REVISTA DE PREHISTORIA Y ARQUEOLOGÍA

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ISSN: 0514-7336 - ISSN electrónico: 2386-3943 Vol. LXXIX, enero-junio 2017 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus201779

ZEPHYRVS

REVISTA DE PREHISTORIA Y ARQUEOLOGÍA

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ZEPHYRVS

REVISTA DE PREHISTORIA Y ARQUEOLOGÍA

ISSN: 0514-7336 – e-ISSN: 2386-3943 –DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus201779– CDU: 902 : 903

IBIC: Arqueología (HD) – BIC: Archaeology (HD) – BISAC: SOCIAL SCIENCE / Archaeology (SOC003000)

Vol. LXXIX, enero-junio 2017

DEPÓSITO LEGAL: S. 13-1958

Impreso en España - Printed in Spain - Trafotex Fotocomposición, S. L. - Impresión: Nueva Graficesa, S. L. L. SUSCRIPCIONES: MARCIALPONS. LIBREROS

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INTERCAMBIO: Universidad de Salamanca. Servicio de Bibliotecas - Intercambio editorial

Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Aptdo. 597, 37080 SALAMANCA. Correo-e: [email protected]

Ni la totalidad ni parte de esta revista puede reproducirse con fines comerciales sin permiso escrito de Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. A tenor de lo dispuesto en las calificaciones Creative CommonsCC BY-NC-ND y CC BY, se puede compartir (copiar, distribuir o crear obras derivadas) el contenido de esta revista, según lo que se haya establecido para cada una de sus partes, siempre y cuando se reconozca y cite correctamente la autoría (BY), con fines no comerciales (NC) y sin transformar nunca los contenidos ni crear obras derivadas (ND).

CONSEJO DE REDACCIÓN:

DIRECTORA: M.ª Soledad Corchón Rodríguez (Universidad de Salamanca)

SECRETARIA: Cruces Blázquez Cerrato (Universidad de Salamanca)

VOCALES: Enrique Ariño Gil (Universidad de Salamanca)

Enrique Cerrillo Martín de Cáceres (Universidad de Extremadura)

Germán Delibes de Castro (Universidad de Valladolid)

Ángel Esparza Arroyo (IEZ Florián de Ocampo)

Manuel R. González Morales (Universidad de Cantabria, Santander)

Ricardo Martín Valls (Centro de Estudios Salmantinos)

Gonzalo Ruiz Zapatero (Universidad Complutense de Madrid)

Manuel Santonja Gómez (CENIEH, Burgos)

CONSEJO ASESOR:

J. Antonio Abásolo Álvarez (Catedrático de Arqueología, Universidad de Valladolid)

Martín Almagro-Gorbea (Académico Anticuario, Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid)

Ofer Bar Yosef (Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.)

Manuel Bendala Galán (Catedrático de Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid)

José M.ª Bermúdez de Castro Risueño (Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos)

Gerhard Bosinski (Wissenschaftlicher Kurator Professor für Ur-und Frühgeschichte, Universität zu Köln)

M.ª Paz García-Bellido y García de Diego (Investigadora Científica, Instituto de Historia, CCHS-CSIC, Madrid)

Antonio Gilman (Professor of Anthropology, California State University, Northridge)

Jean Guilaine (Professeur, Collège de France, Paris)

José M.ª Gurt Esparraguera (Catedrático de Arqueología, Universidad de Barcelona)

Richard J. Harrison (Professor of European Prehistory, University of Bristol)

Majolie Lenerz-de Wilde (Professor für Frühgeschichte, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster)

Pierre Moret (TRACES/Université de Toulouse - Le Mirail, Toulouse)

Ricardo Olmos Romera (Director de la Escuela Española de Arqueología en Roma, Roma)

Sebastián Ramallo Asensio (Catedrático de Arqueología, Universidad de Murcia)

Georges Sauvet (Centre de Recherche et d’Étude de l’Art Préhistorique, Toulouse)

Paolo Sommella (Professore di Archeologia, Università degli Studi «La Sapienza», Roma)

Lawrence Guy Straus (Professor of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque)

Valentín Villaverde Bonilla (Catedrático de Prehistoria, Universidad de Valencia)

ZEPHYRVS: revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología abierta a la colaboración científica

de investigadores españoles y extranjeros.

CORRESPONDENCIA CIENTÍFICA: ZEPHYRVS. Departamento de Prehistoria, H.ª Antigua

y Arqueología. Fac. Geografía e Historia. C/ Cervantes, s/n. 37002 Salamanca (España). Correo-e: [email protected]

ZEPHYRVSse indiza en Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI-WoS), SCOPUS REDIB, Fuente Academica Plus, IBZ Online, Periodical Index Online, L’Année Philologique, Antrophological Literature, MLA – Modern Language Association Database, DOAJ, Dialnet y es evaluada en CARHUS Plus+ 2014 (grupo B), Clasificación Integrada de Revistas Científicas CIRC, Directory of Open Acess Journals, ERIHPLUS, GOOGLESCHOLARMETRICS(2011-2015 Índice H = 8), LATINDEX

(Ca-tálogo) y MIAR (ICDS= 10). Sello de calidad FECYT y SJR SCImago Jour-nal & Country Rank (SJR0,481; H index 4). En cuanto al auto-archivo,

figura en: Dulcinea (color azul) y Sherpa/Romeo (color blue). Otras bases de datos en las que figura son America History and Life (1964-1967), BHA (Bibliography of the History of Art), CINDOC-ISOC, EBSCO, Historical Abstracts (1964-1967), Info-Latinoamérica (ILA), International Bibliography of Books, Internationale Bibliographie der Rezensionen, Numismatic Literature, REDIB(Red Iberoamericana de Innovación y Conocimiento Científico), Reviews of Scholarly Literature y ULRICH’S.

Normas éticas de la revista ZEPHYRVS

Con el envío de sus originales a la revista Zephyrus, los autores se comprometen a aceptar los procedimientos usuales en la comuni-dad científica: solo se remitirán trabajos originales, que no hayan sido publicados anteriormente y que no se encuentren sometidos a evaluación por otras revistas. Así, los originales enviados a

Zephyrusno serán remitidos a otras publicaciones mientras no se complete el proceso de evaluación por parte de nuestra revista. Los autores deberán respetar la normativa internacional sobre derechos de autor de los textos, gráficos y demás materiales incluidos en sus escritos enviados a Zephyruspara publicar. Por su parte, los editores, el consejo de redacción y los revisores de la revista velarán por el mantenimiento de la integridad de la inves-tigación que, en primera instancia, es responsabilidad de los autores. Se hace, por tanto, una llamada a los autores para que continúen evitando prácticas como el plagio y el «autoplagio».

ZEPHYRVSes una revista científica internacional de PREHISTORIAy ARQUEOLOGÍAeditada por la Universidad de Salamanca, con periodici-dad semestral, en la que los originales recibi-dos son evaluarecibi-dos por revisores externos mediante el sistema conocido como de doble ciego. Las secciones son las siguientes: AR -TÍCULOS, VARIA, NOTAS CRÍTICASy RESEÑAS, y publican, respectivamente, trabajos originales de investigación, breves aportaciones científi-cas y estados de la cuestión o recensiones de monografías de calidad, seleccionadas entre aquellas obras recibidas en la Secretaría de Re-dacción de la revista. Los originales se publi-can en español, inglés y francés. El Consejo de Redacción puede admitir, excepcionalmente, originales remitidos en otras lenguas científi-cas. Los trabajos de investigación publicados en ZEPHYRVSrecogen, exclusivamente, las opi-niones científicas de sus autores. La revista declina toda responsabilidad que pudiera de-rivarse de la infracción de los derechos de pro-piedad intelectual o comercial.

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ZEPHYRVS

REVISTA DE PREHISTORIA Y ARQUEOLOGÍA

ISSN: 0514-7336 – e-ISSN: 2386-3943 – DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus201779 – CDU: 902 : 903 IBIC: Arqueología (HD) – BIC: Archaeology (HD) – BISAC: SOCIAL SCIENCE / Archaeology (SOC003000)

Vol. LXXIX, enero-junio 2017

ÍNDICE ARTÍCULOS

Neolithic archaeology at the Penedo dos Mouros rock-shelter (Gouveia, Portugal) and the issue of primitive transhumance practices in the Estrela Mountain range

António Faustino Carvalho, Vera Pereira, Carlos Duarte y Catarina Tente ... 19-38 ‘Biografía’ de un monumento megalítico: fases de uso y clausura en el dolmen de El Teriñuelo (Aldeavieja de Tormes,

Salamanca)

Cristina Tejedor Rodríguez, Manuel A. Rojo Guerra, Rafael Garrido Pena, Íñigo García Martínez de

Lagrán y Ángel L. Palomino Lázaro ... 39-61 Rasgos básicos de la extracción de variscita en Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora)

Ramón Fábregas Valcarce y Carlos Rodríguez Rellán ... 63-79 Situación de tumbas con ajuares de objetos cotidianos en algunas necrópolis celtibéricas de los ss. iv a ii a. C.

Magdalena Barril Vicente ... 81-101 La identificación del catastro rural romano a través de los fundi. Una metodología aplicada en el ager Iliberritanus

Mario Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, Margarita Orfila Pons y Elena H. Sánchez-López ... 103-125 Pinturas romanas procedentes de Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza): un taller en el valle medio del Ebro

Carmen Guiral Pelegrín ... 127-148 Un titulus pictus con titulatura imperial de Carthago Nova y puntualizaciones a la dinámica urbana de la ciudad a inicios

del s. iii d. C.

José Miguel Noguera Celdrán, Juan Manuel Abascal Palazón y María José Madrid Balanza ... 149-172 Un nuevo ocultamiento monetario de bronces romano-republicanos y de Castulo en el sur de Hispania: Torre de Bena-

galbón (Málaga)

Bartolomé Mora Serrano y Arturo Pérez Plaza ... 173-195 The ‘exceptional finds’ of Iruña-Veleia (Álava): Syntax of an archaeological forgery

Ignacio Rodríguez Temiño ... 197-217

VARIA

Sobre la pregnancia en la utilización del relieve en las cuevas de Bédeilhac (Ariège, Francia) y de El Pindal (Asturias, España)

Georges Sauvet y María González-Pumariega ... 221-231

RECENSIONES

Villalobos, R.: Análisis de las transformaciones sociales en la Prehistoria Reciente de la Meseta Norte española (milenios VI-III

cal a.C.)

Antonio Blanco González ... 233-234 Carrasco, G. (coord.): Vías de comunicación romanas en Castilla-La Mancha (Homenaje a Pierre Sillières)

Juan José Palao Vicente ... 235-237 Arévalo, A. (edit. científica): Monedas para el más allá. Uso y significado de la moneda en las necrópolis tardopúnicas y

romanas de Ebusus, Gades y Malaca

Cruces Blázquez Cerrato ... 238-240 Felle, A. E. y Rocco, A. (eds.): Off the Beaten Track. Epigraphy of the Borders

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ZEPHYRVS

REVISTA DE PREHISTORIA Y ARQUEOLOGÍA

Vol. LXXIX, January-June 2017

INDEX ARTICLES

Neolithic archaeology at the Penedo dos Mouros rock-shelter (Gouveia, Portugal) and the issue of primitive transhumance practices in the Estrela Mountain range

António Faustino Carvalho, Vera Pereira, Carlos Duarte and Catarina Tente ... 19-38 ‘Biography’ of a Megalithic monument: phases of use and closure at the passage grave of El Teriñuelo (Aldeavieja de Tormes,

Salamanca)

Cristina Tejedor Rodríguez, Manuel A. Rojo Guerra, Rafael Garrido Pena, Íñigo García Martínez de

Lagrán and Ángel L. Palomino Lázaro ... 39-61 Basic features of the variscite extraction in Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora)

Ramón Fábregas Valcarce and Carlos Rodríguez Rellán ... 63-79 Grave goods tombs situation with everyday objects in some Celtiberian necropolis to the ivth_-iind_{centuries bc}

Magdalena Barril Vicente ... 81-101 Detection of Roman rural cadasters through fundi. A methodology applied in ager Iliberritanus

Mario Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, Margarita Orfila Pons and Elena H. Sánchez-López ... 103-125 Roman wall paintings from Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza): a workshop in the middle Ebro valley

Carmen Guiral Pelegrín ... 127-148 A titulus pictus with an imperial mention in Carthago Nova and some considerations concerning the urban dynamics of

the city in the early 3rd_{century ad}

José Miguel Noguera Celdrán, Juan Manuel Abascal Palazón and María José Madrid Balanza ... 149-172 A new Republican Coin Hoard with Roman asses and coinage of Castulo bronzes from Southern Hispania: Torre de Bena-

galbón (Málaga)

Bartolomé Mora Serrano and Arturo Pérez Plaza ... 173-195 The ‘exceptional finds’ of Iruña-Veleia (Álava): Syntax of an archaeological forgery

Ignacio Rodríguez Temiño ... 197-217

VARIA

About the prominence in the use of natural accidents in the caves of Bédeilhac (Ariège, France) and El Pindal (Asturies, Spain)

Georges Sauvet and María González-Pumariega ... 221-231

REVIEWS

Villalobos, R.: Análisis de las transformaciones sociales en la Prehistoria Reciente de la Meseta Norte española (milenios VI-III

cal a.C.)

Antonio Blanco González ... 233-234 Carrasco, G. (coord.): Vías de comunicación romanas en Castilla-La Mancha (Homenaje a Pierre Sillières)

Juan José Palao Vicente ... 235-237 Arévalo, A. (edit. científica): Monedas para el más allá. Uso y significado de la moneda en las necrópolis tardopúnicas y

romanas de Ebusus, Gades y Malaca

Cruces Blázquez Cerrato ... 238-240 Felle, A. E. y Rocco, A. (eds.): Off the Beaten Track. Epigraphy of the Borders

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ÍNDICE ANALÍTICO

ZEPHYRVS

REVISTA DE PREHISTORIA Y ARQUEOLOGÍA

LXXIX, enero-junio 2017 - 244 páginas

António Faustino CARVALHO*, Vera PEREIRA**, Carlos DUARTE*** y Catarina TENTE****. * Dpto. de Artes y Humanidades. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales. Univ. de Algarve. Campus de Gambelas. 8000-117 Faro (Portugal). Correo-e: [email protected]. ** Dpto.de Arqueología. Facultad de Artes y Humanidades. Univ. de Coimbra. Largo da Porta Férrea. 3004-530 Coimbra (Portugal). Correo-e: vera_lcpereira@yahoo. co.uk. ***Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (iiipc). Univ. de Cantabria. Avda. de los Castros, 52. 39005 Santander. Correo-e: [email protected]. **** Dpto. de Historia. Instituto de Estudios Medievales. Univ. Nova de Lisboa. Avenida de Berna, 26c. 1069-061 Lisboa (Portugal). Correo-e: [email protected]

La arqueología neolítica en el Abrigo de Penedo dos Mouros (Gouveia, Portugal):

la evidencia de prácticas de trashumancia primitiva en la Sierra de la Estrella

Zephyrus, lxxix, enero-junio 2017, pp. 19-38

Ubicado en las estribaciones del sector no de la Sierra de la Estrella (provincia de Beira Alta, en el cen-tro-norte de Portugal), el Abrigo de Penedos dos Mouros ha revelado una sucesión de tres horizontes arqueoló-gicos distintos, asignables al Neolítico Antiguo evolucionado y Neolítico Medio, coincidiendo así, parcialmen-te, con el inicio del Megalitismo regional. El hallazgo de un número limitado de restos de caprino –al menos una posible oveja– entre un largo espectro de especies –cerdo, conejo, liebre, lince ibérico y sapo– convierte este yacimiento en el más antiguo de la región con evidencia directa de mantenimiento de ganado. Vasos de pequeño tamaño, uso oportunista de materias primas líticas locales, acompañado de uso extensivo de sílex exógeno y baja densidad de artefactos, indican una estrategia de movilidad residencial en la misma línea de evidencias similares observadas en otros yacimientos en Beira Alta. Dadas reivindicaciones anteriores de tras-humancia vertical entre la meseta serrana –en verano– y las planicies bajas –en invierno–, esta hipótesis es discutida –y refutada– con base en el análisis espacial de yacimientos neolíticos, caracterización económica del periodo, orografía local y restricciones bioclimáticas.

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4 Índice analítico

Cristina TEJEDOR RODRÍGUEZ*, Manuel A. ROJO GUERRA**, Rafael GARRIDO PENA***, Íñigo GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ DE LAGRÁN* y Ángel L. PALOMINO LÁZARO****. * Instituto Arcadia. Fundación General de la Univ. de Valladolid. Residencia Universitaria Alfonso VIII. C/ Real de Burgos, s/n. 47011 Valladolid. Correo-e: tejedor.cristina@ gmail.com; [email protected]. ** Dpto. Prehistoria y Arqueología. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-uva. Plaza del Campus, s/n. 47011 Valladolid. Correo-e: [email protected]. *** Dpto. Prehistoria y Arqueología. Facul-tad de Filosofía y Letras-uam. Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, km 15. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Correo-e: [email protected]. **** Aratikos-Arqueólogos, sl. C/ Estación, 37. 47004 Valladolid. Correo-e: angel@ aratikos.com

‘Biografía’ de un monumento megalítico: fases de uso y clausura en el dolmen

de El Teriñuelo (Aldeavieja de Tormes, Salamanca)

El dolmen de El Teriñuelo, ubicado en el municipio de Aldeavieja de Tormes, forma parte de uno de los focos megalíticos más nutridos y mejor documentados de la provincia de Salamanca. Este sepulcro de corredor ha sido objeto de numerosas intervenciones arqueológicas que, desde fechas anteriores a 1930, han ido des-granando partes de su historia. Los resultados de la última campaña de excavación, que fue llevada a cabo por los firmantes de este artículo en 2005, han permitido completar su secuencia de utilización, gracias al hallazgo de nuevas evidencias de su uso y, en particular, de su clausura. A lo largo de este trabajo, se presentarán las distintas manifestaciones arqueológicas de este singular evento ritual, dentro del contexto de las distintas fases de ocupación del dolmen y partiendo de un enfoque biográfico que permita mostrar la compleja sucesión de prácticas que se han ido enmascarando y superponiendo a lo largo de toda la ‘vida’ de este importante centro funerario y ceremonial.

Palabras clave: Megalitismo; Valle del Duero; ‘vidas megalíticas’; rituales de clausura; reutilización; Campaniforme.

Ramón FÁBREGAS VALCARCE y Carlos RODRÍGUEZ RELLÁN. gepn-aat, Dpto. Historia. Facultad de Geografía e Historia-usc. Praza da Universidade, 1. 15782 Santiago de Compostela. Correo-e: [email protected]; [email protected]

Rasgos básicos de la extracción de variscita en Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora)

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Índice analítico 5

(Tras-os-Montes), el o de León (Bierzo) y del e y so de Galicia (Ourense y Pontevedra). Sin embargo, nuestro conocimiento sobre la minería prehistórica de este mineral es escaso todavía, tal vez debido al pequeño tamaño de las venas que, además, se encuentran ampliamente dispersas, lo que probablemente ha tenido una fuerte influencia en la naturaleza de las labores de extracción y su visibilidad arqueológica. Con el objetivo de evaluar los rasgos básicos, en cuanto a naturaleza e intensidad, de los trabajos de extracción en el área de Las Cercas/ Teso del Diablo, hemos hecho uso de datos lidar de alta resolución y herramientas sig para obtener una imagen más nítida de la superficie del terreno, lo que nos ha permitido identificar la enorme entidad de las ex-cavaciones llevadas a cabo en el pasado. Finalmente, hacemos unas breves consideraciones sobre la cronología y pautas de distribución de la variscita en el área occidental de la Península Ibérica.

Palabras clave: no ibérico; fosfatos alumínicos; mina; lidar; sig.

Magdalena BARRIL VICENTE. Museo de Cuenca. C/ Obispo Valero, 12. 16001 Cuenca. Correo-e: [email protected]

Situación de tumbas con ajuares de objetos cotidianos en algunas necrópolis

celtibéricas de los ss.

IV

a

II

a. C.

En algunas necrópolis del ámbito céltico hispano se hallan ajuares con elementos utilizados en la vida cotidiana. Piezas que nos remiten al hogar y a actividades productivas y/o económicas. Son objetos que en las tumbas se asocian a armas y/o a elementos de la indumentaria, formando conjuntos que acompañaban al difunto al Más Allá.

Entre los relacionados con el hogar incluimos trébedes, parrillas o asadores, cuya presencia en ajuares funerarios se interpreta en relación con la celebración de banquetes fúnebres. Son elementos de aparición esporádica en el ámbito celtibérico.

También se documentan útiles asociados a actividades agrícolas, ganaderas y artesanales, en ámbitos celti-béricos. Su presencia también es escasa, pero ofrece un variado repertorio, entre ellos hoces, podaderas, hachas, tijeras y leznas o punzones.

En este trabajo, se analiza su presencia y distribución espacial dentro de algunas necrópolis celtibéricas, para comprobar si es posible dilucidar si este tipo de objetos en los ajuares proporcionan información sobre la vida y espiritualidad de los difuntos. Para ello, y a modo de ensayo, se parte de los datos conocidos de una selección de necrópolis celtibéricas que publican los planos de distribución de las tumbas: Las Madrigueras, Riba de Saelices, La Yunta, El Altillo de Cerropozo de Atienza, La Mercadera y Numancia.

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Mario GUTIÉRREZ-RODRÍGUEZ, Margarita ORFILA PONS y Elena H. SÁNCHEZ-LÓPEZ. Dpto. de Prehistoria y Ar-queología. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-ugr. Campus Universitario de Cartuja, s/n. 18071 Granada. Grupo hum 296, Arqueología de época clásica y Antigüedad Tardía en Andalucía Oriental. Correo-e: mgrodriguez@ ugr.es; [email protected]; [email protected]

La identificación del catastro rural romano a través de los

fundi

. Una metodología

aplicada en el

ager Iliberritanus

El estudio de los paisajes rurales antiguos se ha visto enriquecido por una mayor comprensión de las villae

y otras formas de asentamiento rural. Estas instalaciones agrícolas son, en muchos casos, el único registro ar-queológico visible de una realidad normalmente perdida del paisaje agrario romano: los fundi. En este trabajo proponemos una metodología para identificar catastros romanos, usando las variables cuantitativas y cualitati-vas que las villae ofrecen: visibilidad, prominencia topográfica, cronología, orientación, distancia entre asenta-mientos, cercanía a ejes teóricos, etc. Para ello, se examina el caso de estudio del territorio asignado a Florentia Iliberritana, la ciudad de Granada en época romana. Como resultado de la investigación llevada a cabo en las últimas décadas, se ha identificado una alta densidad de instalaciones agropecuarias en el área periurbana, cuyo momento fundacional coincide con la adquisición de estatuto municipal por parte de la urbs. La aplicación de las variables anteriormente citadas, junto con las metodologías consolidadas en la historiografía, como el análisis regresivo del paisaje y el estudio de documentación cartográfica y archivística, ha permitido identificar una centuriatio de módulo de 20 x 20 actus con divisiones internas de 10 x 10 actus.

Palabras clave:Florentia Iliberritana; paisaje agrario; Sistemas de Información Geográfica; catastro; villae.

Carmen GUIRAL PELEGRÍN. Dpto. Prehistoria y Arqueología. Facultad de Geografía e Historia-uned. C/ Senda del Rey, 7. 28040 Madrid. Correo-e: [email protected]

Pinturas romanas procedentes de

Caesaraugusta

(Zaragoza): un taller en el valle

medio del Ebro

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escasos fragmentos que no permiten realizar una restitución, decoraba un techo estrellado sobre fondo blanco, característico de las cubiertas de edificios termales y religiosos, especialmente lararios. Están realizados por un taller provincial cuya huella se constata en otras ciudades del valle medio del Ebro.

Palabras clave: paredes blancas; imitaciones marmóreas; columnas; techo estrellado; larario.

José Miguel NOGUERA CELDRÁN*, Juan Manuel ABASCAL PALAZÓN** yMaría José MADRID BALANZA***. * Dpto. de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Historia Antigua, Historia Medieval y cc y tt Historiográficas. Facultad de Le-tras-umu. C/ Santo Cristo, 1. 30001 Murcia. Correo-e: [email protected]. ** Dpto. de Prehistoria, Arqueología, H.ª Antigua y Filologías Griega y Latina. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-ua. Carretera de San Vicente del Ras-peig, s/n. 06390 San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante). Correo-e: [email protected]. *** Parque Arqueológico del Molinete. Cartagena. C/ Pólvora, s/n. 30203 Cartagena (Murcia). Correo-e: mariajosemadridbalanza@ gmail.com

Un

titulus pictus

con titulatura imperial de

Carthago Nova

y puntualizaciones

a la dinámica urbana de la ciudad a inicios del s. iii d. C.

El registro arqueológico y epigráfico de Carthago Nova sugiere un periodo de inestabilidad y regresión de la dinámica urbana de la colonia durante la segunda mitad del s. ii y el iii d. C., seguramente consecuencia de la ralentización de sus bases económicas, el descenso demográfico, el colapso de las instituciones locales y la crisis del evergetismo. El resultado fue un cambio sustancial del paisaje urbano, con el repliegue del espa-cio habitado, la interrupción del hábito epigráfico, el abandono, expolio y reocupación de áreas y edifiespa-cios públicos, la amortización de barrios domésticos y la falta de mantenimiento de las calles. Ello ha llevado a la crítica a sugerir que desde mediados del s. ii y, sobre todo, en el iii d. C. la ciudad perdió su importancia y fue completamente abandonada. Sin embargo, la constatación reciente de una importante reforma en el Edificio del Atrio (Insula i del Molinete) a inicios del s. iii d. C. y el hallazgo de parte de un titulus pictus

con datación consular donde se cita a Heliogábalo y al prefecto del pretorio Adventus permiten en fechar la conclusión de dicha refectio en 218 d. C. y retomar el debate sobre la recesión urbana de los ss. ii-iii d. C., formulando algunas puntualizaciones.

Palabras clave: Cartagena; crisis del s. iii; Edificio del Atrio; inscripción pintada; Heliogábalo; Adventus; evergetismo.

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Un nuevo ocultamiento monetario de bronces romano-republicanos y de

Castulo

en el sur de Hispania: Torre de Benagalbón (Málaga)

Durante la campaña de excavaciones arqueológicas de 2003-2004 en la villa romana de la Torre de Bena-galbón (Rincón de la Victoria, Málaga), se localizó un modesto ocultamiento de moneda de bronce integrado por 19 ases y 1 semis romano-republicanos, junto con 9 unidades de la ceca ibérica meridional de Castulo/

Ka.ś.ti.l.o (Cazlona, Jaén). Este hallazgo contribuye al estudio de los ocultamientos mixtos –moneda romana y local– en el s de la Península Ibérica durante la segunda mitad del s. ii a. C. Su singular composición plantea su formación en el distrito minero de Castulo, bien comunicado con el puerto de Malaca por una importante ruta documentada por las fuentes literarias y arqueológicas. Se discute también el prestigio de la moneda oficial romana sobre la local, especialmente después de 146/141 a. C., así como el perfil metrológico de estos oculta-mientos y su transformación en el s. i a. C.

Palabras clave: Ocultamiento monetario; ases romano-republicanos; Castulo; Malaca; HispaniaUlterior.

Ignacio RODRÍGUEZ TEMIÑO. Conjunto Arqueológico de Carmona. Junta de Andalucía. Avda. Jorge Bonsor, 9. 41410 Carmona (Sevilla). Correo-e: [email protected]

Los ‘hallazgos excepcionales’ de Iruña-Veleia (Álava): sintaxis de una falsificación

arqueológica

En 2006 se dio a conocer el hallazgo de unos ostraca grafiteados con palabras en latín, euskera y dibujos de temática cristiana en las excavaciones realizadas en el yacimiento de Iruña-Veleia (Álava, España) en 2005 y 2006. Posteriormente en 2008 se demostró que tales piezas eran falsificaciones. Este caso, conocido como “caso Iruña-Veleia”, ha sido objeto de algunos estudios parciales, centrados sobre todo en las falsificaciones. Sin embargo, este trabajo analiza este caso desde una perspectiva contextual. Para ello se ha definido previa-mente el patrón habitual de las falsificaciones históricas, al que se ha denominado “sintaxis”. Posteriorprevia-mente se ha aplicado al caso Iruña-Veleia y se ha observado su evolución en los ámbitos académico, político e institucio-nal y social. En cada uno de ellos esta sintaxis presenta ciertas peculiaridades debido sobre todo al marco social en el que se ha desenvuelto y su vinculación con la identidad nacionalista, tema relacionado con el contenido de las falsificaciones. Sin embargo, no puede concluirse que en este caso la vinculación nacionalista haya sido el motor de la falsificación.

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Georges SAUVET* y María GONZÁLEZ-PUMARIEGA**. * Centre de Recherche et d’Études de l’Art Préhistorique (creap-Cartailhac). Maison des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société de Toulouse (usr 3414). Universi-té de Toulouse Jean-Jaurés. Allées Antonio Machado. Toulouse (France). Correo-e: [email protected]. ** Consejería de Educación y Cultura. Principado de Asturias. Cueva El Pindal. Correo-e: [email protected]

Sobre la pregnancia en la utilización del relieve en las cuevas de Bédeilhac

(Ariège, Francia) y de El Pindal (Asturias, España)

El aprovechamiento de relieves naturales es una característica bien conocida del arte parietal paleolítico, aunque no se le concede generalmente la atención que merece. En esta nota, queremos añadir al repertorio dos ejemplos inéditos que provienen de las cuevas de Bédeilhac (Ariège, Francia) y de El Pindal (Asturias, España). En ambos casos, se trata de relieves ligeramente separados de la pared que fueron acondicionados para repre-sentar cabezas de animales indeterminados. La intervención humana es mínima pues consiste en la adición de un ojo grabado y algunos trazos de pigmento rojo. La similitud de los tratamientos en estas dos cuevas atesti-gua motivaciones compartidas y una comunidad de pensamiento. Así, los relieves utilizados de Bédeilhac y El Pindal se suman a las numerosas convergencias ya conocidas entre ambos sitios, particularmente la presencia de claviformes pirenaicos en El Pindal, y confirman una proximidad cultural muy fuerte entre los Pirineos centrales y el occidente de la región cantábrica durante el Magdaleniense.

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ANALYTIC SUMMARY

ZEPHYRVS

REVISTA DE PREHISTORIA Y ARQUEOLOGÍA

LXXIX, January-June 2017 - 244 pages

AntónioFaustino CARVALHO*, Vera PEREIRA**, Carlos DUARTE*** and Catarina TENTE****. * Dpt. of Arts and Humanities. Faculty of Human and Social Sciences. Univ. of Algarve. Campus de Gambelas. 8000-117 Faro (Portugal). E-mail: [email protected]. ** Dpt.of Archaeology. Faculty of Arts and Humanities. Univ. of Coim-bra. Largo da Porta Férrea. 3004-530 Coimbra (Portugal). E-mail: [email protected]. ***Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (iiipc). Univ. of Cantabria. Avda. de los Castros, 52. 39005 Santander. E-mail: [email protected]. **** Dpt. of History. Institut of Medieval Studies. Nova Univ. of Lisboa. Avenida de Berna, 26c. 1069-061 Lisbon (Portugal). E-mail: [email protected]

Neolithic archaeology at the Penedo dos Mouros rock-shelter (Gouveia, Portugal)

and the issue of primitive transhumance practices in the Estrela Mountain range

Zephyrus, lxxix, January-June 2017, pp. 19-38

Located in the foothills of the north-western sector of the Estrela Mountain (Beira Alta province in cen-tral-north Portugal), Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter revealed a succession of three distinct archaeological horizons datable to the evolved Early Neolithic and initial Middle Neolithic, thus partially coinciding with the onset of the regional Megalithism. The find of a few caprine remains at least one possible sheep, among a large spectrum of species –swine, rabbit, hare, Iberian lynx and toad–, makes this site the oldest in the region to provide direct evidence for herding practices. Small-sized pots, expedient use of local lithic raw materials together with curated use of exogenous flint, and low density of artefacts indicate a strategy of residential mo-bility in line with similar evidence observed elsewhere in Beira Alta. Given previous claims of Neolithic vertical transhumance between montane plateaux –in the summer– and lowland plains –in the winter–, this hypothe-sis is here discussed –and refuted– based on spatial analyhypothe-sis of Neolithic sites, economic characterization of the period and local orographic and bioclimatic constraints.

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12 Analytic summary

Cristina TEJEDOR RODRÍGUEZ*, Manuel A. ROJO GUERRA**, Rafael GARRIDO PENA***, Íñigo GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ DE LAGRÁN* and Ángel L. PALOMINO LÁZARO****. * Instituto Arcadia. Fundación General de la Univ. de Vallado-lid. Residencia Universitaria Alfonso VIII. C/ Real de Burgos, s/n. 47011 ValladoVallado-lid. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]. ** Dpto. Prehistoria y Arqueología. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-uva. Plaza del Campus, s/n. 47011 Valladolid. E-mail: [email protected]. *** Dpto. Prehistoria y Arqueología. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-uam. Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, km 15. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. E-mail: [email protected]. **** Aratikos-Arqueólogos, sl. C/ Estación, 37. 47004 Valladolid. E-mail: [email protected]

‘Biography’ of a Megalithic monument: phases of use and closure at the passage

grave of El Teriñuelo (Aldeavieja de Tormes, Salamanca)

The passage grave of El Teriñuelo is located in the village of Aldeavieja de Tormes (province of Salaman-ca). It is part of one of the most important and well-documented megalithic areas of inner Iberian Peninsula. Since before 1930 several archaeological works have taken place at this passage grave, thanks to which it has been possible to reconstruct parts of its ‘biography’. The last excavation season, conducted by the authors of this paper in 2005, discovered new evidences of the use sequence and, mainly, of the closure event of this monument. In this paper the archaeological remains of this single ritual ceremony will be presented within the context of the different use phases of the dolmen, with a biographic approach which attempts to deal with the complex superposition of ritual practices of the ‘life-history’ of this important ceremonial and burial centre.

Key words:Megalithism; Douro Valley; ‘Megalithic life-histories’; closing rituals; reuse; Bell Beaker.

Ramón FÁBREGAS VALCARCE and Carlos RODRÍGUEZ RELLÁN. gepn-aat, Dpto. Historia. Facultad de Geografía e Historia-usc. Praza da Universidade, 1. 15782 Santiago de Compostela. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Basic features of the variscite extraction in Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora)

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Analytic summary 13

possibly having a strong influence on the nature of the quarrying works and their archaeological visibility. With the aim of assessing the basic characteristics, regarding both the nature and intensity of the extractive works at Las Cercas / Teso del Diablo area, we have made use of high-resolution lidar data and gis tools for obtaining a sharper image of the present surface and revealing the sheer importance of the excavations carried on in earlier times. Also, some brief remarks are made on the chronology and distribution of this commodity across Western Iberia.

Key words: nw Iberia; aluminium phosphates; quarrying; lidar; gis.

Magdalena BARRIL VICENTE. Museo de Cuenca. C/ Obispo Valero, 12. 16001 Cuenca. E-mail: [email protected]

Grave goods tombs situation with everyday objects in some Celtiberian necropolis

to the

IVth

-

IInd

centuries

BC

In some Hispanic Celtic cemeteries there are grave good with elements of daily life. Pieces related with home and productive and / or economic activities. They are objects in the tombs associated with weapons and / or items of clothing together into packages that accompanied the deceased to the afterlife.

Among those related to home we include trivets, grills or barbecues, whose presence in funerary objects is interpreted in relation with the celebration of funeral feasts. They are elements still sporadic appearance in the Celtiberian territory.

They are also documented tools to agricultural, livestock and craft economic activities, in Celtiberian areas. Their presence is also poor, but offers a varied repertoire, including sickles, pruning knives, axes, scissors and awls or punches.

In this paper, its presence and spatial distribution within some Celtiberian necropolis is analyzed to see if it is possible to determine whether these objects in the graves provide information on the life and spirituality of the deceased. To do this, and as a test, is part of the known data from a selection of Celtiberian cementerian published floorplans of graves: Las Madrigueras, Riba de Saelices, La Yunta, El Altillo de Cerropozo of Atien-za, La Mercadera and Numancia.

Key words: Prerroman funerary ritual; burial organization; fire tools; farm tools; leadership; priesthood.

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Detection of Roman rural cadasters through

fundi

. A methodology applied

in

ager Iliberritanus

A better understanding of villae and other forms of rural settlement has enriched the study of ancient ru-ral landscapes. These agriculturu-ral installations are, in many cases, the only visible archaeological records of a lost reality of the Roman agrarian landscape: the fundi. In this paper, we propose a methodology to identify Roman cadasters, using the qualitative and quantitative variables that villae offer: viewshed, topographic pro-minence, chronology, orientation, distance between villae, closeness to the theoretical axes etc. To do this, we examine the case-study of the territory assigned to Florentia Iliberritana, the city of Granada in Roman times. As a result of the research carried out in the last decades, it has been identified a high density of agricultural se-ttlements in the peri-urban area, whose construction coincides with the acquisition of municipal status by the

urbs. The application of the aforementioned variables, along with established methodologies in historiography as the regressive analysis of the landscape and the study of cartographic and archival documentation as well, has allowed to identified a 20 x 20 actus centuriation with internal divisions of 10 x 20 actus.

Key words:Florentia Iliberritana; agrarian landscape; Geographical Information Systems; cadastre; villae.

Carmen GUIRAL PELEGRÍN. Dpto. Prehistoria y Arqueología. Facultad de Geografía e Historia-uned. C/ Senda del Rey, 7. 28040 Madrid. E-mail: [email protected]

Roman wall paintings from

Caesaraugusta

(Zaragoza): a workshop in the middle

Ebro valley

The paper presents a set of fragments of Roman paintings. The fragments of Roman paintings that we pre-sent come from the excavation carried out in the street Dr. Palomar n.º 4. They appeared out of original con-text, in a secondary deposit, and its relation with a specific space of housing can not be established. However, two walls with the characteristic compositional systems of the 2nd century can be reconstituted. First of them is composed by white wall panels articulated by bands and fillets red and yellow bands and fillets, arranged on a speckled white base. The second set also has a speckled base, with a pink background, and in the middle there are panels decorated with marble imitations alternating with columns. A third group, composed of few fragments that don’t allow a restitution, decorated a starry ceiling on a white background, characteristic of the roofs of thermal and religious buildings, especially lararios. They are made by a provincial workshop whose footprint is found in other cities in the middle valley of the Ebro.

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José Miguel NOGUERA CELDRÁN*, Juan Manuel ABASCAL PALAZÓN** and María José MADRID BALANZA***. * Dpto. de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Historia Antigua, Historia Medieval y cc y tt Historiográficas. Facul-tad de Letras-umu. C/ Santo Cristo, 1. 30001 Murcia. E-mail: [email protected]. ** Dpto. de Prehistoria, Arqueología, H.ª Antigua y Filologías Griega y Latina. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-ua. Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n. 06390 San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante). E-mail: [email protected]. *** Parque Arqueológico del Molinete. Cartagena. C/ Pólvora, s/n. 30203 Cartagena (Murcia). E-mail: [email protected]

A

titulus pictus

with an imperial mention in

Carthago Nova

and some considerations

concerning the urban dynamics of the city in the early 3

rd

_century

_AD

The archaeological and epigraphic record in Carthago Nova suggests that the colony underwent a period of instability and urban retreat during the second half of the 2nd_{and the 3}rd_{century ad. This was probably}

trig-gered by the slowing down of economic activity, a shrinking population and collapse of local institutions and the crisis of evergetism. The process caused a substantial transformation of urban landscapes and a reduction of the size of the inhabited areas; the interruption of the epigraphic habit, the abandonment, looting and reoccu-pation of public areas and buildings; the pulling down of domestic buildings; and the insufficient maintenance of the urban road network. This has led some specialists to suggest that the city lost importance, and even that it could have been totally abandoned during the second half of the 2nd_{and, especially, the 3}rd_{century ad. The}

recent discovery of the substantial transformation of the Atrium Building (Insula i Molinete) in the early 3rd

century ad, and of a titulus pictus which mentions the consuls for the year, Heliogabalus and the prefect of the praetorium Adventus, which dates the final date for the refectio in 218 ad, resituates the debate around the retreat of the urban centre in the 2nd_{and 3}rd_{centuries ad.}

Key words: Cartagena; crisis 3rd_{century; Atrium Building; painted inscription; Heliogabalus;}_Adventus_;

evergetism.

Bartolomé MORA SERRANO* and Arturo PÉREZ PLAZA**. *Dpto. de Ciencias Históricas (Área de Arqueología). Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-uma. Campus de Teatinos. 29071 Málaga. E-mail: [email protected]. ** Ser-vicio de Protección del Patrimonio Histórico. Dirección General de Bienes Culturales y Museos. Consejería de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía. C/ Levíes, 27. 41004 Sevilla. E-mail: [email protected]

A new Republican Coin Hoard with Roman asses and coinage of

Castulo

bronzes from Southern Hispania: Torre de Benagalbón (Málaga)

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During the excavations in the Roman villa of Torre de Benagalgón (Rincón de la Victoria, Málaga), in 2003-2004, a modest bronze coin hoard was discovered. It contained 19 Roman asses and one semis, and 9 units from Castulo/Ka.ś.ti.l.o (Cazlona, Jaén). This coin find contributes to the study of mixed bronze coin hoards –Roman and local coinage– in the south of Hispania during the second half of the second century bc. Its possible formation in the mining district of Castulo, well connected with de port of Malaca by an ancient pre-Roman road known by archaeological and literary sources, are discussed here. Finally, it is emphasized the role of Roman bronzes in relation to the local coinages, especially from 146/141 bc, and also the changes in the metrological criteria during the 1st century bc.

Key words: Coin Hoard; Roman Republican asses; Castulo; Malaca; HispaniaUlterior.

Ignacio RODRÍGUEZ TEMIÑO. Conjunto Arqueológico de Carmona. Junta de Andalucía. Avda. Jorge Bonsor, 9. 41410 Carmona (Sevilla). E-mail: [email protected]

The ‘exceptional finds’ of Iruña-Veleia (Álava): Syntax of an archaeological forgery

In 2006, news broke of the discovery of ostraca bearing text in Latin and Basque, as well as Christian drawings, during the 2005 and 2006 excavation campaigns at the Iruña-Veleia site in Álava, Spain. In 2008, these pieces were shown to be fakes. The ‘Iruña-Veleia case’, as it has come to be known, has been the subject of several partial studies, primarily focused on the forgeries. This paper will analyse it from a contextual pers-pective. To this end, it first defines the general pattern, or ‘syntax’, followed by historical forgeries. It then applies this syntax to the Iruña-Veleia case, reviewing how it unfolded in the academic, political, institutional and social spheres. In each one, the syntax showed certain oddities, mainly due to the social context in which the events took place and their link to nationalist identity, a subject related to the content of the forged spe-cimens. Despite this link, however, in this case it cannot be concluded that nationalism was the driving force behind the forgery.

Key words: fakes; nationalism; Basque Country; mass media.

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About the prominence in the use of natural accidents in the caves of Bédeilhac

(Ariège, France) and El Pindal (Asturies, Spain)

The utilisation of natural reliefs is well known in the rock art of the Upper Palaeolithic, but it is often un-derestimated. In this note, two unpublished examples coming from the caves of Bédeilhac (Ariège, France) and El Pindal (Asturias, Spain) are described. In both cases, they are reliefs slightly separated from the wall, which have the shape of a natural animal head. The only human intervention consisted in the addition of an engraved eye and some traces of red pigment. The similarity of treatment in the two caves suggests a commonality of thought. Thus the reliefs used in Bédeilhac and El Pindalmust be added to the numerous convergences already known between the two sites, among which the presence of Pyrenean claviforms in El Pindal, and confirms a strong cultural proximity between the French Pyrenees and the western side of the Cantabrian region during the Magdalenian period.

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ISSN: 0514-7336

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus2017791938

NEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE PENEDO DOS MOUROS

ROCK-SHELTER (GOUVEIA, PORTUGAL) AND THE ISSUE

OF PRIMITIVE TRANSHUMANCE PRACTICES IN THE ESTRELA

MOUNTAIN RANGE

La arqueología neolítica en el Abrigo de Penedo dos Mouros (Gouveia,

Portugal): la evidencia de prácticas de trashumancia primitiva

en la Sierra de la Estrella

António Faustino Carvalho*, Vera Pereira**, Carlos Duarte*** and Catarina Tente****

* Dpt. of Arts and Humanities. Faculty of Human and Social Sciences. Univ. of Algarve. Campus de Gambelas. 8000-117 Faro (Portugal). E-mail: [email protected]

** Dpt. of Archaeology. Faculty of Arts and Humanities. Univ. of Coimbra. Largo da Porta Férrea. 3004-530 Coimbra (Portugal). E-mail: [email protected]

*** Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (IIIPC). Univ. of Cantabria. Avda. de los Castros, 52. 39005 Santander. E-mail: [email protected]

**** Dpt. of History. Institut of Medieval Studies. Nova Univ. of Lisboa. Avenida de Berna, 26C. 1069-061 Lisbon

(Portugal). E-mail: [email protected]

Recepción: 9/10/2016; Revisión: 3/02/2017; Aceptación: 23/03/2017

Abstract:Located in the foothills of the north-western sector of the Estrela Mountain (Beira Alta province in central-north Portugal), Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter revealed a succession of three distinct archaeological horizons datable to the evolved Early Neolithic and initial Middle Neolithic, thus partially coinciding with the onset of the regional Megalithism. The find of a few caprine remains at least one possible sheep, among a large spectrum of species –swine, rabbit, hare, Iberian lynx and toad–, makes this site the oldest in the region to provide direct evidence for herding practices. Small-sized pots, expedient use of local lithic raw materials together with curated use of exogenous flint, and low density of artefacts indicate a strategy of residential mobility in line with similar evidence observed elsewhere in Beira Alta. Given previous claims of Neolithic vertical transhu-mance between montane plateaux –in the summer– and lowland plains –in the winter–, this hypothesis is here discussed –and refuted– based on spatial analysis of Neolithic sites, economic characterization of the period and local orographic and bioclimatic constraints.

Key words: Neolithic; Beira Alta; Megalithism; settlement systems; livestock; pastoralism.

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20 A. F. Carvalho, V. Pereira, C. Duarte and C. Tente / Neolithic archaeology at the Penedo dos Mouros rock-shelter…

1. Introduction1

The Estrela Mountain –Serra da Estrela, in Por-tuguese– forms the westernmost tip of the Iberian central ridge (Fig. 1a-b), and is the highest moun-tain range in continental Portugal, reaching 1993 metres above sea level –hereafter, a.s.l.–. In geo-logical terms, it is characterized mostly by granites, along with schists in its more southerly sectors, often under a very thin, acid soil cover. Due to anthropogenic deforestation and subsequent soil erosion –a fact attested since Prehistoric times– fer-tile lands are found mostly in lower areas, at the foot of the mountains and in the surrounding river valleys, where thicker sedimentary deposits can be found. In higher altitudes, outcrops dominate the landscape. The so-called ‘castles of rocks’ are the resulting features of erosion over granite outcrops and constitute true landmarks on the mountain’s summits and plateaux. Some of these granite boul-ders attracted human occupation in several periods, in rock-shelters in some cases or as enclosed settle-ments in others, when their specific location in the landscape was favoured. Penedo dos Mouros –or ‘Boulder of the Moors’– is one of these cases.

Due to the relative proximity of the Atlantic, to the west, and the Spanish Meseta, to the east,

1_{The excavations at the Penedo dos Mouros}

Rock-shelter took place in the framework of the research project The Upper Mondego Valley: land of frontier between Christians and Muslims, directed by Catarina Tente, which was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology for the 2007-2010 triennium. Acknowledge-ments are due to two anonymous reviewers for their helpful insights and suggestions that helped improving a first ver-sion of this paper. Any errors or omisver-sions remain however our responsibility.

highly diversified climate conditions characterise the region. Determined not only by these oceanic and continental factors but also by altitude, the vegetation in the mountain is today divided into three distinct sections: the basal –up to 800-900 m.a.s.l.–, under strong Mediterranean influence and profoundly altered by human intervention; the middle –from 800-900 to 1300-1600 metres a.s.l.–, corresponding to the declining oak forests due to fire and long-lasting economic strategies of sheep and goat grazing –see below–; and the upper section –above 1,300-1,600 metres a.s.l.–, where juniper dominates after the human destruction of the post-Würmian cover of pine and birch.

Palynological research in highland lakes –such as at Charco da Candeeira and Lagoa Comprida, located at 1400 and 1600 metres a.s.l., respectively (e.g. Van Den Brink and Janssen, 1985; Van Der Knaap and Van Leeuwen, 1995, 1997)– allowed the reconstruction of an anthropogenic and biocli-matic model from the end of the Pleistocene to the present-day. According to this model, after a rapid expansion of Post-Glacial vegetation in the Pre-boreal climatic period –with oak forest optimum reaching 1,777 m.a.s.l.–, three other main phases of vegetation succession were recognized: moist and cold climate with human impact on the forest –grazing and small-scale local deforestation– from

c. 3300 cal bc (Late Neolithic) onwards; large-scale

human-induced deforestation in the 1500-1100 cal bc period (Bronze Age), but with forest regenera-tion; and forest disappearance and soil erosion due to intensive grazing, burning and agriculture, from 1,100 cal bc onwards. The consequence was the ir-reversible replacement of the spontaneous vegetal cover of oak, birch and willow by heath.

yacimiento en el más antiguo de la región con evidencia directa de mantenimiento de ganado. Vasos de pequeño tamaño, uso oportunista de materias primas líticas locales, acompañado de uso extensivo de sílex exógeno y baja densidad de artefactos, indican una estrategia de movilidad residencial en la misma línea de evidencias similares observadas en otros yacimientos en Beira Alta. Dadas reivindicaciones anteriores de trashumancia vertical entre la meseta serrana –en verano– y las planicies bajas –en invierno–, esta hipótesis es discutida –y refutada– con base en el análisis espacial de yacimientos neolíticos, caracterización económica del periodo, orografía local y restricciones bioclimáticas.

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A. F. Carvalho, V. Pereira, C. Duarte and C. Tente / Neolithic archaeology at the Penedo dos Mouros rock-shelter… 21

Fig. 1. A) Location of the Mondego Platform in the Iberian Peninsula (box); B) The Mondego Platform and location of the study area, the north-western sector of the Estrela mountain range (box). Early/Middle Neolithic sites mentioned in text: 1.

Penedo dos Mouros; 2. Prazo; 3. Quebradas; 4. Folhadal. C) Location of Penedo dos Mouros (n.º 1) and dolmen of Rio

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Around the mountain’s northern and western flanks, Estrela’s principal drainage system is the upper section of the Mondego River, which drains to the south-west and meets the Atlantic north of the Estremadura region. Together with the Vouga river basin that drains to the west, it forms a vast highland plateau –the Mondego Platform, according to the designation proposed by Ferreira (1978)– separated from the coastal plain by the Gralheira and Caramulo mountain chains.

The economy of the Estrela Mountain has long been famous for the herding of sheep and goats according to a vertical transhumant regime, with highland pastures exploited in the summer and lowland plains and valleys during the winter months. Grazing animals in the lowlands often im-plied travelling across vast territories, to the Dou-ro River and to the MontemuDou-ro Mountain –c. 80 km to the north and north-west–, and to the lower Mondego basin and the Beira Baixa province, in the fields around Idanha –c. 100 km and 80 km to the south-west and south-east, respectively–. There are also post-Medieval written records on transhu-mant itineraries reaching as far south as the Ourique region of the Lower Alentejo province, about 300 km away. These traditional practices were tho- roughly studied in the 1930-40s by Ribeiro (e.g., 1941), who was able to observe them before their collapse in the last quarter of the twentieth centu-ry. This economic and cultural phenomenon has been proposed for the prehistoric past in Estrela as a key feature of subsistence strategies from the end of the fourth millennium bc onwards (Cardoso et al., 1995/96; Senna-Martinez, 1995/96), or even starting at the very beginning of the Neolithic (Sen-na-Martinez and Ventura, 2008). Such claims are exclusively based on deforestation events record-ed in pollen diagrams from the above-mentionrecord-ed highland lakes.

However, the dating of anthropogenic impact in the montane landscape may be dubious. For example, vegetal cover changes and the presence of Cerealia in so-called pollen zones b3b-b5a at the Charco da Candeeira were dated to c. 6450-5500

cal bc and interpreted as “[...] either a period of

agriculture in the lowlands or a period of hu-man-induced expansion of steppe grasses”. It is only after pollen zone c1, dated to c. 4500 cal bc,

that those phenomena are fully present in montane environments, a moment during which “[...] the forest dynamics are predominantly anthropogenic, including some grazing and small-scale deforesta-tion, although the area covered by forest was hardly affected” (Van der Knaap and Van Leeuwen, 1995: 186, 191, respectively). The problem with the older date is its anteriority to any documented farming economy in the whole Iberian Peninsula! The only possible conclusion from these data is that the dating of pollen sequences suffers from anomalies –an ‘old wood effect’ inherent to the dated samples?– that need to be scrutinized and evaluated. Thus, the chronological structure of these pollen diagrams and the derived conclusions must be understood with serious reservations when correlations to historical events are attempted. Similar problems of a scarcity of data also affect later periods. Ribeiro (1941) him-self acknowledges the scarcity of written documents preventing a clear depiction of Medieval practices from being obtained. Interpretative models are still sketchy and based on indirect observations and eth-nographic parallels from elsewhere rather than sup-ported by local zooarchaeological data2_.

Indeed, little was known about the medieval settlement and economy in the Estrela Mountain until a systematic research project was designed to evaluate human occupation between the sixth and twelfth centuries –for syntheses, see Tente, 2007, 2010, 2012/13–. It enabled the excavation of several archaeological sites, including the resumption of the work at the enclosed settlement of Penedo dos Mouros. Unexpectedly, these allowed Neolithic occupations in a small rock-shelter, with faunal preservation, to be identified and studied.

The aim of this paper is thus twofold: to present a detailed description of the Neolithic at Penedo dos Mouros, from stratigraphic contexts to material

2_{Fernández-Mier, M. and Tente, C.: “Transhumant}

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culture and faunal remains, and to discuss its inte-gration in the early stages of the Neolithic in the Es-trela Mountain, paying particular attention to the beginning of caprine herding in the region. Despite the limited excavated area, the scanty artefactual assemblages and the poor preservation conditions of the faunal remains, these are exceptional finds if the overall adverse geological features of the area are considered, and constitute therefore unique pieces of evidence on the subject.

2. The Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter

Penedo dos Mouros is located on a platform sur-rounded by granitic tors around 435 metres a.s.l., in the municipality of Gouveia (Fig. 1C). Previous citations of the site in the literature were provided by Alarcão (1993), who includes it in the archaeological survey of the Estrela Mountain Natural Park, and by Tente and Martins (1994) when describing a rock-cut tomb found on top of the higher boulder at the site. However, the first known reference to its archaeological interest dates back to the nine-teenth century, when it was mistakenly referred to as a dolmen located “[...] between [the villages of] Rio Torto and Arcozello, called ‘Pedra de Orca’ or ‘Penedo dos Mouros’” (Sarmento, 1883: 21), after oral information obtained by the scientific expedi-tion to the Estrela Mountain carried out by the Lis-bon Geographic Society in 1881.

Three excavation seasons in 1999-2001 allowed the recognition of an enclosed settlement built on top of the steep slope that delimits the site on its western rim (Fig. 2a-c). A medieval stone wall and palisade, enclosing an estimated area of around 0,6 ha, were built between boulders to protect open sections of the settlement. Inside, different types of archaeological testimonies–carved steps and notches to support beams, remains of burnt tree trunks, etc.–indicate the existence of wooden structures in its central part –Sector i–, very likely a two-storey building with a roof made with perishable materials –roof tiles were not found–. The finds of artefactual assemblages –mainly pottery and metal artefacts–

along with abundant botanic remains of broad bean

(Vicia faba var. minuta), wheat (Triticum aestivum),

sweet cherry and/or dwarf cherry (Prunus avium

and/or Prunus cesarus) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum)3_{suggested the presence of storage facilities}

associated with a domestic use of the site. Two ra-diocarbon determinations indicated the tenth cen-tury ad (Tente and Carvalho, 2011)4_{. The choice}

for this location was determined not only by its invisibility in the surrounding landscape, but also by its proximity to the Boco Valley (Angelucci et al., 2004), which would have been exploited by the farming group established at Penedo dos Mouros (Fig. 2c); the hundreds of broad beans referred to above may have been cultivated in small, irrigated plots on both banks of the stream.

A rock-shelter formed under granite boulders –Sector ii– near the settlement’s original entrance, facing east (Fig. 2b), was excavated in 2008, 2009 and 2011. It revealed a thick, heterogeneous deposit interpreted as an embankment for the regularization of the local surface with very high concentrations of phytoliths –originated from the accumulation of ash, straw, cereal ears, and wild grasses– that were interpreted as testimony of a sheepfold used during the Medieval occupation of the site5_{, as it is still}

to-day used as shelter by local shepherds. Underlying this more recent deposit, at a depth of around 1,5 metres, Neolithic layers with potsherds, knapped and polished stone tools, and faunal and botanic remains were identified.

The main objective of the 2008 excavation sea-son was to test the shelter’s deposit to evaluate the possibility of older occupations being preserved there, a possibility suggested by its clear thickness

3_Also_cf_{. Queiroz, P. F. and Ruas, J. P. (2001):}

Es-tudos de arqueobotânica do Penedo dos Mouros. Trabalhos do cipa, 13. Lisbon: Instituto Português de Arqueologia; unpublished report; Queiroz, P. F. (2009): Novos dados ar-queobotânicos sobre o Penedo dos Mouros (Gouveia). Lisbon: Terra Scenica, Territórios Antigos, unpublished report.

4_Also_cf_{. Tente, C.:}_{Arqueologia medieval cristã no Alto}

Mondego. Ocupação e exploração do território nos séculos V a

XI. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation defended in 2010 at the Universidade Nova of Lisboa.

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modern dry stone wall contouring the shelter’s deposit; C) Topographic profile through Penedo dos Mouros and the Boco

stream valley (Angelucci et al., 2004: fig. 6, adapted); D) Excavation plan at the Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter, with

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as observable from the exterior (Fig. 2a-b). With that purpose in mind, two test pits were opened (Fig. 2d): Test 1, between the shelter’s natural wall and a dry-stone wall (probably built in the first half of the twentieth century over the medieval struc-ture), and Test 2, in its north-east section. Whereas Test 2 was 2 × 2 m in area and soon revealed what seemed to be a boulder collapsed from the shelter’s roof –allowing the excavation of only a portion, around 0,5 m2_{, of the Neolithic level–, Test 1 was}

better preserved in both stratigraphic and archaeological terms. Initially, it was excavated in a 2 × 4 m area –square units a-d/7-8–. However, as the digging progressed it was observed that in squares a-b/7‒8 and partially in c8 there was a stone feature (related to the building of the medieval stone wall?) preventing further excavations. During the 2009 and 2011 seasons the area under work reached the local bedrock in squares c-d/6 only due the pres-ence of collapsed boulders. Thus, the Neolithic de-posit comprised a total area of little more than 6 m2

at the end of the fieldwork (Fig. 2d).

The excavation was carried out according to strati-graphic units divided into 10 cm –thick arbitrary spits–. Sediments were systematically dry-screened

in 2 mm mesh screens, with 3d coordination of main artefacts and osteological elements. Samples of sedi-ments were collected for phytolith and micromor-phological analyses, and charcoal was retrieved for anthracological analyses and radiocarbon dating.

2.1. Stratigraphy and formation phases

A complete, more representative stratigraphic sequence was recorded in Test 1, where it comprises a total of 17 different units that are testimony to rather complex formation processes, both anthropic and natural. In particular, micromorphological analysis provided evidence that the sediment source is the local granite and incipient surrounding soils exposed to erosion. Sedimentary microstructure also suggests that cryogenic and biogenic activities were responsible for sediment transport and contributed to the general reworking and homogenization of the deposit. Human occupations, that were seasonal –see discussion–, did not affect the rate of sedimentation. These conditions ceased at some point between the Neolithic and the building of the medieval structures, as testified by the development

Sample 14_numberC Lab. δ_(‰)13C Years bp _{(95,4% prob.) (}Cal range bc/ad ₁₎ Comments

Test 1, unit 07

fragment of mandible

(Canis familiaris)

wk-27462

– – – abandoned; _{no collagen}

Test 1, unit 09

charcoal (Erica arborea) wk-25818 -25.0 1,147 ± 30 776-974 cal ad (95,4%) Medieval occupation Test 1,

unit 09

bone fragments (unknown species) wk-25159

– – – abandoned; _{no collagen}

Test 1, unit 11

epiphysis of metacarpal (Ovis aries) wk-35998 (2₎ _{3,559 ± 27} _{2,013-1,999 cal bc (2,0%);} 1,979-1,871 cal bc (79,7%); 1,846-1,812 cal bc (8,2%); 1,803-1,777 cal bc (5,5%).

rejected

Test 2, unit 12

fragment of mandible (Sus sp.) wk-25160 _– _– _– abandoned;

no collagen Test 2,

unit 13

charcoal (Erica sp.) wk-25158 -24,9 2,375 ± 30 702-696 cal bc (0,6%); 541-390 cal bc (94,8%).

intrusive; percolation?

(1_{) Calibrations according to IntCal13 atmospheric curve (Reimer}_{et al.}_,_{2013) with OxCal program, version 4.2.4 (Bronk-Ramsey, 2013).}

(2_{) Comments from the laboratory: Because of the small size of this sample, the Carbon 13 stable isotope value (}_δ13_{C) was measured on}

prepared graphite using the ams spectrometer. The radiocarbon date has therefore been corrected for isotopic fractionation. However the ams-measured δ13_{C value can differ from the}_δ13_{C of the original material and it is therefore not shown.}