Sumarização automática de opiniões baseada em
aspectos
SERVIÇO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DO ICMC-USP
Data de Depósito:
Assinatura:_______________________
Roque Enrique López Condori
Sumarização automática de opiniões baseada em
aspectos
Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação - ICMC-USP, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências - Ciências de Computação e Matemática Computacional. VERSÃO REVISADA Área de Concentração: Ciências de Computação e Matemática Computacional
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro Pardo
Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Prof. Achille Bassi e Seção Técnica de Informática, ICMC/USP,
com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a)
L864s
López Condori, Roque Enrique
Sumarização automática de opiniões baseada em aspectos / Roque Enrique López Condori; orientador Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro Pardo. -- São Carlos, 2015.
144 p.
Dissertação (Mestrado - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Computação e Matemática
Computacional) -- Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, 2015.
Roque Enrique López Condori
Automatic aspect-based opinion summarization
Master dissertation submitted to the Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação - ICMC-USP, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the Master Program in Computer Science and Computational Mathematics. FINAL VERSION
Concentration Area: Computer Science and
Computational Mathematics
Advisor: Prof. Dr. Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro Pardo
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦rç❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❆♥t♦♥✐❛ ❡ ❘♦q✉❡✱ ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ◆♦❡❧✐❛✱ ❏✉❛♥ ❏♦sé ❡ ❆♥❞r❡❛✱ ❡ ❛ ❙♦♥✐❛✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ Pr♦❢✳ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ P❛r❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞❛ ❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❡ ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ◆■▲❈✱ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦ ❝♦♠✐❣♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ é ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉♠ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♥t✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r s✉♠ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s é ❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛✲ çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ❆ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣r♦❞✉③ s✉♠ár✐♦s ❞❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❢❡r❡♠✲s❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❡ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s sã♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❡ss❛ t❛r❡❢❛ t❡♠ ❣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ♠✉✐t❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛ ✇❡❜ ❡ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐♦r ❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ■♥❢❡❧✐③♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ P♦rt✉❣✉ês ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♣♦✉❝♦ s❡ t❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ♥❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣♦✉✲s❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s q✉❛tr♦ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❡①tr❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❛❜str❛t✐✈♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❢❛s❡s ❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r❛♠✲s❡ ❞✉❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r s✉♠ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✳ ❊ss❛s ❞✉❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s t❡♥t❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ três ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ ár❡❛✿ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✉♠ár✐♦✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡✱ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♦s s✉♣❡r❛♠✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s✱ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ▲í♥❣✉❛ ◆❛t✉r❛❧✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❖♣✐♥✐♦♥ s✉♠♠❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛❧s♦ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t s✉♠♠❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐s t❤❡ t❛s❦ ♦❢ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ s✉♠♠❛r✐❡s ❢♦r ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥s ❛❜♦✉t ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❡♥t✐t②✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s t♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥ s✉♠♠❛r✐❡s ✐s ❛s♣❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥ s✉♠♠❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆s♣❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥ s✉♠♠❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s s✉♠♠❛r✐❡s ♦❢ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡♥t✐t②✳ ❊♥t✐t✐❡s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✱ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s ♦r ♦t❤❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ ❛s♣❡❝ts ❛r❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s ♦r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡♠✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ②❡❛rs✱ t❤✐s t❛s❦ ❤❛s ❣❛✐♥❡❞ ♠✉❝❤ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇❡❜ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✉s❡r ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✱ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s✱ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡rs✳ ❯♥❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡❧②✱ ❢♦r ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❢❡✇ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡s ✐♥ t❤❛t ❛r❡❛✳ ■♥ t❤✐s s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✱ t❤✐s ♠❛st❡r✬s ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✲ ♠❡♥t ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ❛s♣❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥ s✉♠♠❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ■♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ✐t ✇❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❢♦✉r ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✱ ❡①tr❛❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❜str❛❝t✐✈❡ ♦♥❡s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✇❡r❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ ✐ts ♣❤❛s❡s ❛♥❞✱ ❛s ❛ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ✐t ✇❛s ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ t✇♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s t♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ s✉♠♠❛r✐❡s ♦❢ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥s✳ ❇♦t❤ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s ❛tt❡♠♣t t♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s t♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ ❜❡tt❡r s✉♠♠❛r✐❡s✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤r❡❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s✿ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❡♥❡ss✱ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ✉s❡❢✉❧♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉♠♠❛r②✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛♥❞✱ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ❝❛s❡s✱ t❤❡② ❣♦t t❤❡ ❜❡st ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❆s♣❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❖♣✐♥✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳
P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ❛té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣✉❜❧✐✲ ❝❛❞♦s ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❛rt✐❣♦s✿
• ❘♦q✉❡ ▲ó♣❡③✱ ▲✉❝❛s ❆✈❛♥ç♦✱ P❡❞r♦ ❇❛❧❛❣❡✱ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❇♦❦❛♥✱ P❛✉❧❛ ❈❛r❞♦s♦✱ ▼ár❝✐♦ ❉✐❛s✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ◆ó❜r❡❣❛✱ ▼❛r❝♦ ❙♦❜r❡✈✐❧❧❛✱ ❏❛❝❦s♦♥ ❙♦✉③❛✱ ❆♥❞r❡ss❛ ❩❛❝❛r✐❛s✱ ❆r✐❛♥✐ ❉✐ ❋❡❧✐♣♣♦✱ ❊❧♦✐③❡ ❙❡♥♦ ❡ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ P❛r❞♦✳ ❆ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❛ ❈♦r♣✉s ♦❢ ❖♣✐♥✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r✐❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❆s♣❡❝ts✳ ■♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❳ ▲✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝ ❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ✭▲❆❲✲✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❈♦❧♦r❛❞♦✱ ❯❙❆✳
• ❘♦q✉❡ ▲ó♣❡③ ❡ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ P❛r❞♦✳ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ♦♥ ❙❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥
❯s❡r✲●❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥t❡♥t✳ ■♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❳❱■ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ❚❡①t Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s ✭❈■❈▲■◆●✲✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❈❛✐r♦✱ ❊❣②♣t✳
• ❱❡rô♥✐❝❛ ❆❣♦st✐♥✐✱ ❘♦q✉❡ ▲ó♣❡③ ❡ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ P❛r❞♦✳ ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❆❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t ♦❢ ◆❡✇s
❚❡①ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ▼✉❧t✐✲❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❙✉♠♠❛r✐❡s✿ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ ▼❡t❤♦❞s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❳■ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡ ✭P❘❖P❖❘✲✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❇r❛③✐❧✳
• ▼ár❝✐♦ ❉✐❛s✱ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❇♦❦❛♥✱ ❈❛r❧❛ ❈❤✉♠❛♥✱ ❈❧á✉❞✐❛ ❇❛rr♦s✱ ❊r✐❝❦ ▼❛③✐❡r♦✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦
◆♦❜r❡❣❛✱ ❏❛❝❦s♦♥ ❙♦✉③❛✱ ▼❛r❝♦ ❙♦❜r❡✈✐❧❧❛✱ ▼❛r✐♥❛ ❉❡❧❡❣❡✱ ▲✉❝í❛ ❈❛str♦✱ ◆❛✐r❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ P❛✉❧❛ ❈❛r❞♦s♦✱ P❡❞r♦ ❇❛❧❛❣❡✱ ❘♦q✉❡ ▲ó♣❡③✱ ❱❛♥❡ss❛ ▼❛r❝❛ss♦✱ ❆r✐❛♥✐ ❋❡❧✐♣♣♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ●r❛ç❛s ❡ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ P❛r❞♦✳ ❊♥r✐q✉❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❈♦r♣✉s ❈❙❚◆❡✇s ✲ ❛ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ◆♦✈♦s ❙✉♠ár✐♦s ▼✉❧t✐❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✳ ■♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ■ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❚♦♦❧s ❛♥❞ ❘❡✲ s♦✉r❝❡s ❢♦r ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡ ❛♥❞ ❙♣❛♥✐s❤ ✭❚♦❘P♦r❊s♣✲✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❇r❛③✐❧✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛çõ❡s ①✈
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ▲❛❝✉♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✹ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✺ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✻ ❊str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✶✸
✷✳✶ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❚❡①t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❊①tr❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❆❜str❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✷ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❖♣✐♥✐ã♦✴❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✸ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷✳✹ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❊t❛♣❛s ♥❛ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❋♦r♠❛t♦s ❞♦s ❙✉♠ár✐♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✹✳✸ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❊①tr❛t✐✈❛ ✈s✳ ❆❜str❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✹✳✹ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✸✸
✸✳✶ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❊①tr❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❇❡✐♥❡❦❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❍✉ ❡ ▲✐✉ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❙❤❛r✐✜ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✶✳✹ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❚❛❞❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✶✳✺ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❙❤✐♠❛❞❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶✳✻ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❳✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶✳✼ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❲❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✷ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❆❜str❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❡♥✐♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❞❡ ●❛♥❡s❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ▲❛❜❜ é ❡ P♦rt❡t ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❛♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✷✳✺ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❜❜r✐③✐♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✸ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞♦s ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❉✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✹ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞♦ ❚❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✹ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❈ór♣✉s ✺✼
✹✳✹✳✷ ❙✉♠ár✐♦s ❆❜str❛t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✺✳✶ ❈♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❆♥♦t❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✺✳✷ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞♦s ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✺✳✸ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✺ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s ✼✺
✺✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ■♥✐❝✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❊①tr❛t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✷✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❍✉ ❡ ▲✐✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✷✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❚❛❞❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❆❜str❛t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✸✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ●❛♥❡s❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✸✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❛♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✹ Pr♦♣♦st❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✹✳✶ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❊①tr❛t✐✈❛✿ ❖♣✐③❡r✲❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✹✳✷ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❆❜str❛t✐✈❛✿ ❖♣✐③❡r✲❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹
✻ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✶✵✼
✻✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✳✶✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✻✳✶✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ▲✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✻✳✶✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✻✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✻✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✻✳✷✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ▲✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✻✳✷✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽
✼ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✶✷✶
✼✳✷ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✼✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✷✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✉♠ár✐♦ ❡①tr❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✉♠ár✐♦ ❛❜str❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✹ ❇✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ■♣❤♦♥❡ ✺ ♥♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✺ ❇✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ■♣❤♦♥❡ ✺ ♥♦ ❇✉s❝❛♣é ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❡sã♦ t❡①t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✼ ❍♦✉r❣❧❛ss ❞❛s ❊♠♦çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✽ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❙❛♠s✉♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✾ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ❊str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ✭❍✉ ❡ ▲✐✉✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✶✵ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ❚❡①t✉❛❧ ✭❈❛r❡♥✐♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✶✶ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ✭▲✐✉✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✶✷ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ●❛❧❛①② ❙✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✶✸ ❚❡❧❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❙✉♠❱✐❡✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✶✹ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❙✉♠❱✐❡✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✶✺ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❙❊❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✶✻ ●r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✭❙❤❛r✐✜ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✶✼ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ✭❙❤❛r✐✜ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✶✽ ●r❛❢♦ ❞♦ ❖♣✐♥♦s✐s ✭●❛♥❡s❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✶✾ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧♦ ▲❛❜❜é ❡ P♦rt❡t ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✷✵ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞♦ ❚❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✷✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✉♠ár✐♦ ❡①tr❛t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✷✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✉♠ár✐♦ ❛❜str❛t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❚❆❈✲✷✵✵✽ ✭▼✐t❤✉♥ ❡ ❑♦ss❡✐♠✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✷ P♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦s ♥♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✭❇❡✐♥❡❦❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸ ❘❖❯●❊✕◆ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹ ❆❝♦r❞♦ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s r❡s✉♠♦s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s ❡ ♦s ♠❛♥✉❛✐s ✭✪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡♠ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✭❲❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✼ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✭❈❛r❡♥✐♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✽ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✶✵ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✶✶ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝ór♣✉s ❘❡▲✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✶✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛♥♦t❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✶✸ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ❖♣✐❙✉♠s✲P❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✶✹ ❊♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✶✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛♥♦t❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✶✻ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦s s✉♠ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✶✼ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s✉♠ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✶✽ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ú♥✐❝♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✶✾ ❚❡♠♣❧❛t❡s tr❛❞✉③✐❞♦s ❞❡ ●❡r❛♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵
✷✵ ❚❡♠♣❧❛t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❖♣✐③❡r✲❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛çõ❡s
❉❯❈ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡
❊❉❯ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ❉✐s❝♦✉rs❡ ❯♥✐ts
▼❙❚ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ ❙♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❚r❡❡
◆■▲❈ ◆ú❝❧❡♦ ■♥t❡r✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
◆▲● ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥
P▲◆ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▲í♥❣✉❛ ◆❛t✉r❛❧
P❖❙ P❛rt✲❖❢✲❙♣❡❡❝❤
◗▲ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ▲✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛
❘❖❯●❊ ❘❡❝❛❧❧✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❯♥❞❡rst✉❞② ❢♦r ●✐st✐♥❣ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥
❘❙❚ ❘❤❡t♦r✐❝❛❧ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ❚❤❡♦r②
❚❆❈ ❚❡①t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡
❚❋✲■❉❋ ❚❡r♠ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲■♥✈❡rs❡ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝②
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦
✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❆ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♠✉❞♦✉ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❍♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛✱ s❡ ❛❧❣✉é♠ q✉❡r ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❛♠✐❣♦ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❛♥✐✈❡rs❛r✐♦✱ ♦ ❢❛③ ♣❡❧❛s r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s❀ s❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❧❡r ✉♠❛ ♥♦tí❝✐❛✱ ❡❧❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♦s ✇❡❜s✐t❡s ❞♦s ❥♦r♥❛✐s❀ s❡ ❛❧❣✉é♠ q✉❡r ❝♦♠♣r❛r ✉♠ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✱ ❡❧❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❛ ✇❡❜ ❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r✳
❈♦♥❤❡❝❡r ✏♦ q✉❡ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣❡♥s❛♠✑ t❡♠ s✐❞♦✱ ❡ é✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ç❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ✭P❛♥❣ ❡ ▲❡❡✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♦✉ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ♣r♦❝✉r❛r✱ ❧❡r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♦♥❧✐♥❡ q✉❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡stã♦ ❞✐③❡♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♦✉ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳
❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❞♦ ❡✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡✱ ❛s ♠í❞✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❜❧♦❣s✱ r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ s✐t❡s ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❡stã♦ t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣r❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❛s ❝♦♥tê♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡st❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✳
◆❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ♣á❣✐♥❛s ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❆♠❛③♦♥✶ ❡ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❙❤♦♣♣✐♥❣✷✮✱ s✐st❡♠❛s
✶❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❛♠❛③♦♥✳❝♦♠✴
✷❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣♦♦❣❧❡✳❝♦♠✴s❤♦♣♣✐♥❣✴
❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❇✉s❝❛♣é✸ ❡ ❇♦♥❞❢❛r♦✹✮ ❡ ♣á❣✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❊♣✐♥✐♦♥s✺ ❡ ❘❡❝❧❛♠❡ ❆q✉✐✻✮ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❣✐❣❛♥t❡s❝♦s ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❝✐❜❡r♥❛✉t❛s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ❋♦rr❡st❡r✲❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ✷✵✶✶ ❢♦r❛♠ ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✺✵✵ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳
❊st❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ▲í♥❣✉❛ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ✭P▲◆✮✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ ❆❣r✉♣❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳
❆ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ é ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ s✉♠ár✐♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❛❧✈♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ✭❈♦♥r❛❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s s✉❜❥❡t✐✈❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡♠♦çõ❡s ♦✉ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡①t♦✱ ♦♣t♦✉✲s❡ ♣♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ t❡r♠♦ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♥♦t❛r ✉♠❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦✱ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♠♦çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ❢❡✐t♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ▲✐✉ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ▼✉♥❡③❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ P❛r❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡st❡ t❡①t♦✱ ❡st❡s t❡r♠♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✐♥❞✐st✐♥t❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦ré♠ sã♦ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐❞♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳
❆ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s s✉r❣✐✉ ♣❡❧♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s s✉❜✲ ❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ♣♦st❛❣❡♥s✱ t✇❡❡ts✱ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ♦s ❝✐❜❡r♥❛✉t❛s ❡①♣r❡ss❛♠ s✉❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ❡t❝✳ ❊st❛ ♥♦✈❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ✈✐s❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡st❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡①tr❛✐r ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛s ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✐t❤✉♥ ❡ ❑♦ss❡✐♠ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ à s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ tr❛❞✐✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦tí❝✐❛s✮✱ ❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♣✐♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ ◆❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✈✐st❛s ❛s ♣♦♥t✉❛çõ❡s ♠é❞✐❛s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❚❆❈ ✷✵✵✽✼✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❣ê♥❡r♦ ♥♦tí❝✐❛s✮ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ✭❣ê♥❡r♦ ❜❧♦❣✮✳ ❆ ❚❆❈ é ❛ ♣r✐♥✲ ❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧
✸❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜✉s❝❛♣❡✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴ ✹❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜♦♥❞❢❛r♦✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴ ✺❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡♣✐♥✐♦♥s✳❝♦♠✴ ✻❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳r❡❝❧❛♠❡❛q✉✐✳❝♦♠✴
✼❚❡①t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♥✐st✳❣♦✈✴t❛❝✴✷✵✵✽✴✐♥❞❡①✳❤t♠❧
❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ✉♠ ❢ór✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
❉❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛✶✱ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞♦ r❡s✉♠♦✽❀ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❛ ❝♦❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❧❡❣✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✉♠ár✐♦❀ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ r❡s✉♠♦✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣♦♥t✉❛çõ❡s ♥❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ sã♦ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✳
●ê♥❡r♦ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ▲✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ✭❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ✵ ❛té ✶✮ ✭❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ✶ ❛té ✺✮ ✭❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ✶ ❛té ✺✮
❇❧♦❣s ✵✳✷✶ ✷✳✶✸ ✶✳✻✶
◆♦tí❝✐❛s ✵✳✷✼ ✷✳✸✸ ✷✳✸✷
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✿ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❚❆❈✲✷✵✵✽ ✭▼✐t❤✉♥ ❡ ❑♦ss❡✐♠✱ ✷✵✵✾✮
❊st❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❡ ❛ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❞❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✮ t❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❡stá ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ tó♣✐❝♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❛ é ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡✳
❆s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡♠ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s sã♦ r❡❝❡♥t❡s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ♣✉❜❧✐✲ ❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ✷✵✵✸✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r❇❡✐♥❡❦❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❖✉tr♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣✐♦♥❡✐r♦ é ♦ ❞❡ ❍✉ ❡ ▲✐✉ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✳ ❆♠❜❛s ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s s❡rã♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♠❛✐s à ❢r❡♥t❡✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s✱ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s♦❜r❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ✈❡♠ ❝r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❚❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s sã♦ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✐♥❣ ❡ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛✳ ◆♦ ♠❛r❦❡t✐♥❣✱ ❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❛❜❡r ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❢♦rt❡s ❞♦s s❡✉s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡✱ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❛s s✉❛s ❢r❛q✉❡③❛s✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛t✉❛❧ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ é ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s ❞❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣r❛❞♦r❡s tê♠ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ♦✉ ♥ã♦❀ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s
✽◆❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛✱ ♦s t❡r♠♦s s✉♠ár✐♦ ❡ r❡s✉♠♦ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✐♥❞✐st✐♥t❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡❀ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r s❡✉s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡ ❡♠❜❛s❛r ♠❡❧❤♦r s✉❛s t♦♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s❀ ❛✉t♦r❡s tê♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛r s✉❛s ♦❜r❛s❀ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❧t❡r❛❞❛s❀ ór❣ã♦s ❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛r ❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❝r✐s❡s ❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❡t❝✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♣r♦♣♦♥❤❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ✉♠ s✉♠ár✐♦✱ ❡ss❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ❡♠ três ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✿ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛st✐✈❛ ❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✭▲✐✉✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❆ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❣❡r❛ r❡s✉♠♦s s❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♦s s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♦ r❡s✉♠♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡r s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ t❡♥❤❛♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s tó♣✐❝♦s✳ ❆ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛st✐✈❛ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❝♦♠ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♥trár✐♦s✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♠♦str❛ ♦ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♥❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ s✉♠ár✐♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s s❡♠ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❛❧ é ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❆ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❣❡r❛ r❡s✉♠♦s ❞❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♦✉ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❉❡st❛s três ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✱ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛ é ❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✭❍✉ ❡ ▲✐✉✱✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♣♦✐s ❣❡r❛ ✉♠ r❡s✉♠♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❯♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ r❡st❛✉r❛♥t❡✮ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉③ ✉♠ r❡s✉♠♦ q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ♦ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♠✐❞❛ ♦✉ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦✮ ✭❩❤✉ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❖s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♦✉ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❢❡r❡♠✲s❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❡ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s sã♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ✭❩❤❛♥❣ ❡ ▲✐✉✱✷✵✶✸✮✳
❋♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱▲✐✉✭✷✵✶✷✮ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ q✉í♥t✉♣❧❛
(ei, aij, sijkl, hk, tl)✱ ♦♥❞❡ ei é ✉♠❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡✱ aij é ✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞♦ei✱sijkl é ♦ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦
❛s♣❡❝t♦ aij ❞❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ei✱ hk é ♦ t✐t✉❧❛r ❞❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❡ tl é ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ é
❡①♣r❡ss❛❞❛ ♣♦rhk✳ ❖ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦sijkl♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ♥❡✉tr♦✱ ❡ é ❡①♣r❡ss❛❞♦
❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞❡ ✶ ❛ ✸✮✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❑✐♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♥té♠ três ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡t❛♣❛s✿ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❆s♣❡❝t♦s✱ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❙❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✉♠ár✐♦✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✱ é ♠♦str❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡st❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✳ ❆ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✈✐s❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦s tó♣✐❝♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s
♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✳ ❆ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✭♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ♦✉ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛✮ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✉♠ár✐♦ é ❛ ❡t❛♣❛ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r q✉❛✐s s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s s❡rã♦ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞❛s ♥♦ r❡s✉♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ♦ s✉♠ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✳ ❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡st❛rá ❢♦❝❛❞♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛✳
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Apresentação dos sumário das opiniões
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s
❊st❛s três ❡t❛♣❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❞❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ◆❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ t❡♠✲s❡ q✉❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t♦s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛ ✏❆ ❜❛t❡r✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r é ❣r❛♥❞❡✑ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✏t❛♠❛♥❤♦✑✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ t❡①t♦✳ ◆❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ♣♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ♠✉❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✏♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡❧✑ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❛♦ s❡ ❢❛❧❛r ❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s✱ ♠❛s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ s❡ ❢❛❧❛r ❞❡ ✜❧♠❡s✳ ◆❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✉♠ár✐♦✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✭❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s s✉❜❥❡t✐✈❛s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✮✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❡s ❝♦♥tê♠ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✱ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s✉♠ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✳
P❛r❛ ✐❧✉str❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷❡ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛✸✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✈✐st♦s ❞♦✐s s✉♠ár✐♦s ✭❡s❝r✐t♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✮ s♦❜r❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❞❡ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s✳ ◆❡st❛s ✜❣✉r❛s✱ ❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ é ♦ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡ ❡ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s sã♦ ❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜❛t❡r✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❝â♠❡r❛✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦t❛r ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s tí♣✐❝♦s ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r tr❛t❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s
❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❛ ✜❞❡❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✭q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠❛✐s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ♦✉ ♥❡✉tr♦s✮ ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❡✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ tr❛❞❡✲♦✛ ❡♥tr❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s✱ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦ ❞♦ s✉♠ár✐♦✳
Duração da Bateria
Positivo: 7 avaliações
é muito boa
está com melhor duração ...
Negativo: 9 avaliações
tem baixa duração com gps ligado
acaba muito rápido. ...
Câmera
Positivo: 9 avaliações
a câmera frontal e traseira são excelentes
suas fotos tem boa qualidade
é ótima ...
Negativo: 2 avaliações
a câmera precisa ser melhor ...
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✉♠ár✐♦ ❡①tr❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s
❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ r❡s✉♠♦s ❡①tr❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡ ❥✉st❛♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ♦✉ ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ❞♦s t❡①t♦s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ s✉♠ár✐♦ ❡①tr❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜❛t❡r✐❛ ❡ ❝â♠❡r❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✱ ❡①✐❜❡✲s❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ♣♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✭♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ♦✉ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛✮✳
❖✉tr♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✉♠ár✐♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s sã♦ ♦s ❛❜str❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ♦ t❡①t♦ é r❡❡s❝r✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♥♦✈❛s s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s✳ ❖ s✉♠ár✐♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♥♦t❛r✱ é ❛❜str❛t✐✈♦✱ ♣♦✐s s✐♥t❡t✐③❛ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛✸✱ ❛s ♣❛rt❡s s✉❜❧✐♥❤❛❞❛s sã♦ ❛s ♥♦✈❛s s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ❣❡r❛❞❛s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❈❛r❡♥✐♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ s✉♠ár✐♦ ❛❜str❛t✐✈♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✈ár✐♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s s♦❜r❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s❡rá ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✱ ❤á ♠✉✐t♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♠ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ✐♥❣❧❡s❛✱ ♠❛s ♥❡♥❤✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ P♦rt✉❣✉ês✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱
A opinião dos usuários está mais dividida em relação à duração da bateria. Ao mesmo tempo em que alguns acham que é muito boa, está com melhor duração, outros consideram que tem baixa duração com gps ligado, acaba muito rápido. A grande maioria dos leitores avaliou positivamente a câmera,
afirmando que a câmera frontal e traseira são excelentes, suas fotos tem boa qualidade, é ótima. Alguns consideram que a câmera precisa ser melhor.
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✉♠ár✐♦ ❛❜str❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s
♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡✱ ♥❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ ❡①tr❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❛❜str❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✿ ❇✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ■♣❤♦♥❡ ✺ ♥♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡
✶✳✷ ▲❛❝✉♥❛
❈♦♠♦ ❢♦✐ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡✐①❛♠ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❡①✲ ♣r❡ss❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♦✉ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♥♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❢♦r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ✏♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✐♣❤♦♥❡ ✺✑✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛✹✱ sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✶✾✹✵✵✵✵ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✾✳
✾❇✉s❝❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✷✼ ❞❡ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳
❙❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❢♦r ❢❡✐t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐t❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ é ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦✳ ❙❡ ❢♦r❡♠ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ■♣❤♦♥❡ ✺ ♥♦ ❇✉s❝❛♣é✱ sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✷✷✻✾ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s só ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✭♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✮✳ ❊st❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ é ❜❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♠❛s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ s❡♥❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡✳ ❊✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ t♦❞❛s ❡st❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s s❡❥❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ út❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❞✐✜❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ♣♦❞❡rá ❧❡r ♦s ✷✷✻✾ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s✳ ❋❛③❡r ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡st❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ q✉❛s❡ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✿ ❇✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ■♣❤♦♥❡ ✺ ♥♦ ❇✉s❝❛♣é
◆❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ❧❡r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡st❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s é ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✐♥t❡r♥❛✉t❛s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳ ➱ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✐♥t❡r♥❛✉t❛s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❧❡♥❞♦ ❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ ❡ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ♦s ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s q✉❡ ❧❡❡♠ sã♦ ♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♦✉ tê♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♦✉ s❡r✈✐ç♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛♠✳ ❊ é
✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛r❡♠ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡✈✐s❛r ❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ ❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ ♦❜t❡r ♦s ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦s ✭♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✮ ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❞♦s s❡✉s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❊✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❤❛❥❛ ♠✉✐t♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ✐♥❣❧❡s❛✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧❡s t❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ♣♦rt✉❣✉ês ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦✐ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♠ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❝❡♥t✉❛✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s✱ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❊♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❣❡r❛✐s✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ t❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦s✿
• ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ ❡①tr❛t✐✈♦s ❡
❛❜str❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
• ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ♦s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①tr❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❛❜str❛t✐✈♦s ❡♠
r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✉♠ár✐♦s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝ór♣✉s ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❡♠ P♦rt✉❣✉ês ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
✶✳✹ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡s
P❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠✲s❡ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s✿
• ❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ tê♠ ✉♠ ♣✐♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ✉t✐✲
❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✉♠ár✐♦✱ ♥❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✳
• ❆❝r❡❞✐t❛✲s❡ q✉❡✱ ♥♦ ❝ór♣✉s ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❡♠ P♦rt✉❣✉ês ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♦s r❡s✉♠♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s
♣❡❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛❜str❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❝✐s♦s ❡ ♠❡♥♦s r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ♦s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❡①tr❛t✐✈♦s✳
• ❖s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣r❡❢❡r❡♠ ♦s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❛❜str❛t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ✈❡③ ❞♦s ❡①tr❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡❧❡s sã♦
♠❛✐s út❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣r❛✳
✶✳✺ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
P❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ❋♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ss❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ❉♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s r❡✈✐s❛❞♦s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡❧❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✳ ❆ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✭t❡♥t♦✉✲s❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✮ ❡ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s❡✉s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❡✐t❛ ♥♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r❛♠✲s❡ ❞✉❛s ♣r♦✲ ♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r s✉♠ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ✭✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①tr❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛❜str❛t✐✈♦✮✳ ❊st❛s ❞✉❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s t❡♥t❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s✳
P❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s três ♠❡❞✐❞❛s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛✿ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✉♠ár✐♦✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✉♠ár✐♦s✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ✉♠ ❝ór♣✉s ❞❡ s✉♠ár✐♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ❛té ♦♥❞❡ s❡ s❛❜❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st✐❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❝ór♣✉s ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✉♠ár✐♦s✱ ❢♦✐ r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss❡ss♦r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡ss❛s ❞✉❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✳
✶✳✻ ❊str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦
❖ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♠♦♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡stá ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❛✐s s❡✐s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡st❡✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✱ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛♠✲s❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♠♦♥♦❣r❛✜❛✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦✸✱ é ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡st❛ ♠♦♥♦❣r❛✜❛✱ ❡ sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦✹✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠✲s❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❝ór♣✉s ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♠♦str❛♠✲s❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s