) and (c) hedgerow olive orchards (I 000 to 2000 trees per hectare). For each olive orchard type, an appropriate

harvesting system is required.

2. Material and methods

2.1 Traditional olive orchard.~·

First experiments took place in Northeast of P011ugal (Tnis-os-Montes) in

Verdeal. Cobran<;osa and Madura! cultivars and in the South of the country (Aientejo) mainly with Galega and Picual cultivars.

Three treatments were compared: trunk shakers mounted on the front

loader of a tractor vvas used to detach olives, collected by manually moved canvas (system I) or by mechanical rolling canvas (system 11) or by an

inverted umbrella (system Ill) mounted on the front loader of a tractor (combined with the shaker) [A lrneida, 2007a].

Trees with large canopies (volume superior than I 00 m3 I 200 m3 and

trunk perimeter superior than 2 rn I 3.5 m) are not suitable for trunk shakers. So other experiments took place in Northeast of Portugal (Tnis-os-Montes) in Yerdeal, Cobranyosa and Madura! cultivars to evaluate the

performance and operational conditions of a spike rotor able to turn around

rt lntemational Sciem!fic s:nnposium

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its axle providing the brushing action to detach olives [Aimeida, 2007b].

This equipment work in conjunction with hand held shakers concentrated in

lower branches.

Trees are harvested one by one in this type of olive orchard.

2.2 High density olive orchards

Experiments took place in Northeast and South of Portugal mainly with. Cobranyosa and Picual cultivars. Specific mechanical rolling canvas

equipment has been designed to collect olives detached by trunk shakers.

Trees are harvested one by one.

2.3 Hedgerow olive orchards

This kind of olive orchard is becoming usual in some olive producers

regions. Observations in order to evaluate equipment performance and

operational conditions took place in central region of Portugal.

An over row equipment is an appropriate equipment. Olives are detached

and collected simultaneously row by row, not tree by tree.

3. Results

3.1 Traditional olive orchards

In this type of olive orchards field tests show a performance of 40 to 70

trees per hour (Fig. I) is easily achieved [Aimeida. 2007a], considering the

harvesting systems using a trunk shaker. Trunk shakers can detach 80% to

90% of olives produced [Michelakis, 2002].

100 90 80 70 :; 60 0 .s= ..._ "' so "' "' >=. 40 30 20 10 0

-1

-Sote 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Sole 6 Site 7 SiteS Site 9 Site 10 Site 11

Cl System I

System 11

•sostem 111

Figure I. Harvesting systems using trunk shakers in traditional orchards.

2./

11/lllemational Scientific Svmposium

''Farm Machillely and Processes Alanagemem i11 SusWi11able :lgriculture". Lublin. l'oland. ]f) 13

30 25 20

s

.=

[

__

_

_j]

Figure 2. Spike rotor work rates

- Big canopies

For trees with a canopy and trunk not suitable for shakers. a spike rotor is

a useful equipment, despite the lower performance - 12 to 25 trees per hour [Aimeida, 2007b ], but this equipment usually detaches I 00% of the olive production (Fig. 2).

In slopes special trajectories to move the harvesting equipment inside olive orchards are necessary to minimize the risk of accidents. These

solutions are necessary for a safe work, but can jeopardize the equipment

performance.

Work rates in slopes are lower than in olive orchards in tlat areas. In these field trials, in average, System I work rate have a reduction of 36%; System 11 work rate have a reduction of 26%; System Ill work rate have a reduction of20% (Fig. 3). 70 60 50 .... :J 0 ₄₀ ...c: ... VI • Flat area • Slopes 15%-25% Q) ₃₀ Q) .... 1-20 10 0

System I System 11 System Ill

Figure 3. Average work rate results in traditional orchards according slopes

I 'llntem(l(ional Sciemijic .\l'lnposium

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3.2 High densi~p olive orclumls

The reduced space between trees along lines does not allow the inver1ed umbrella work or a satisfactory work of conventional mechanical rolling canvas.

A specific mechanical rolling canvas has been designed to collect olives

detached by trunk shakers. The performance achieved is 40 to 50 trees per

hour [Peya, 2008].

3.3 Hedgerow olive orchards

In this kind of olive orchards. harvesting is a continuous work, row by

row.

Olives arc harvested and collected simultaneously. using an overrow

equipment. In this case. expected performance is 3 to 3.5 hours per hectare.

4. Conclusions

4.1 Traditional olive orchards

Experiments and their evaluation show that the most suitable system is the

trunk shaker (to detach olives) combined with the inverted umbrella (to collect detached olives) [Aimeida. 2007a]. Despite the performance is not the

best. it needs the minimum of manpower and the costs by production

harvested are lower.

The system using the spike rotor in conjunction with hand shakers may be

regarded as a useful tool tor olive harvesting of trees with large canopies

(volume between I 00 1113 and 200 1113 and the trunk diameter between 2 m

and 3.5 m), bearing in mind that values close to 100% of detachment can be

reached and that for such trees trunk shakers are inadequate. However, to

make operational costs competitive it is important to improve work organization and above all to increase olive production on these traditional

olive orchards. In the former aspect, the increase in the number of hand held

shakers concentrated in lower branches should be envisaged in the near

future.

Some of these old traditional olive orchards with autochthonous cultivars

with large canopies are able to produce high quality olive oil, factor of a

great impor1ance in a so competitive market. 4.2 High density olive orchards

In this case the most suitable harvesting system includes a trunk shaker vvith the specific mechanical rolling canvas referred. The pertonnance can be greatly improved if two rows are harvested simultaneously, using one trunk

shaker and two mechanical rolling canvas.

In these two types of olives orchards -traditional olive orchards and high density olive orchards. trees are harvest one by one - the most important factor affecting pertormance is the operational time to move equipment from

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one tree to the next. In order to get a better performance a good trafticabil ity

conditions for equipment is needed. This objective can be achieved by an

adequate soil management that reduces the soil water content in harvesting

season.

4.3 Hedgerow olive orchards

The continuous harvesting system with an overrow equipment is by now

the recommended procedure. This harvesting system requires a tree below a

certain height, width, and with trunk access or clearance below the canopy

for the fruit catching frame. It is not been fully demonstrated that the

topping, hedging and hand pruning required to maintain the adequate tree

size will produce annual economic crops [Ferguson, 2006].

5. References

[I] Almeida, Arlindo; Peya. Jose; Pinheiro, A nacleto; Oias. Ant6nio; Santos. Luis S.S. dos; Reynolds. Domingos; Lopes, Joao. 2007a. Pelj(mnance of three meclulllical

hmTesting systemsfor o/ires in Portugal. 35th International Symposium on

Agricultural Engineering. Opatija. Actual Tasks on Agricultural Engineering: 461-466.

(1] Almeida, Arlindo; Peya, Jose; Pinheiro, Anacleto; Dias, Ant6nio. 2007b. Performance ofthe "Oii-Picker" olive harvester in Tnls-os-Montes region of Portugal. CIOSTA Congress: Advances in labour and machinery management for a profitable agriculture and forestry. Nitra: 44-51.

[3] Amirante, P ., Tamborino, A. 0/ire l!mTesting .~vstems ill High Density Orclwrdv. Acta Horticulturae n° 949: 351-358.

[4J Ferguson, Louise. 2006. 7i·el1(lv in Olive lfmwstillg ill Trellds ill olive.fi'uit hwul/ing

pn!l·ivus to its illdustrialtramformation. Grasas y Aceites, 57 (I): 9-I 5.

[5] Michelakis, J, 2002. Olive Orclwrd1· . .\lanagement: .·ldvallces and Problems. Acta

Horticularc n° 586: 239-245.

[6] Pcya, Jose; Almeida, Arlindo; Pinheiro. Anacleto; Dias, Ant6nio; Santos, Luis S.S.dos;

Lopes, Joao; Reynolds, Domingos. 2008. ,\ leclwnical hmw.wing of.JOO trees per

hectare olil·e orclwrdv based on a rolling cwn·as prototype. Acta Horticulturae !1° 79: 363-367.