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KAROL WOJTYLA'S PHILOSOPHY OF ANTROPO-CENTRED DRAMA

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11Por. O i Cz., s. 433–443.

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(3)

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18Por. O i Cz, s. 73–108.

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'ODF]HJR.DURO:RMW\áDQLHSRSU]HVWDMHQDIHQRPHQRORJLF]Q\PRSLVLHGRĞZLDGF]HQLD F]áRZLHNDMHJRGUDPDWXPRUDOQRĞFLLUHODFMLPLĊG]\RVRERZ\FK"3RQLHZDĪGRĞZLDGF]HQLH F]áRZLHND±MHJR]GDQLHP±GRPDJDVLĊLQWHUSUHWDFML27LWR]NLONXSRZRGyZGRĞZLDGF]HQLH F]áRZLHNDQSGRĞZLDGF]HQLHF]\QyZDOHUyZQLHĪSU]HĪ\FLHZVW\GXQDJRĞFLVHNVXDOQRĞFL VDPRWQRĞFL FKDUDNWHU\]XMHVLĊ ERJDFWZHP L UyĪQRURGQRĞFLą =QDF]HQLHW\FK GRĞZLDGF]HĔ QLHMHVWGDQHF]áRZLHNRZLZSURVWVHQVWHQQDOHĪ\GRSLHURRGVáRQLüZ\GRE\ü±G]LHMHVLĊ WRZRNUHĞORQ\FKSURFHGXUDFKKHUPHQHXW\F]Q\FK2ZRSU]HGáXĪHQLHPHWRG\IHQRPHQROR

-JLF]QHMRKHUPHQHXW\NĊQDMOHSLHMZLGDüZGZyFKZLHONLFKG]LHáDFK.DUROD:RMW\á\Osoba LF]\Q oraz 0ĊĪF]\]QąLQLHZLDVWąVWZRU]\áLFK28. W 2VRELHLF]\QLH:RMW\áDLQWHUSUHWXMHF]\Q QDWRPLDVWZGUXJLHMSUDF\SU]HGPLRWHPKHUPHQHXW\NLVąWDNLHIHQRPHQ\MDNVDPRWQRĞü ZVW\GQDJRĞüLHURW\ND

1DOHĪ\GRSRZLHG]LHü±P\ĞOWĊUR]ZLQĊZQDVWĊSQ\PSRGUR]G]LDOH±ĪHDQWURSRORJLF]QR HW\F]QHP\ĞOHQLH.DUROD:RMW\á\SU]HQLNDLRĞZLHWODHZDQJHOLF]QDPHWDIRUDREXPLHUDMąFHJR ]LDUQD-HJRRSLV\IHQRPHQRORJLF]QHQDOHĪ\]DWHPRGF]\W\ZDüSU]H]SU\]PDWWHMPHWDIRU\

0\ĞO.DUROD:RMW\á\MHVWWHJRW\SXIHQRPHQRORJLąDMHJRKHUPHQHXW\NDWHJRURG]DMX KHUPHQHXW\NąNWyUHGRPDJDMąVLĊGRSHáQLHQLDL]DNRU]HQLHQLDZRQWRORJLL29Ä)HQRPHQRORJLD ±SLV]H0DULDQ-DZRUVNL±LPSOLNXMHX.DUG:RMW\á\>@RQWRORJLĊ´306DP]DĞ.DURO:RMW\áD RVZRLPÄWUDNWDFLHRF]áRZLHNX´SLV]HÄ:VWXGLXPQLQLHMV]\PQLH]DPLHU]DP\ZFKRG]Lü ]DVDGQLF]RZDNVMRORJLĊRVRE\MHVWWRUDF]HMVWXGLXPMHMRQWRORJLL´31.

263RULELGHPVL

273RU-*DODURZLF]&]áRZLHNMHVWRVREą3RGVWDZ\DQWURSRORJLL¿OR]R¿F]QHM.DUROD:RMW\á\.ĊW\V

124–125.

28-DQ3DZHá,,0ĊĪF]\]QąLQLHZLDVWDVWZRU]\á LFK&LWWDGHO9jWLFDQR 293RU-*DODURZLF]&]áRZLHNMHVWRVREą, s 125–131.

(6)

2QWRORJLDRNWyUHMPyZL:RMW\áDQLHMHVWRQWRORJLąZVHQVLHLQJDUGHQRZVNLPW]QWHRULą E\WyZPRĪOLZ\FK,QWHUHVXMHJRUDF]HMUHDOQDRVREDOXG]NDUHDOQDSRZLQQRĞüPRUDOQDUHDOQD PLáRĞüUHDOQ\GUDPDWLWS-DNLMHVW]DWHPVHQVWHMRQWRORJLL"0yZLąFRRQWRORJLF]Q\PSR]LR

-PLHEDGDĔ¿OR]R¿F]Q\FK.DURO:RMW\áDPDQDP\ĞOL]UR]XPLHQLHE\WXRVRE\PRUDOQRĞFL

PLáRĞFLGUDPDWXZQLPVDP\PSRSU]H]RGNU\FLHMHJRFHFKNRQVW\WXW\ZQ\FK:Osobie

LF]\QLHSLV]HÄVWXGLXPQLQLHMV]HSRP\ĞODQHMHVWZáDĞQLHMDNRWDNLHVWRSQLRZHZ\GRE\ZDQLH F]\OL©HNVSOLNDFMDªF]\QXSRGNąWHPRGVáDQLDQLDU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLRVRE\´32.

W encyklice Fides et ratio-DQ3DZHá,,PyZLRNRQLHF]QRĞFLSU]HMĞFLDRGIHQRPHQX

do fundamentu:

:LHONLHZ\]ZDQLHMDNLHVWRLSU]HGQDPLXNUHVXREHFQHJRW\VLąFOHFLDZ\]ZDQLHUyZQLHQLHXQLN

-QLRQHMDNSLOQHSROHJDQDSU]HMĞFLXRGIHQRPHQXGRIXQGDPHQWX1LHPRĪQD]DWU]\PDüVLĊQD VDP\PGRĞZLDGF]HQLXWDNĪHZyZF]DVJG\Z\UDĪDRQRLXMDZQLDZHZQĊWU]QRĞüF]áRZLHNDLMHJR GXFKRZRĞüUHÀHNVMDUDFMRQDOQDZLQQDGRFLHUDüGRSR]LRPXLVWRW\GXFKRZHMLGRIXQGDPHQWX NWyU\MHVWMHMSRGáRĪHP33.

&]\QLąF SXQNWHP Z\MĞFLD ¿OR]R¿F]Q\FK EDGDĔ IHQRPHQRORJLĊ RSLV GRĞZLDGF]HQLD L Z]ERJDFDMąF Mą R KHUPHQHXW\NĊ .DURO:RMW\áD Z\SUDFRZDá RVWDWHF]QLH VZRLVWą SRVWDü PHWD¿]\NLF]áRZLHND±DQWURSRGUDPDW\NĊ

1$5=ĉ'=,$,32'67$:2:(.$7(*25,($175232'5$0$7<.,

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2SLVXMąFLQWHUSUHWXMąFLZ\MDĞQLDMąFWHQGUDPDWLMHJRSRGPLRW.DURO:RMW\áDSRVáXJXMH VLĊRNUHĞORQ\PLQDU]ĊG]LDPLEDGDZF]\PL

:SU]HFLZLHĔVWZLHGR7LVFKQHUD:RMW\áDQLHUH]\JQXMH]DSDUDWXU\SRMĊFLRZHMZ\SUD

-FRZDQHM SU]H] ¿OR]R¿Ċ E\WX ± RQWRORJLĊ$QDOL]XMH ]DWHP F]áRZLHND MDNR MHGHQ ] E\WyZ ±E\WRVRERZ\ZQLNDMąFZWDMHPQLFHGUDPDWXUR]JU\ZDMąFHJRVLĊZW\PE\FLHRUD]PLĊG]\ QLPDLQQ\PLE\WDPLRVRERZ\PL0LPRĪHSRGGDMHNU\W\FHDQWURSRORJLĊNRVPRORJL]XMąFą

32,ELGHPV

33-DQ3DZHá,,(QF\NOLNDÄ)LGHVHWUDWLR´QU

(7)

RVREĊOXG]Ną35MHJRF]áRZLHNSRGREQLHMDNF]áRZLHN,QJDUGHQDMHVWPRFQR]DNRU]HQLRQ\ ZSU]\URG]LH'ODWHJRSU]\ZLą]XMHRQWDNZLHONLH]QDF]HQLHGRFLHOHVQHJRZ\PLDUXRVRE\ OXG]NLHMLUROLNWyUąRGJU\ZDFLDáRZGUDPDFLHOXG]NLHJRLVWQLHQLD

7\P FR Z\UyĪQLD .DUROD :RMW\áĊ VSRĞUyG ¿OR]RIyZ F]áRZLHND Z\NV]WDáFRQ\FK QD NODV\F]QHM ¿OR]R¿L E\WX Z V]F]HJyOQRĞFL Z WUDG\FML DU\VWRWHOHVRZVNRWRPLVW\F]QHM MHVW Z]ERJDFHQLHSU]H]QLHJRDSDUDWXU\SRMĊFLRZHMRMĊ]\NQRZRĪ\WQHM¿OR]R¿LĞZLDGRPRĞFL

-HĞOLMHGQDNFKFHP\]UR]XPLHüF]áRZLHNDMDNRQLHSRZWDU]DOQąRVREĊ±SLV]H$QGU]HM3yáWDZVNL ± X]QDQLH NDWHJRULL SU]HĪ\FLD ]D Z SHZQ\P VHQVLH FHQWUDOQą GOD DQWURSRORJLL L HW\NL VWDMH VLĊ U]HF]ąNRQLHF]Qą36.

7RZ\NRU]\VWDQLH¿OR]R¿LĞZLDGRPRĞFLSRPRJáR:RMW\OHGRVWU]HFLGRFHQLüUROĊL]QD

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-VXMąFRVREĊP\ĞOLFLHOWHQ]DXZDĪDĪHMHVWRQDF]\PĞZLĊFHMQLĪUHSUH]HQWDQWHPJDWXQNX &]áRZLHNMHVWQLHSRZWDU]DOQ\PE\WHPUHDOQ\PĞZLDGRP\PVLHELHLSU]HĪ\ZDMąF\PVLHELH MDNRMD$QDOL]XMąFGUDPDWF]áRZLHND]ZUDFDXZDJĊQDSU]HĪ\ZDQLHSU]H]QLHJRVDPRWQRĞFL QDJRĞFLZROQRĞFLGREUDL]áDLWS

.DURO:RMW\áDMDNR]QDZFDL]DUD]HPNU\W\NDQWURSRORJLLLHW\NL0D[D6FKHOHUDVWRVXMH ZVZRLFKEDGDQLDFKMĊ]\NIHQRPHQRORJLF]QHMHW\NLZDUWRĞFL37']LĊNLWHPXMHJRUR]XPLHQLH DJDWRORJLF]QRDNVMRORJLF]QRHW\F]QHJRZ\PLDUXRVRE\OXG]NLHMLWHJRĪHMHVWRQDV]F]HJyO

-Q\PGREUHPSR]RVWDMąF\PZZLHORUDNLFK]ZLą]NDFK]ZDUWRĞFLDPLMHVWRZLHOHJáĊEV]H &]\.DURO:RMW\áDSRVáXJXMHVLĊUyZQLHĪZVZRMHMDQWURSRGUDPDW\FHMĊ]\NLHP¿OR]R¿L GLDORJX":SHZQ\PVHQVLHWDN$PyZLąFSUHF\]\MQLHMMHVWWRMĊ]\NSHUVRQDOL]PXNRPXQLM

-QHJR*áyZQDWH]DWHJRVWDQRZLVNDEU]PLZSUDZG]LHRVREDQLHMHVWXNRQVW\WXRZDQDSU]H] W\DOHĪ\MHZHZVSyOQRFLHLVSHáQLDVLĊSRSU]H]RGQLHVLHQLHGRW\OXEGRZVSyOQRW\

1D F]\P SROHJD GUDPDW F]áRZLHND" $QDOL]Ċ WHJR GUDPDWX SRSU]HG]DP ZVND]DQLHP SRGVWDZRZ\FKNDWHJRULL:RMW\áRZVNLHMDQWURSRGUDPDW\NL

.DURO:RMW\áDXZDĪDĪH±FKFąF]UR]XPLHüF]áRZLHND±QLHZ\VWDUF]\RJUDQLF]\üVLĊ GRDQDOL]\MHJRLVWRW\VWUXNWXU\LG\QDPLNL:RMW\áRZVND¿OR]R¿DF]áRZLHNDRGUyĪQLDVLĊRG DQWURSRORJLLHVHQFMDOQRRQWRORJLF]QRNRVPRORJLF]QHMHJ]\VWHQFMDOQRSU]HĪ\FLRZRUR]XPLH

-MąFHMLV\QWHW\]XMąFHMSU]HNRQDQLHPNWyUHPXMHMDXWRUGDáZ\UD]SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPZG]LHOH

0ĊĪF]\]QąLQLHZLDVWąVWZRU]\áLFKĪHQDOHĪ\UR]XPLHüF]áRZLHNDZUD]]MHJRNRQG\FMą38, SRáRĪHQLHP39V\WXDFMą40RNROLF]QRĞFLDPL41, losem42 i dramatem43.

35PorO i Cz, s. 437–438. 36$3yáWDZVNLRSFLWV

373RU0*UDERZVNL+LVWRULDXSDGNX.XDQWURSRORJLLDGHNZDWQHM, Kraków 2006.

38Por. H. Arendt, .RQG\FMDOXG]NDSU]Há$àDJRG]ND:DUV]DZD

393RU7*DGDF])LOR]R¿DF]áRZLHNDMDNR¿OR]R¿DORVX%\GJRV]F]

403RU-3DWRþND6\WXDFMDF]áRZLHND±V\WXDFMD(XURS\SU]Há-.áRF]RZVNLÄ=QDN´QU±±

s. 181–191.

413RU-2UWHJD\*DVVHWMeditaciones del Quijote, Madrid 1969.

42Por. R. Guardini, :ROQRĞüáDVNDORVSU]Há-%URQRZLF]ZLGHP.RQLHF]DVyZQRZRĪ\WQ\FKĝZLDWLRVRED

:ROQRĞüáDVNDORVKraków 1969, s. 345–435.

(8)

'UDPDWRVRE\OXG]NLHMRNUHĞODWRĪHMHMLVWQLHQLHUR]JU\ZDVLĊZQDSLĊFLXPLĊG]\WU]HPD V\WXDFMDPLSU]HGXSDGNLHPJU]HV]QRĞFLLZ\]ZROHQLD(OHPHQWDPLNRQVW\WXXMąF\PLMHVą

m.in. opozycje:

Ī\FLH±ĞPLHUü GREUR±]áR

prawda – iluzja,

wyzwolenie – zniewolenie,

PLáRĞü±SRĪąGDQLH V]F]ĊĞFLH±FLHUSLHQLH

uczestnictwo – alienacja,

QLHZLQQRĞü±JU]HV]QRĞü

: NDĪG\P ] QDV NRQNUHWQ\FK UHDOQ\FK MHG\Q\FK L QLHSRZWDU]DOQ\FK LVWRW OXG]NLFK ±WNZLMHVWREHFQ\±WZLHUG]L.DURO:RMW\áD±SLHUZV]\F]áRZLHNWDNLMDNL]RVWDá]DPLHU]RQ\ SU]H]6WZyUFĊNWyU\MHVW-HJRREUD]HPLSRGRELHĔVWZHP440\ĞOLFLHORSLVXMHWHJRLGHDOQHJR F]áRZLHND±]ZUDFDMąFXZDJĊQDMHJRUHDOQRĞüLQLHUHGXNRZDOQRĞüGRĞZLDWDNRVPRVXĞZLD

-GRPRĞüLVDPRĞZLDGRPRĞüRUD]ZROQRĞüMDNRDXWRGHWHUPLQDFMĊSRGNUHĞODMąFMHJRJRGQRĞü LPRFQąZLĊĨ]Ī\FLHPMHJRFKDUDNWHUHJRORJLF]Q\L]DUD]HPNRPXQLMQ\RUD]HNVSRQXMąF MHJRXNRQVW\WXRZDQLHZVWRVXQNXGR%RJDLMHJRV]F]ĊĞOLZRĞü

ĩ\MHZQDVUyZQLHĪ±XZDĪD:RMW\áD±F]áRZLHNJU]HV]Q\F]áRZLHNSRXSDGNX45. Cechuje JRPLĊG]\LQQ\PLMDNDĞGH]LQWHJUDFMD]QLHZRORQDZROQRĞüPRQDG\F]QRĞü]DP\NDQLHVLĊ QDLQQ\FKXĪ\ZDQLHLQQ\FKDOLHQDFMDMHVWWRE\WSU]HQLNQLĊW\ĞPLHUFLąGRĞZLDGF]DMąF\ EyOXLFLHUSLHQLD

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$QWURSRGUDPDW\NDREHMPXMHUyZQLHĪRSUyF]UR]ZDĪDĔGRW\F]ąF\FKVWDQyZF]áRZLHND Z\GDU]HĔGUDPDW\F]Q\FKRUD]VHUFDZROQRĞFLLWSUHÀHNVMĊQDGURG]DMDPLGUDPDWX49-DN MXĪSLVDQRP\ĞOLFLHOWHQDQDOL]XMHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPGUDPDWZHZQąWU]RVRERZ\DOHUyZQLHĪ GUDPDWPLĊG]\F]áRZLHNLHPDF]áRZLHNLHPLPLĊG]\F]áRZLHNLHPD%RJLHP6]F]HJyOQą

443RU-DQ3DZHá,,0ĊĪF]\]QąLQLHZLDVWąVWZRU]\áLFK, s. 9–97. 453RULELGHPV±

463RULELGHPV± 473RULELGHP

(9)

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VWZRU]\áLFKRUD]EDUG]RZLHOHLQQ\FKZ\SRZLHG]L]DZDUW\FKZMHJRND]DQLDFKKRPLOLDFK LZ\VWąSLHQLDFKSDSLHVNLFK

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'5$0$7262%<$0(7$)25$=,$51$

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(11)

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