EFFECT OF NITROXIN AND HUMIC ACID ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF FABA BEAN
Abolfazl Kholdi1, Shahram Sedaghathoor2∗ and Eshagh Poursafarali1
1
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
2
Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Abstract: Quality and quantity improvement of crops using organic matter and low-cost method in the field is very important. Bio-fertilizer nitroxin and humic acid can increase root and shoot biomass through improved intake of nutrition and they can lead to quality and quantity improvement of product. An experiment was carried out as a completely randomized block design with 4 treatments to study the effect of nitroxin and humic acid on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) traits. Trial treatments included control, nitroxin, humic acid and nitroxin + humic acid. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of combination of nitroxin + humic acid was significant (p< 1%) on some traits such as stem height and yield of faba bean. The highest yield (2,315 kg ha-1) was obtained under nitroxin + humic acid treatment.
Key words: humic acid, nitroxin, productive traits, faba bean.
Introduction
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is now grown worldwide on 2.56 million ha. The total world production of faba bean is 4.56 million tons (Fouad et al., 2013). China is the most important producer of faba bean in Asia. Cultivation area for faba bean in the world is 2.9 million ha (Turpin et al., 2002) and in Iran, it is 98,920 ha (Khamooshi et al., 2012). Faba bean yield in Iran is 1.2 t ha-1, which is lower than in Asia (1.7 t ha-1). Unfortunately, production rate and yield rate per unit area are not suitable in Iran, and in most cases, yields have no quality due to mismanagement and unsuitable planting substrate. Humic materials are the final product of decomposition of each organic matter in specific conditions by a special microorganism. Some of the characteristics of humic acid are: a) it improves soil structure; b) it contributes in rooting; c) it increases plant growth promoting bacteria in soil and finally reduces toxicity of fertilizers and extra nutrients in soil (Samavat, 2007). Nitroxin is an Azotobacter biological fertilizer which leads to higher quality yields.
An increase of soil nitrate was observed one month after applying green manure to soil in Lithuania (Nedzinskiene et al., 2002). Most agricultural soils lack nitrogen (N) due to an unstable mineral form of nitrogen, so according to results of researches, we can increase stable forms of N and reduce chemical fertilizers by using green manure, which leads to stable cultivation (Cordovil et al., 2007). It has been shown in the past two decades that a wide range of soil bacteria in rhizosphere can improve growth of important crops. Azospirillum and Azotobacter among these bacteria have attracted more attention due to beneficial effects on symbiotic relationships with some crops such as corn, sorghum and wheat (Mishra et al., 1998; Zaied et al., 2003). Meshram and Shende (1982) showed the positive effect of Azotobacter especially with farmyard manure in growth media of crops such as wheat, corn and millet. Eyheraguibel et al. (2008) studied the effect of humic acid on germination of corn seeds and found that humic acid can increase the length of corn seed radicle; it also can increase stem growth. Humic acid promotes the reproductive stage of plant. Farazandeh et al. (2011) studied the effect of humic acid and date of planting on growth of corn seeds. Their results showed that the effect of humic acid is significant on plant height and ear of maize. Akinci et al. (2009) found that humic acid increased the contents of Na and K significantly and the content of Ca and Fe was not significantly increased whereas Cu, Mn and Zn content decreased under humic acid treatment in broad bean. Thus, current research was aimed at increasing faba bean yield using humic acid and nitroxin.
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion
According to analysis of variance (Table 1), the effect of treatments was significant on stem height of faba bean (p<0.01). Maximum stem height is achieved by humic acid + nitroxin, in which stem height was approximately 50% higher than control (Table 2). Farazandeh et al. (2011) studied inoculation of corn by Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter bacteria with a different amount of manure. They found that plant height was significantly affected by treatments and reported that the effect of humic acid was significant on plant height and ear size.
Table1. Analysis of variance of faba bean experimental traits.
Mean squares
Sour
ce of
changes
df
Stem
height
Chlor
oph
yll
Yield Seeds/pod Pods/plant Harvested pod Shoot FW Shoot dr
y
weight Root f
re
sh
weight Root dr
y
weight
Replic
ation 2 917.3* 18.7
ns 1,416,69ns 0.7ns 18,525** 10,081.3** 442,533* 0.09ns 4737ns 0.24ns
Treat
ment 3 876.6** 298.4** 1,860,965.6* 4.5** 7,880.5* 5,619.3* 263,887
ns0.59** 4,369.5** 0.92*
Error 6 101.6 9.0 311,202.6 0.1 1,407.7 880.6 68,510 0.02 495.8 0.17
CV
(%) -- 23.8 11.7 48.1 10.3 31.8 32.4 42.1 10.7 29.3 0.17
ns, * and **
: Not significant, significant at 5% and 1% levels, respectively.
According to Table 1, the effect of treatments was significant (p<1%) on chlorophyll. Based on mean comparison (Table 2), maximum amount of chlorophyll was achieved in humic acid treatment. Humic acid leads to chelating of iron, zinc, manganese, copper and their easy absorption. These chelates improve glucose, proteins, vitamins and chlorophyll production. Thus, yield and quality of crops rise (Samavat, 2007).
yield and biological yield of Ricinus communis (Amin-Ghafoori et al. 2010). According to Table 1, the effect of treatments was significant on fresh and dry weight of root. Mean comparison (Table 2) showed that maximum fresh and dry weight of root is achieved in humic acid + nitroxin treatment.
Table 2. The effect of nitroxin and humic acid on stem height, chlorophyll, yield, number of seeds/pod, number of pods and fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots. Root dr y weight ( g ) Root f re sh weight ( g ) Shoot dr y weight ( g )
No. of har
v
ested
pods
Pods/plant
Seeds/pod
Yield (kg/ha)
Chlor
oph
yll
(SPAD
digit)
Stem height (
cm ) Treat ments 1.32b 60b 1.06bc 84b 124.3ab 2.67c 791.3b 17.4c 37b† Control 1.57b 79b 1c 83b 107.7ab 4.33b 954.7b 24.1b 40b Nitroxin 1.87ab 37.67b 1.28b 33.4b 57.3b 4.33b 569.3b 40.0a 26b Humic acid 2.60a 127.3a 1.97a 151a 181a 5.67a 2315a 21.1bc 66.3a Humic acid+ nitroxin †
Means followed by the same letters in each column are not significantly different at 5% level according to Tukey’s test.
elements. For example, the absorption of copper decreases when calcium is added to soil. Humic acid application causes reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus application can make balance in improperly fertilized soils.
Conclusion
Results of the present study revealed that most trial traits of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) including stem height, yield and yield components were affected by combined using of bio-fertilizing nitroxin + humic acid. According to results, nitroxin and humic acid are recommended to be used simultaneously in faba bean field of Guilan province. But as a complement, it is better to study effects of different amounts of biological fertilizers on other plant.
References
Akinci, S., Buyukkeskin, T., Eroglu, A., Erdogan, B. E. (2009): The effect of humic acid on nutrient composition in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) roots. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 1(1):81-87. Amin-Ghafoori, A., Rezvan-Moghaddam, P., Nasiri Mahalati, M. (2010): The effect of organic
fertilizer on Ricinus communis yield and yield components. Proceedings of the Ist National Conference on sustainable agriculture and safe product, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Isfahan, Iran, pp. 141-144.
Azimzadeh, S.M., Azimzadeh, S.J. (2013): Effect of Nitroxin biofertilizer and Nitrogen chemical fertilizer on yield and yield components of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 6(18):1284-1291.
Bakhshaei, S., Rezvan-Moghaddam, P., Nasiri Mahalati, M. (2010): The effect of different doses of chemical fertilizer and biological fertilizer on wheat yield. Proceedings of the Ist National Conference on sustainable agriculture and safe product, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Isfahan, Iran, pp. 701-704.
Bozorgi, H.R., Azarpou, E., Moradi, Maral. (2011): The effect of bio, mineral nitrogen fertilizer and foliar zinc spraying on yield and yield components of faba bean. World Applied Sciences Journal 13(6):1409-1414.
Cordovil, C.M., Cabral, F., Coutinho, J. (2007): Potential mineralization of nitrogen from wastes to ryegrass and wheat crops. Bioresource Technology 98:3265-3268.
Eyheraguibel B, Silvestre J, Morard P. (2008): Effects of humic substances derived from organic waste enhancement on the growth and mineral nutrition of maize. Bioresource Technology. 99(10): 4206-4212.
Farazandeh, A., Baghi, M., Fazeli, F. (2011): Effect of planting date and humic acid on corn. Proceedings of the VIth National Conference on New Ideas in Agriculture. Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan branch, Isfahan, Iran, pp. 1244-1247.
Fouad, M., Mohammed, N., Aladdin, H., Ahmed, A., Xuxiao, Z., Shiying, B., Tao, Y. (2013): Faba Bean. In: Singh, M., Upadhyaya, H. D., Bisht, I. S., (Eds.), Genetic and Genomic Resources of Grain Legume Improvement. Elsevier, Inc., London, pp. 113-136.
Hajiloo, M., Abbasdukht, M., Ameryan, M., Gholami, A., Khavazy, K., Salimi, H. (2010): Properties of biological fertilizers on growth, yield and yield components of maize crop. Proceedings of the Ist National Conference on sustainable agriculture and healthy product, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Isfahan, Iran, pp. 330-333.
combined use of chemical and biological fertilizers on morphological characteristics of barley. Proceedings of the Ist National Conference on sustainable agriculture and healthy product, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Isfahan, Iran, pp. 162-166.
Khamooshi, H., Mohammadian, N., Saamdaliri, M., Foroughi, Z. (2012): Study on effect of plant density and nitrogen on yield and yield components of Vicia faba (Faba bean). Journal of Ornamental and Horticultural Plants 2(3):161-167.
Meshram, S.U., Shende, S.T. (1982): Response of maize to Azotobacter chroococcum. Plant and Soil 69:265-273.
Mishra, M., Patjoshi, A.K., Jena, D. (1998): Effect of biofertilization on production of maize (Zea mays). Indian Journal of Agronomy 43:307-310.
Nedzinskiene, T., Nedzinskas, A., Pranaitis, K. (2002): Plant selection for green manure, organic farms on sandy loam. Research Issues and Perspectives (Special report). Kaunas, Lithuania, pp. 80-85.
Sabzevari, S., Khazaei, H.R. (2009): The Effect of foliar application with humic acid on growth, yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Agroecology 1(2):53-63. Samavat, S. (2007): Evaluation of humic acid in various organic materials and the effects of urban
waste compost humic acid on some soil. Proceedings of the Xth congress of soil science, Karaj, Iran, pp.714-716.
Turpin, J.E., Robertson, M.J., Hillcoat, N.S., Herridage, D.E. (2002): Faba bean (Vicia faba) in Australia's northern grains belt: canopy development, biomass, and nitrogen accumulation and partitioning. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53(2):227-237.
Zaied, K. A., Afify, A., Nassef, M.A. (2003): Yield and nitrogen assimilation of winter wheat inoculated with new recombinant inoculants of Rhizobacteria. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 6:344-358.
UTICAJ NITROKSINA I HUMINSKE KISELINE NA PRINOS I KOMPONENTE PRINOSA BOBA
Abolfazl Kholdi1, Shahram Sedaghathoor2∗ i Eshagh Poursafarali1
1
Mladi istraživači i elitni klub, Islamski slobodni univerzitet, Ogranak u Raštu, Iran
2
Islamski slobodni univerzitet, Ogranak u Raštu, Iran
R e z i m e
Poboljšanje kvaliteta i kvantiteta prinosa useva korišćenjem organske materije i sistema nižih ulaganja (održive poljoprivrede) na ovom polju je veoma važno. Biođubrivo nitroksin i huminska kiselina mogu povećati biomasu korena i nadzemnog dela biljaka poboljšanim usvajanjem hraniva, čime se poboljšava kvalitet i prinos. Ogled je sproveden prema planu potpuno slučajnog blok sistema, kako bi se proučio uticaj 4 tretmana nitroksina i huminske kiseline na osobine boba (Vicia faba L.): kontrola, nitroksin, huminska kiselina i nitroksin + huminska kiselina. Analiza varijanse je pokazala da je uticaj kombinacije nitroksin + huminska kiselina značajan (p<1%) za neke osobine kao što su visina stabla i prinos zrna boba. Najviši prinos (2,315 kg ha-1) je ostvaren sa tretmanom nitroksin + huminska kiselina.
Ključne reči: huminska kiselina, nitroksin, produktivne osobine, bob.
Primljeno: 26. septembra 2014. Odobreno: 17. decembra 2014.
