❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡ ♥❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s s✉❥❡✐t♦
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✶ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✶ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐✷
✶❈▲❯◆▲✴❋❈❙❍ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ◆❖❱❆ ❞❡ ▲✐s❜♦❛ ✷❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▲✐s❜♦❛ ✕ ❈▲❯▲
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❮♥❞✐❝❡
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✷ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦
✸ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
✹ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❚❡♦r✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦
❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❆❝❡ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❆r✐❡❧✱ ✶✾✾✵✮
• ❊♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ♥♦ ❞✐s❝✉rs♦ sã♦ r❡t♦♠❛❞❛s ♣♦r
❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ❛♥❛❢ór✐❝❛s ♠❡♥♦s ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛s
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❆❝❡ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❆❝❡ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
✐ ✰ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ✐✐ ✲ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧
❋♦r♠❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❚❡♦r✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦
❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❛ P♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❆♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡ ✭❈❛r♠✐♥❛t✐✱ ✷✵✵✷✮
• ❆ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡ é ❞✐t❛❞❛ ♣♦r q✉❡stõ❡s
❡str✉t✉r❛✐s
• ❊♠ ❧í♥❣✉❛s ❞❡ s✉❥❡✐t♦ ♥✉❧♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡ ♥✉❧♦ r❡t♦♠❛
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❛ P♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❆♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
✐ ◗✉❛♥❞♦❛ ▲❡♦♥♦r ✈✐✉ ❛ ■♥ês ♥♦ ❥❛r❞✐♠✱∅❡st❛✈❛ ❛ ❝♦♠❡r ✉♠
❣❡❧❛❞♦✳
✐✐ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ▲❡♦♥♦r ✈✐✉ ❛ ■♥ês ♥♦ ❥❛r❞✐♠✱❡❧❛❡st❛✈❛ ❛ ❝♦♠❡r
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❚❡♦r✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦
❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ♠✉❧t✐❢❛t♦r✐❛❧ ✭❑❛✐s❡r ✫ ❚r✉❡s✇❡❧❧✱ ✷✵✵✽✮
• ❆ s❛❧✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦
♠♦♥♦❧ít✐❝♦✿
• ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ♣r♦♥♦♠✐♥❛✐s sã♦ s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❢❛t♦r❡s
• ❉✐❢❡r❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s tê♠ ✉♠ ♣❡s♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ♥♦
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❖ ❢❛t♦r ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❆ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ s✐♥tát✐❝❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛✱ ♠❛s✱ ♥❛ ♠❛♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♦s ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s sã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♦✉ ❛♥✐♠❛❞♦s✿
• ❖ P❡❞r♦
• ❖ ❛rq✉✐t❡t♦
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❖ ❢❛t♦r ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✿
• ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ♥✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♦✉ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ✭❨❛♠❛♠♦t♦✱
✶✾✾✾✮✿
✭✰ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✮ ❃ ✭✰ ❛♥✐♠❛❞♦s✮ ❃ ✭✲ ❛♥✐♠❛❞♦s✮
• q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ t❡♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥❛ ❛❝❡ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠
♠❡♠ór✐❛✿
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦
❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦
✶ ❆ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s t❡♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥♦
♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ P♦rt✉❣✉ês ❊✉r♦♣❡✉ ✭P❊✮❄ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ♣r♦♥♦♠✐♥❛✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s ❬✰✴✲❪ ❛♥✐♠❛❞♦s❄
✷ ❍á ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ✐♥✈❡rs❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦
❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦
❆♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
✐ ✰ ❛♥✐♠❛❞♦
✐✐ ✲ ❛♥✐♠❛❞♦
❋♦r♠❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦
❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
Pr♦❞✉çã♦
• ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ r❡t♦♠❛r ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s ❬✰❛♥✐♠❛❞♦s❪ ❝♦♠♦
s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❢r❛s❡ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ✭❋✉❦✉♠✉r❛ ✫ ✈❛♥ ●♦♠♣❡❧✱ ✷✵✶✶✮ ✭✐♥❣❧ês✮ ❡ ✭❱♦❣❡❧s✱ ▼❛❡s ✫ ❑r❛❤♠❡r✮ ✭❤♦❧❛♥❞ês✮
• ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ♣❧❡♥♦s r❡t♦♠❛♠ ❬✰❛♥✐♠❛❞♦s❪❀ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s
r❡❞✉③✐❞♦s r❡t♦♠❛♠ ❬✲❛♥✐♠❛❞♦s❪ ✭❱♦❣❡❧s✱ ▼❛❡s ✫ ❑r❛❤♠❡r✮
• ♥ã♦ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❆❝❡ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦
❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❈♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✴■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦
• r❡t♦♠❛ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♣♦r ♣r♦♥♦♠❡ ♥✉❧♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ q✉❛♥❞♦
❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡ é ❬✲❛♥✐♠❛❞♦❪ ✭❈♦st❛✱ ❋❛r✐❛ ✫ ▼❛t♦s✮
• ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡ ♣❧❡♥♦ ❡♠
r❡t♦♠❛r ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❬✲❛♥✐♠❛❞❛s❪
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦
❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❈♦r♣♦r❛✿ P❊ ✈s✳ P❇
• ❡♠ P❊ ♦ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡ ♥✉❧♦ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s
❬✲❛♥✐♠❛❞♦s❪ ✭❇❛r❜♦s❛✱ ❉✉❛rt❡ ✫ ❑❛t♦✮
• ♣r♦♥♦♠❡ ♣❧❡♥♦ ♥ã♦ r❡t♦♠❛ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s ❬✲❛♥✐♠❛❞♦s❪ ❛♦
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦
❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❙✐♥t❛①❡
• ♦s ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❢♦rt❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡ ♣❧❡♥♦✱ tê♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s
❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
• ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡t♦♠❛r ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❬✲ ❛♥✐♠❛❞❛s❪✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❊①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✶
• ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❛✉t♦✲♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♠♦✈✐♥❣ ✇✐♥❞♦✇ ✭Ps②❝❤♦P②✮
• ✷✹ ❢r❛s❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s
• ✷ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✭❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦✮
• r❡t♦♠❛ ♣r♦♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ✭♣r♦♥♦♠❡ ♣❧❡♥♦✮ ❡♠ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❥❡✐t♦
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❊stí♠✉❧♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s
❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ❛ ✐♥str✉t♦r❛ ♣✐♥t❛r♦ r❡❝r✉t❛♥♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱ ❡❧❡ ✜❝♦✉ ❝❛♠✉✢❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛çã♦✳
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❊①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✶✿ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
• ✷✻ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✱ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ ◆❖❱❆
• ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ♥♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡ ❡
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s
• r❡t♦♠❛ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❬✰❛♥✐♠❛❞♦❪ ♦❜t❡✈❡ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛
♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦s ✭β =✵.✾✷❀SE =✵.✸✼❀ t=✷.✹✻❀p <✵.✵✶✮ • ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ ♥♦ ✈❡r❜♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡
• ❛❝✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s
• ❤á ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ r❡t♦♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❊①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✷
• ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ♦✛✲❧✐♥❡
• ✷✹ ❢r❛s❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s
• ✹ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✭❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ✈s✳ ❢♦r♠❛
♣r♦♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❛ r❡t♦♠❛✮
• r❡t♦♠❛ ❛♠❜í❣✉❛✿ ❞♦✐s ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❣é♥❡r♦
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❊stí♠✉❧♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s
❛ ❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ♦ ✐♥str✉t♦r ♣✐♥t❛r♦ r❡❝r✉t❛ ♥♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱❡❧❡
✜❝♦✉ ❝❛♠✉✢❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛çã♦✳
❜ ❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ❛ ✐♥str✉t♦r❛ ♣✐♥t❛r ♦ ❝❛♣❛❝❡t❡♥♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱
❡❧❡ ✜❝♦✉ ❝❛♠✉✢❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛çã♦✳
❝ ❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ♦ ✐♥str✉t♦r ♣✐♥t❛r♦ r❡❝r✉t❛ ♥♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱∅
✜❝♦✉ ❝❛♠✉✢❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛çã♦✳
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
■♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
◗✉❡stã♦ ✶
• ❆ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s t❡♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥♦
♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ P❊✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡ ♣❧❡♥♦✿
• ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❬✲❛♥✐♠❛❞♦❪
• ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡t♦♠❛ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡ é
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❆♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛❝❡ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
◗✉❡stã♦ ✷
• ◆ã♦ ❤á s♦❜r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛
❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡❀
• ◆ã♦ ❤á ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ✐♥✈❡rs❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❘❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
• ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ r❡str✐çõ❡s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡ ❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❆r✐❡❧✱ ▼✳ ✭✶✾✾✵✮✳ ❆❝❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♥♦✉♥✲♣❤r❛s❡ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥ts✳ ❘♦✉t❧❡❞❣❡✳
❇❛r❜♦s❛✱ P✳✱ ❉✉❛rt❡✱ ❊✳ ✫ ❑❛t♦✱ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ◆✉❧❧ ❙✉❜❥❡❝ts ✐♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡ ▲✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✱ ✹✭✷✮✱ ✶✶✲✺✷✳
❇♦❝❦✱ ❏✳ ❑✳ ✫ ❲❛rr❡♥✱ ❘✳ ✭✶✾✽✺✮✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❛❝❝❡ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♥ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ✷✶✱ ✹✼✲✻✼✳
❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧❡tt✐✱ ❆✳ ✫ ❙t❛r❦❡✱ ▼✳ ✭✶✾✽✺✮✳ ❚❤❡ t✐♣♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ ❞❡✜❝✐❡♥❝②✿ ❆ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ♦❢ ♣r♦♥♦✉♥s✳ ❈❧✐t✐❝s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❊✉r♦♣❡✱ ✶✹✺✲✷✸✹✳
❈❛r♠✐♥❛t✐✱ ▼✳ ◆✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ s✉❜❥❡❝t ♣r♦♥♦✉♥s✳ ❯♥♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❞♦❝t♦r❛❧ ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✳
❈♦st❛✱ ▼✳ ❆✳✱ ❋❛r✐❛✱ ■✳ ❍✳✱ ✫ ▼❛t♦s✱ ●✳ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❆♠❜✐❣✉✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♥❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❡♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s✳ ❆❝t❛s ❞♦ ❳■■ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❆ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛✱ ✶✾✾✼✱ ✶✼✸✲✶✽✽✳
❋✉❦✉♠✉r❛✱ ❑✳ ✫ ✈❛♥ ●♦♠♣❡❧✱ ❘✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❛♥✐♠❛❝② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ r❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❡s✱ ✷✻ ✭✶✵✮✱✱ ✶✹✼✷✲✶✺✵✹✳
❑❛✐s❡r✱ ❊✳ ✫ ❚r✉❡s✇❡❧❧✱ ❏✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t✐♥❣ ♣r♦♥♦✉♥s ❛♥❞ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐✈❡s ✐♥ ❋✐♥♥✐s❤✿ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❛ ❢♦r♠✲s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❡s✱ ✷✺ ✭✺✮✱✱ ✼✵✾✲✼✹✽✳
❱♦❣❡❧s✱ ❏✳ ✫ ▼❛❡s✱ ❆✳ ✫ ❑r❛❤♠❡r✱ ❊✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❈❤♦♦s✐♥❣ r❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❇❡❧❣✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ◆❡t❤❡r❧❛♥❞✐❝ ❉✉t❝❤✿ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❛♥✐♠❛❝②✳ ▲✐♥❣✉❛✱ ✶✹✺✱ ✶✵✶✲✶✷✶✳
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❢✉♥❞♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s
P❊st✲❖❊✴▲■◆✴❯■✸✷✶✸✴✷✵✶✹ ❡ ❯■❉✴▲■◆✴✵✵✷✶✹✴✷✵✶✸ ❡ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❜♦❧s❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛ ❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦ ✭❙❋❘❍✴❇❉✴✺✷✷✻✹✴✷✵✶✸✮ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❧s❛ ❞❡ ♣ós✲❞♦✉t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦
❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡
❙❛r❛ ▼♦r❣❛❞♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲♦❜♦✱ P❛✉❧❛ ▲✉❡❣✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
