Lithic raw material procurement and consumption during the Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic: the case of Casal dos Matos and Cabeça Gorda 1 (Vila Nova de Ourém, Estremadura, Portugal)
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(5) (Vila Nova de Ourém, Estremadura, Portugal) Marco António ANDRADE y Henrique MATIAS UNIARQ – Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214 Lisbon, Portugal
(6) [email protected] (HM). Recibido: 21-12-2012 Aceptado: 26-04-2013. ABSTRACT
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(16) Chalcolithic site (Cabeça Gorda 1) located in its immediate surroundings. The macroscopical comparison between the.
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(36) ing the evident continuity between local procurement, production and consumption sites in the Prehistory of the ancient peasant communities in the Portuguese Estremadura, between the Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic (3100-2600 &'*
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(73) # * KEY WORDS: Raw material procurement. Flaked stone artifacts consumption. Neolithic-Chalcolithic. Portuguese Estremadura. RESUMEN Este trabajo presenta la relación entre una potencial fuente de suministro de sílex (Casal dos Matos) y un yacimiento neolítico-calcolítico (Cabeça Gorda 1) ubicado en su entorno inmediato. La comparación macroscópica entre la materia prima utilizada para los artefactos de piedra tallada en Cabeça Gorda 1 y la que ocurre en Casal dos Matos sugiere 5 4 4
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(77) 8#% 9 8 la evidente continuidad entre sitios de suministro local, producción y consumo en la Prehistoria de las antiguas comu '
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(82) :!;;<=;; >'* Este trabajo no pretende presentar el estudio exhaustivo de la industria de la piedra tallada de Cabeça Gorda 1, pero sí
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(88) 5 de materias primas mediante la comparación con otros casos de suministro de sílex en la misma región. Este marco conceptual puede utilizarse, no sólo para el área donde estos sitios se incluyen, sino también para otras regiones donde
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(91) * PALABRAS CLAVE: Suministro de materias primas. Consumo de artefactos liticos tallados. Neolitico-Calcolítico. Estremadura portuguesa.. Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111. 91. ISSN: 1131-6993.
(92) Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... 1. Presentation 7 + * ! * * ! & 8 # "" "# ;+ < * =>!? + * * " * + was, in this context, subjected to an archaeological intervention (i.e., several test pits) directed by + B! . & *+" + "" only (due to contractual limitations) in the area that &+ # " " construction project. + # & " " # + 7 8 > +# Gorda 1 and allows us to associate, at least spatially, a possible procurement area and a consump 7> D+ " ! the sites are located in the same area, separated by +$%%" + # #" watercourse (Ameal Stream). Thus, can we argue + " +" " ++ * " * * + & " + " " + E + + +# 7> +#" da 1, but to present the probable relationship be& & 8 F &" + +" 7> # J and Chalcolithic communities. Their comparison & 7 + " in the same regional area is also discussed, based on the current available data. Thus, the hypotheses "+ & &" ploitation and consumption can then be used as a " # /+*+ K "+ + * * * & " + 8 . Fig. 1.-/ 1 in the Iberian Peninsula.. 2. Geographical, Geological and Archaeological Context. Fig. 2.-5#* tos (CMT) and Cabeça Gorda 1 (CAG-1).. The sites here studied are located in Portuguese K "+8* O+ &W J 5+X"! +Y>" +Y!Z>"8* Y + > " ' "! & Upper Cenomanian argillaceous limestones and the Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111. ! " #$%%"& dos Matos (both sites are connected by the Ameal ' " #! " & * "+! + . 92.
(93) Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Fig. 3.- Spatial relationship between Casal dos Matos (CMT) and Cabeça Gorda 1 (CAG-1).. Fig. 4 * and Cabeça Gorda 1 (CAG-1).. the east and west sides by two small watercourses + "' "8* The landscape in which Casal dos Matos and + + * J k { ! & ~ # "*# . +# * main regional plains, inserted into the vast synclinal W J 5+X"< northwest area by the Vermoil diapir and in the west. 93. # # * /+ # * D[ " Surrounding these Miocene deposits are Cre + " \ " * ceous limestones and Lower Cenomanian conglom ] \ " " & 8 7 + "# stratigraphic contact between the Cenomanian and the Miocene (Crosaz-Galletu, 1979). Occasionally, / . +# " 8* ` Four main watercourses cross these plains (Caxarias, Olival, Granja and Sorvieira Streams, tribu J k { + * " & & # & + > * + course (north-south and south-north). | * gion, the possible Neolithic and Chalcolithic popu &> +8 # 8 J !& 8!& }>" + " ! ++#. # " ! "# * ~ # + vestiges (unexcavated), are scattered through space without a clear territorial organization. Those are, * #! " & logical remains never exceeding 1000 m2) implant 7+ & #* +" ++ * = * *! +~ " poorly characterized sites (Gonçalves and Pereira Y%%Z! " k?* D++ +$>" %>"+ Cabeça Gorda 1, respectively) and the Late Neolith 8 ~ * " * + >" Gorda 1). In addition, a Chalcolithic site, within the medi 5+X" +`>"+ Gorda 1), was recently discovered. Excavations re " " & & #*" & " # /+*+ K "+ + * . " 5 # . + *$}%/=> 27463, on a sus sp. osteological sample), giving the & *Y *" +FY`ZYYY$% BC (Carvalho et al. 2010-11). Burial places are also represented in the region. The cases which stand out are the Azurraque dol" +Z>"+ ?D++ + { + Y>" %>"+ Cabeça Gorda 1, respectively), which were identi8 " + # + * ? J Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111.
(94) Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... k ` et al. 2010). ' & 8 +Z!}>" &>shop located near raw material sources (in secondary position over Miocene deposits), divided into several loci & & & * ~ F + blades and bladelets, another dedicated to the pro+ k ` D baher 1999, 2006). Note that in the immediate sur+ * + ! / 8 / 2006), which may correspond to a small residential area related to Casas de Baixo. Another possible &>! + " * * ! & 8 5+ + `!} >" + #. ~ # + " / Y%%Z { + + }>" &>& ! ~ # 7 > # & & ++" + "#pologically attributable to the Middle/Late Neolithic (Aubry et al. 2009: 153).. * 8* } #! 7 +lar morphology, but it can also occur in small-sized "+ + * +* " 8 > * ;+ #! "# > # *+ & * * # " " . # ""! with a calcareous and pulverulent aspect, and it is impregnated by the iron oxides present in the clay & 8* Z '" " >Y " #+ + !& & + # * in a sub-primary position in the Holocene soil, which + #+ * ++ +! + +& " 7& (probably due to tectonics) cemented by iron oxides &> *;+ #" " ] & +* * "# & &*# * > 8 " >! # \ " 7 " ?+ + # et al. 2009: 154-157). Other variations can also be seen in some macroscopic characteristics such as grain size " # 8 # " translucid to opaque/translucid, depending on how pronounced its criptoquartzic qualities are). "+ + "* + + in the sample analysed here, as well as the absence " < > # # * * '" coarse areas are also observed and may correspond to micro and macroquartz zonations (increasing up " * = " +# + * & .
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(98) + 7 8 & + # # & . # !" *> + ! & \ " " " " . Fig. 5.- F + 7 # & #+ " # F & + 7 ! #&! # # &ish clay. Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111. 94.
(99) Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Fig. 6.- F* + 7 F " + 7 . 7 + . + K &#! # 7 are distinguishable by its translucency and porosity, being relatively easy to individualize macroscopically. ] + exploitation were recognized in Casal dos Matos, & &*+ # # currence as a procurement source related to Cabeça ]+ * # potential procurement source (due to the proximity " # &" " #! 8 +# + * * * 8 & * * " ! this case, there may exist other sources closer than B& !+ #&> + +*+ * * " & 7 + & 8 other possible sources. Thus, Casal dos Matos is the # 8 + +" # " . "# # + 8* +*" "" + & 7 > + * "* + ! "+ " ! + + ;+~* "# 7 # " #!" > # certain whether these characteristics are present on 7 & ! must be considered a preliminary description, but * +8 + study) to determine the relation between the Casal. 4. The Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic Site of Cabeça Gorda 1 Stratigraphic Set 8 ' * \ ! &F x Unit 1/2: Sediments plowed by the previ+" "+ # ! # " *# " ! " # current topsoil (Unit 1, which covers the surround * O # " + # *# \ Y! *# #. Fig. 7 Y%% + 7 occuring at Casal dos Matos. A: interior aspect, with mi ;+~* F |F . 95. Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111.
(100) Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... &> ]*# + *! *! " # x Unit 2: ?# # #" ! compact, with sub-rounded quartz grains (1-2 mm in size) and some grit, also sub-rounded (2-3 mm in size). It has essentially orange colours, but with some lateral variations in tone and grain size. In the test pits located on upper altimetry, the granulometry is clearly coarser than at those located on lower " # ] + + " # + x Unit 3: Sandy-silty sediments, similar to the overlying layer, mostly bright orange in colour, * + > \ Y! " lateral variations in granulometry and colour. Its 8 + # ! + &*+ + & # + ]& 8 # +& # * 8!& # sand and grit and by a gradual lightening in colour. It also presents on top some grayish spots (probably decomposing organic matter) that disappear in = 8 \ Y! # #! & # ~ & * \ ] + + (Test Pit 6), this layer presents grosser elements in its constitution – particularly thin to medium-sized. ] * 8 + % "! " * * # " top to base. The only exception occurred in Test / ! & & * +7 " " # x Unit 4: / 8 & *# ment that was individualized in Test Pit 3, at the \ Y\ ] " spots more or less scattered present in Unit 3, this + " "* + ". +! " \ ` " " \ ! + * * 8 ] * * #*" x Unit 5: Base layer, sterile in an archaeo* & ] ~ # #. " " " > * and quartz grit. It displays a clear heterogeneity in. + * ! " * * " to white. It corresponds to the disaggregation ho ~ + !. * YPortugal Geological Chart). 5+ 8 8 \ !#+ ". * 8\ !Y \ `!& \ } # Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111. Fig. 8 K ! * /. * # # * * & \ Y! + & ""+ + # \ ` # was observed in Test Pit 3 – Unit 3, in the bottom & & * +7 situation can be characterized as a disturbance that & 8 8 # # > + 8 Unit 4). + 8 * " + *+ ? J K# *+ # > . + + point to an earlier chronology, based on the ap sets are mixed in the various excavated strata. The # * 8" assumption and occurs in relative abundance in Units 1, 2, 3 and 4. + " ! & " !& . + #! * 8 ' # Test Pits 1, 2, 3 and 5, we conclude that the largest +" " ;+ 8* $. 96.
(101) Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Fig. 9 ' " * 8 8 '+J. Archaeological Assemblage. This conclusion is supported by the granulo" * "+ accordance with the slope (coarser material to the south, thinner material to the north), which indi & # + tion. Otherwise, the thinner archaeological assets & * This colluvial process probably had its origin * " "" #+ <& ! * " "! & + . + + * 8 +! . + # * " + B& ! &+ . + < # & F + # "" }%"2Y & #8 + (understood as a reasonable sample representative & . " !* * * 8& \ Y! " "+ + # \ ` = +"* "~ # *" + + " + 7 " ! ! 7> ! " 7 ! +7 ;+~ ! +;+~ ;+~ & + " + 7 >" ~ "++ & &> or were in an initial preparation state. 5+`Z # 8 m2 ! ratio }$!Z"2), we * *& * 8 +" 7> " 8 > * # }}! Y!` & " / # represents about 9,6%, while the burnt clay nod+ &" +&> > are merely residual (Table 1). From a stratigraphic. Table 1 + 8 * #' * \ . 97. Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111.
(102) Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... Table 2.-+ 8 # / ' * \ . Pottery. &! 8 \ Y! +* \ ` " # * * " volume) when compared with other Units, espe # # " + `$ # categories (Table 1). test pits located in the north and northeast areas (Test Pits 1, 2, 3 and 5) decreasing to the south (Test Pits 4 and 6) and west (Test Pits 7 and 8) – a disper & * ! + + !"+ Y. 5+ # *" " " + 8 \ `! # && + containers. Morphologically, they correspond to a plain spheroidal pot (Vessel 1) and to a small bowl #* # ;+ " " between a high-carinated bowl and an introvertedrim bowl (Vessel 2). The chronological attribution " # W Y!. " * ? J K# 8* % "*" *& *. " & # +. Fig. 10 K" # F W YF " " & * & " &W Y Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111. 98.
(103) Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. + *8 *<" # " ! " 8 " + . ~ " # # " * + ] & ! Flaked Stone Artifacts +" 7> }}!YZY " &" & 7 & * * # & *! ;+~!;+~ ># !& # ++ D # ! * & 8 + nilles 2008): preparation/rejuvenation elements, , blades, bladelets, debris/knapping residues, cores and tools (Table 3) . D Y%} " + * ;+ 7 + 7 &" ! 8 * $! 7> +# !* `!Z;+~ ! }!Z;+~ !}# ;+ > * `& * ++ +# Gorda 1. However, this techno-typological hetero* # " > #+ 8 + + ! + & For example, the typological characteristics & # + 8 # # + + # ` " 7 & ! responding to one parallelepiped core, one prismat 7> & "+ > *"!+ " & * > * " & > *"! & "7> 7> ". Fig. 11 Y%% # *" + #+ F + + ;+~ * W F * + " + *8 * W YF " + + # + & 8+ |F + # nodule with sub-rounded quartz grains.. *" "# > & & + O 8 * + *" &*" * + 8 * "phere. | " ;+~ " " # terestingly, these are the ones that were subjected to 8 * " ! #" # #*" that the pastes include mostly calcareous non-plastic " 8* # # + # " . Table 3.-+ 8 * #&" . 99. Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111.
(104) Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... Table 4.-] # 7> +#. + > ! & > * " + ! * + ! + + > + + 7> ' "+ +#!&;+~ & ! * *" matic bladelet core and one debitated nodule (not. " +~ represented by one single element, corresponding to a chopper-type core. Similarly, tools present the same typological variety. Flint tools are represented by 12 elements,. * & + # > " ! " + * ! nosed end-scraper, two side-scrapers, two burins "+ + 7 + ! + + & + & 7> + *" ! # sharpening removal. Quartz tools are represented by one single element, corresponding to one " +;+~ # + " ! * ! Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111. 100. two notches and one diverted dihedral burin (Figs 12 and 13). ! * * 8 techno-complex in Cabeça Gorda 1, the heteroge ++ & *+ + ! & # " " * products (what nevertheless should be undervalued). ] ! *" * products does not allow rigorous technological analysis, although it can be advanced that pressure * > * * & * + !"# # + + & "" < ++ *# 7 " & ` " ;+ 7 ` " + 7 ! + } 5 7 $ + " 7 " ! & .
(105) Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Fig. 12.-K" +# }F Z }F Z F + $F + 7> F + > " Y%F + 7> & &* " 21-22: side-scrapers. *" !& *+ 8 + ~ > . + + &" " + 7 & 8 *" or less pronounced translucid tendency (and thus * *+;+ + 7 ! respectively). These general characteristics are a di 7 &" <& + >. + resent all the characteristics listed above. There are " # " 7 & &> ! * ~ # ;+ " iron oxides (Aubry et al. 2009: 155), corresponding +Y% + + > " variation between yellowish-brown, grayish-green > < * * "*# + > " \ "nian geological contexts. Thereby, the importance " "! + ! . 101. Fig. 13 K" +# F * + YF " & > *"`F " 7> & "+ > *"}F> + 7> ZF " . & > *"F 7> $F " F % 11: tablets.. " (Almeida et al. Y%% Y% ! &" " "# " " " + " " " " > + . + +" " ! + % 7 " Cabeça Gorda 1. B& ! + # 7 <" #+ *7 " 5ian geological contexts. Nevertheless, they have a residual value within the set, corresponding to +Y!`7 7 +>& " +** & F + " > > * 8+ " 7 " + * " + ;+ ~ & #> * 8 + + Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111.
(106) Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... The quartzite, quartz and lydite, using cobbles as support, could be procured locally, collected in the + " ;+ # "" ++ * 5. Discussion + & " ! 8 &" + " + ! " > + 7> "+ + * +# + * . + . ""+ ! 8 # ] ! " + 8 " + & + single settlement system becomes clearly essential + * + J ""+ B& ++ #! #+ > ! * islands closed in on themselves, which ignores the "+ + " + + " ! & + # to its surroundings and to other sites located in adjacent areas” (Andrade 2011: 24). +! # + " + # & * + + ! /+*+ * + " &> # 8 " ! !# + + + +" " ] ! + the relationship Casal dos Matos-Cabeça Gorda 1 + + . + 8 8 B& !" +" + 8 ] /+*+ K "+ & 8. " * 7 exploitation during Neolithic and Calcolithic (see + + '+ çalves 2011) such as those recorded in other are ] + < > * + " ~? $ " ~? et al. 1999), Casa Montero, Madrid (Consuegra Rodríguez et al.Y%%` et al.Y%%$|~ { and Consuegra 2011), La Venta, Granada (Ramos Millán et al. 1993) or Valle de Los Gallumbares, Granada (Martínez Fernandéz et al. 2006). Moreo ! + 8 * * bris deposits (such as breccia) were possible, the * 7 " " /+*+ KComplutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111. 102. "+ 8 " et al. 2003). ] ! + #&> & 8 7 + * 7 + # ! + " " " + +" +# " * + 5 +#! + " + " " " !& * #+ 8 and easily accessed. * !& 8+ & " + " " + * the Neolithic and Calcolithic in the Portuguese Es "+ "+ * " # Vallespi et al. 1988), in sites generally character ~ " &>F " & . + !+ / ! / ! J { Y% Y%%` Y% Y & ized lithic production, such as Casas de Baixo and + / k `D $! !Y%%Z et al. " 7 + & + !+ as Vila Pouca and Santana, related to the putative " 7 " D $! Andrade and Matias 2011 about the interpretation " " `" " stalled near a larger settlement with intensive lithic production, such as Barotas and Monte do Castelo, 8 " ? YJton 1997-98). + " " into two basic models, potentially corresponding to a chronological scale: 1) occasional exploitation sites, according to seasonal group movements "" ""+ #! & 8" 8 . ""+ J Y " & ~ + !. * to permanent raw materials procurement, related to stable peasant communities and their consolidation (Chalcolithic). Nevertheless, when comparing chrono-culturally coeval sites (regarding the Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic in this particular * ! ;+# *+ * &" + " Basically, contexts interpreted as procurement &> 8 # & *. +" ! 7 * #* * > X ~et al..
(107) Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Table 5.-{&" ;+ * 7 * "] ~ 1999: 27).. Y%%Z/ * }F " #&" (sites installed near procurement sources) and the * 7> ! 7 * 8* " * ;+ ! 7# > "7> ! " > & & # # " ! " +8 ! prismatic cores abandoned in an advanced debitage * + > * . + ! core preparation and rejuvenation elements (corti # 7> ! " !. & 8 " & * * and core rejuvenation elements). '+ ;+ + &> + + " + ! 8 # " ! + > " . *+ ! & * ~ " &" + habitat area (Table 5): “There are many ways in & & " " . # " !& & & +F " +* " " * +&> +" 8 #O+ & " B) the material is brought to the campsite as pre +7> +*+ +8 # + + * + " +* " |# & + 8 brought to the campsite. K * detected when conditions allow, and can be plausibly suspected in almost all major archaeological ] "#" * -. Table 6 / " * / !/ Cabeça Gorda 1.. 103. Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111.
(108) Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... Fig. 14 {&" " " " F+*+ 7 > & " F " . & * # & 8 . * # ! their occurrence is sporadic” (Inizian et al. 1999: 26-27). D J /+guese Estremadura, according to the available data, only hypotheses B and C are tenable – although hy | + ! # 8 cases – as it is characterized by very specialized lithic production. In this context, when comparing " & # 8 " &> . ! such as Pedreira do Aires and Monte das Pedras) ! Z +!& "+ # several aspects in this comparison. 8 * * +&> > F`Y! das Pedras and >10,1% in Pedreira do Aires (this is a subjective value, as survey limitations prevented +&> >/ Aires despite their extreme abundance on the site) against 2,8% in Cabeça Gorda 1 (Fig. 14). 7# >! + > * 8 + * cleavages) are present both in Monte das Pedras and Pedreira do Aires, but absent in Cabeça Gorda 1. ' " #! # * * ! 7 * 8 + ! das Pedras and Pedreira Aires, abandoned due to " > * " # >" #! * * + > }! Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111. 104. # " das Pedras and Pedreira do Aires (11,5% and 10,7% , respectively). On the other hand, there is a high * O+ " Monte das Pedras and Pedreira do Aires (particularly in Pedreira do Aires, where the core mainte " + }%! total assemblage). " ! + B& ! 8 * + Cabeça Gorda 1, we can not ignore the proximity to raw material sources and its morphological characteristics. = #8 ! + + +" ! & 8*+ * # a permanent settlement – a concept, in prehistoric times, that already presents an obvious subjective " ] &+ ! ! " " < + + 7 . + * in Casal dos Matos would only represent the ex +" + ] ! 7> +# expeditious technology that could be almost clas 8 . *# ] ! +*7 >"nipulation are not attested to (given the apparent > 7> !& + &> ! ++# + & F "*# + 7 > " # + + !& + +" *++ > " + * + ;+ + > 7&+ # * &* " > * .
(109) Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Fig. 15 !+ *+ 7 &" F + + F> +7> + D *+ FY YF}. + &+ + # "*# > ] >. + * ! &+ ! "! + " K del Pedregal in Juan-Cabanilles et al. 2006). How ! + + ! " *7> & ered (nevertheless, in addition to some suggestive. ! + 7> & &* " was recovered, here illustrated in Figure 12: 20). & # + + & > & 7> " +7> ! + #> ** + "*# > " 8* } ] *#! higher quality platelets at Cabeça Gorda 1, while & ;+ # " + + 7> & +" = suggest that the best quality material would have & . + " abandonment. '! & # 8*+ " 7 + Casal dos Matos procurement source? Not necessarily, as the typical elements present in the ar * > & + + ! + " 7> 7# > '! & # 8*+ &> to Casal dos Matos procurement source, settled nearby and where the cores and tools would arrive 7# "E! -. 105. ily, as we recorded neither a reasonable percent* * O+ " "+8 7 * ~ + ] 8 * ! > * . + . + &> & it is included, Casas de Baixo plays that role. Cabeça Gorda 1 corresponds, according to our interpretation, to a small campsite, a single sporadic . + & #! " & > # " " F * * ! > * . + " + + + ""+ ! # much based on hunting activities and transhumant " *. * + # "# settlements), resorting to the occasional raw ma + " # + * > * "" # >+ Obviously, this explanatory hypothesis is based + *+ B& ! " * an axiomatic explanation, it is an assumption conceived according to the available data. The low # 8 & & " ~ * # *" ~ * + + < 7 * * " # * 8 # 7+ +" O D& *' ! # & 8 * F' "# ! the more mobile a group, the less material culture they carry and/or abandon. This relationship should be visible cross-culturally between groups, such as nomadic hunter-gatheres and horticulturalists. The relationship should also be visible within groups, Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111.
(110) Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... such as societies with year-round base camps and # " . + ods” (Kent 1993: 68). 5 ! . + &+ # +! ! chaeological structures no more complex than < #> + + & sume to have existed at this site, since a relatively * +" 8 > # + + + isted, such as clay-lined hearths, as suggested by the " + #+ & " + <& ! " + + ! "" + + ! & + # O+ # # # * * + + ! + " + + * "mediate landscape based on geo-morphological cri F " "" +8 " Y & & " & courses, with relative visual dominance over them, > * * " +" ~ * ! + " " * ] ! + + * 7+ " # !. 8*+ * * " * &tersheds, allow easy movements in the transverse #! * * + culation axes set up by the secondary watercourses, + ' ' " ' " #! 8" * " # herent to these communities, raw materials similar to those occurring at Casal dos Matos are not ex + 8* Z " 7 " ! + + 5 7 > < & "+ ~ 7 + + `>" " ! * +. + ~ * ' & " 5 7 > present in Cabeça Gorda 1), in addition to the oc + { +!+ # position in detritical deposits (Aubry et al. 2009: } }+ #et al.Y% Y Y% Y Thus, when determining this particular raw material procurement schema, it would be important to >& ++ & + & 8 tat areas and the consequent territory exploitation strategies. ] 8 &>!& # Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111. 106. Fig. 16 Y%% 7 > F " + 7 " !& " ;+~* F " + 7 " F " ;+ 7 " !& " |F . " ;+ 7 " KF 5 7 " ' DF 5 7 " Sabacheira.. &> ! # +Z!}>" +. # & + "\*+ & ] # " # " " "& & + # + "# . +tions were probably subsidiaries – as the settle" " +#+ +! given they are poorly characterized, to outline a ++ *" cupation in this area. +! " taneous space use, we can only mention here that ++# & &> ! ing to both sites use episodes relating to Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic. However, the only radio to an occupation centered in 5190±60 BP (Foren-.
(111) Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Fig. 17.-K" +# F YF " " k `F```!8* `. baher 1999: 53). This date, using the IntCal09.14c curve (Reimer et al. 2009, Radiocarbon 51: 4) and *"5` %>{" #Y%%! Radiocarbon } F ! * & * Y *" calibrated result: 4230-3804 cal BC (with 95,4% probability) – which points towards the regional Middle Neolithic, not acceptable according to the. " " * in this site. This may well indicate a continued use ! # " J (4200-3400 cal BCE, with a tenuous and sporadic . + ! +** # " geometric armatures) to the Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic (3100-2600 cal BCE, with a massive and continuous occupation). However, as mentioned above, these are sites & + ] ! duction that probably would supply a large settlement, demonstrating a high specialization level in + +#<& & * ~ + ! + * + ! + 8* ! 8 * ;+ &+ > ~ < " > " These elements would be introduced under this " 8 ! # # " | " * . 107. analysis region about this matter, this observation is demonstrated by the recent and exhaustive study 7> +#/ ? "! an important Chalcolithic settlement in the lower Portuguese Estremadura (Sousa 2010). This specialized production can be seen by " " + # !+ !** ! spearheads and arrowheads accompanying the + " ? D+ + da Moura da Rexaldia, using the closest examples. ] !8 & " + # ! + 7 "* # " et al ~ 7 + # et al. 2009: 155-157). >& * central settlement) a well organized community !& & 8 rial occupation denoting a clear spatial segregation * " # communities. Cabeça Gorda 1, although being a small campsite with scarce archaeological repre ! + " # " # "< * + 8" ++ # 7 8 8 " + ' D + ~ # " ~ 7> Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111.
(112) Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... ! > 7> ! * " * " 7> !. * + }! + " D * $ # 1 (here illustrated in Figure 13: 6-7), presenting # " "* those collected in Casas de Baixo. #&#! & + + # * + # "!"& " +* * " & " #& certainty (Fig.19) .. * ! ;+ . +" &" >& 8 ~ # ++ 7 * & * ~ ! & ! * > "+ + " " +" + > & ! " # " ! * ~ " *& 8" . ""+ " ? J ! " " In contrast, there are sites that, although contem#! ~ are sites that correspond to occasional exploitation places (according to immediate needs and are devel + ! with an expeditious and immediate consumption, characterized by a rudimentary technology with the + ""+* +!& & * E # "# torial occupation and land-use during this time in the Portuguese Estremadura. According to R. Chapman (1990), we could say that these sites do not represent + & " (not yet attested with certainty in this geographical * !& * * > * + & ! + + & " " + #tem. Ultimately, we have to recognize that, along & + " ~ + ! > <& & 8 . + " ! & 8*+ " . " 7+ * " ! + " + &> # *+# 8 + # + * " ! + # ! + + " + ! + * 8 " . + + exploitation during the Late Neolithic and Chalco & ;+ `th millennium 8 rd millennium BCE) in the Portuguese Estremadura region.. 6. Conclusion. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. In short, the case study described here shows a 8 " &" + " Portuguese Estremadura during de Late Neolithic K# ] ! " and during the same chrono-cultural period two. + > = " *"" . + # &> K* £+ & # * " * Cabeça Gorda 1.. Fig. 18 K" }F " ZF " * "7> $F + "D F} }Y!8* Y%Y . Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111. 108.
(113) Lithic raw material procurement and consumption.... Marco António Andrade y Henrique Matias. Fig. 19.-5+ + &>+ * J # 5+X"! & D[ " * >J k{ " * O " F F+" YF*F 5+X"`F k}FD + 8 ZFD+*~F?*D++ " F$F F %F/ F5+ YF'k' "k F5+ D `F ~ * }F+ W + ZF+ F/ $F+ ' " F F Y%F/ Y F # YYF YF * * > Y`F?K + > Y}F/ ¤*+ > YZF/ > =>FYF Y$F5+ YF %F Y F' YFW YF *`F+ {~ D+ #' F}FW 5" ZF ' ' " F~+;+ " $F?D+ F/ ' `%F * ` FJ' ? `YF?5 `F ``F/ + `}F' `ZF+ `F k `$F+ ~ * `F+ +{ W F}%F+ W O 7 + FF / F F { +|F ' KF~ * 7 + FDF{ F. 109. Complutum, 2013, Vol. 24 (1): 91-111.
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