h tt p : / / w w w . b j m i c r o b i o l . c o m . b r /
Veterinary
Microbiology
Diagnostics
of
tuberculosis
and
differentiation
of
nonspecific
tuberculin
reactions
in
animals
Sovetzhan
Z.
Basybekov
a,
Marat
B.
Bazarbayev
a,
Bolat
A.
Yespembetov
b,
Assiya
Mussaeva
a,
Serik
G.
Kanatbayev
d,
Kanapya
M.
Romashev
c,
Aigul
K.
Dossanova
a,
Tokseiit
A.
Yelekeyev
e,
Elmira
K.
Akmatova
e,
Nazym
S.
Syrym
b,∗aKazakhResearchVeterinaryInstitute,Gvardeiskiy,Kazakhstan
bResearchInstituteofBiologicalSafetyProblems,Gvardeiskiy,Kazakhstan cKazakhNationalAgrarianUniversity,Gvardeiskiy,Kazakhstan
dWestKazakhstanAgrarianTechnicalUniversity,Uralskcity,Kazakhstan
eKyrgyzResearchInstituteofVeterinarynamedafterA.Duysheev,Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan
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Articlehistory:
Received2August2016 Accepted17July2017
Availableonline25October2017 AssociateEditor:MilianeSouza
Keywords: Cattle
Atypicalmycobacterium Tuberculinskintest Palpebralmethod Immunization
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Tuberculosisisaseriousdiseaseofhumansandanimals,causedbybacteriaofthe Mycobac-teriumgenus.Thisleadstocomplicationsinthelifeofthesickperson,andsubsequently todeath.Thecattle,whohavebeendiagnosedwiththisbacterium,areusuallysenttothe slaughter,withtheresultthattheirlivestockisreduced.Mycobacteriosisisalsoadisease, afterdeterminingwhichcattlearemostoftensenttoslaughter.Suchareductionin live-stocknumbershasanegativeeffectontheeconomy.Ofthe300samplesfromtheanimals, 25culturesofatypicalbacteriarespondingtotuberculinwereisolated.Aseriesoftests– intravenoustuberculintest,ophthalmictest,palpebraltest,“ZhAT”test,showedthatmost ofthetuberculosischangesincattlewerefoundinregionallymphnodesmoreoftenthanin internalorgans.Inhealthyfortuberculosiscows,attheageof4–9years,seasonalnonspecific sensitivitytotuberculinisobserved.Implementationofthedevelopedexpressmethodof glutaraldehydetestonfarmsinhealthytuberculosiswillspeedupthediagnosisof tubercu-losisandmycobacteriosisinanimalsthatreactedtotuberculinandwillexcludeshort-term nonspecificsensitizationoftheirorganismtotuberculin.Theintroductionofthis method-ologycanbeusedtodiagnoseandclearlydifferentiatethediagnosesof“tuberculosis”and “mycobacteriosis”incattle.Thiswillcurepartofthelivestockandreducetheamountof slaughter.
©2017PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.onbehalfofSociedadeBrasileirade Microbiologia.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
∗ Correspondingauthor.
E-mail:NazymSyrym@yahoo.com(N.S.Syrym).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2017.07.004
1517-8382/©2017PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.onbehalfofSociedadeBrasileiradeMicrobiologia.Thisisanopenaccessarticle undertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Introduction
Timelydiagnosisofepidemicdiseasesisanimportantaspect of the beef and dairy industry. The speed of the diagno-sisgenerally affects thepossibility oftherapy and damage minimization.Anthropozoonictuberculosisisaserious inter-nationalproblem,sincetherateofthisdiseasestartedgrowing intheearlytwenty-firstcenturyduetotheprogressivecourse thatisdifficulttotreatwithcomplexantibacterialtherapy.1
Multiple-drugresistantstrainswereoftenisolatedfromsuch patients.
The isolation rate of such strains was 10% in Japan,2
17%inCanada,324.5%inRussia,4 and23%inKazakhstan.5
Animals that reacted to tuberculin with skin swelling of 3mm and more are considered having tuberculosis and slaughtered.6Whensuchanimalsaredetected,lifetimeand
post-slaughter examinationsare conducted witha view to rulingout or confirmingthe “Tuberculosis”diagnosis.Even multiple examinationsof cattle withsubcutaneous allergy tests (SAT) are insufficiently informative (the effectiveness is 54.2%).7 If no infectious agents of tuberculosis were
isolated from the post-slaughter material of animals that reactedtotuberculin,thisindicatedanonspecificnatureof tuberculinreactions.8 Thiscauses economicdamagetothe development of animal husbandry due to the unjustified slaughter of apparently healthy,often pedigree and highly productive,cattleand unjustified anti-tuberculosissanitary measures.6
Such reactions are often associated with the sensitiza-tionofanimalstoinfectiousagentsoftuberculosisavianand atypicalmycobacteria, whichcancause acertain immuno-biological reorganization of the allergic reactions of the macroorganism.9Sanitaryandhygienicconditionsofanimal
managementfacilitatethepenetrationintotheorganismand reproduction ofpotentially pathogenic mycobacteria when saidmycobacteriabecomecapableofdevelopingandgrowing excessivelyinaweakenedanimalorganism.10
Theassumptionisthatnonspecificreactionsincattle reac-tingtotuberculinarecausedbythesimilaritiesbetweenthe antigenicstructureoftuberculosisinfectiousagentsand non-tuberculosisacid-fastcultures.11 Someoftheirspecieshave
atleastonecommonantigen,whileothers–twoandmore.It wasfoundthatoutof20antigensofMycobacteriumbovisthat areimmunodominantforcattle,atleast16–17arecommon antigensofatypicalmycobacteria.12
Nonspecific tuberculin reactions in animalscan also be caused by stress agents, purulent and necrotic processes, and evenantigensof necrosisgerms and actinomycetes.13
Lifetime differentiation of nonspecific tuberculin reactions requirespalpebraltests withtuberculin mammalian.14 The
effectiveness of simultaneous subcutaneous and palpebral injectionoftuberculinwasdeterminedonanimalsthatwere artificially infected with virulent culturesof mycobacteria, animalswithtuberculosis,andanimalsimmunizedwiththe BCG vaccine.15 Atthat, positivereactions to thistest were
foundonlyinthegroupofanimalsthatwereinfectedwith agentsofbovineorhumantuberculosis.
Anadditionalintravenoustestwithundiluted ordiluted (50%ofconcentration)tuberculin isused toselectanimals
thatreacttotuberculinfordiagnosticslaughter.Alltheabove measuresrequirealotoftimeandeffort.16
Thus,theemergenceofnonspecificreactionstotuberculin mammalianinhealthyorrecoveringfromtuberculosiscattle requiresextendedresearch.
Inordertoexpandthematterathand,thisresearch devel-opedanaccelerated(withinaweek)techniquefordiagnosing or ruling out tuberculosis and differentiating nonspecific reactions in animals by administering a complex allergy depressantforfourdaystoanimalsthatreacttotuberculin, followedbyre-examinationwithsimultaneoussubcutaneous andpalpebraltuberculintests.Thisexpresstechnique,called “ZhAT”, aimstoidentifyspecificandnonspecifictuberculin reactions.Theprerequisiteforthedevelopmentofthisexpress methodwastheoffered“BoosterEffect”,17whichimpliesonly
the re-examination ofanimals reacting to tuberculin after sevendayswithoutusingtheallergydepressant.
The purpose of this research is to improve the differ-entiated diagnostics of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis in animals, to analyze the epizootic situation in terms of tuberculosisintheRepublicofKazakhstan,todeterminethe roleofatypicalmycobacteriainanimalpathologyand mani-festationofparasitocenosisincattlereactingtotuberculin,to developandimprovethemethodsoflifetimedifferentiated diagnostics oftuberculosisandmycobacteriosisinanimals, andtoimplementthe“ZhAT”expresstechniqueforlifetime differentiateddiagnosticsoftuberculosisandmycobacteriosis incattle.
Methods
Ethicsstatement
Thisresearchfollowedtheinternationalrecommendationfor experimentsinvolvinganimals.18Theresearchwasapproved
byMinutesNo.45ofthemeetingoftheBioethicsCommittee oftheKazakhNationalAgrarianUniversitydated24.04.2012.
Examinedanimals
The examination ofanimals was carried out in 2012–2014 attheBaiserkeAgroandPlemzavod Almatyfarms(Almaty Region,Kazakhstan).Theexperimentalstudyused18,303 cat-tleunitstoconfirmthetuberculosisdiagnosis.
Bacteriologicalobservation
A totalof300bacteriologicalobservationswere conducted. The inoculation on the Lowenstein-Jensen medium in 2012–2014 isolated 25 cultures ofatypical mycobacteria of groups II,III, and IV19 from 300testsamplesofpathologic
materialfromcattlereactingtotuberculin.
Intravenoustuberculintest(IVTT)
IVTT was conducted in accordance with the standard method.20Itimpliesanintravenousadministrationintothe
jugularveinof50%dilutedsolutionoftuberculinmammalian at1mLper 100kgofliveweight,but not morethan4cm3
the momentofadministration and inthree,six, nine, and 12h,andthenaccordingtotheimprovedmethod–undiluted tuberculin.
Ophthalmictest
The double ophthalmic tuberculin test was carried out in accordancewith21 andaccordingtoimprovedmethodsthat
involveashorterintervalofthreedaysandasimplifiedand accuratereactionsixandninehoursafterthediagnosticagent wasadministered.
Palpebraltest
Thepalpebraltuberculintestwasconductedoncattle reac-ting to SAT in accordance with the appropriate method (Ovdiyenko,Nuritinov,andNaymanov1987).
“ZhAT”test
Inordertoachievetheestimatedeffectandeliminatenegative aspects,anallergydepressantwasadministeredforfourdays, whichinvolvedintravenous(slow)injectionof100cm3of20%
CalciiBorgluconassolutionheatedto37◦C.Asingle intramus-cularinjectionof5cm3 of20% Nitaminsolutionwasmade
toenhance theallergydepressanteffect.Inaddition, 2cm3
ofcaffeine20%solutionwasadministered.Subcutaneousand palpebraltuberculintestsweredonesimultaneouslyafterfour days with reaction measurement after 72h. The compari-sonoftherepeatreadingsofthesubcutaneousreactionwith the initialand additional assessmentof the palpebraltest resultshowedthespecificornonspecificnatureoftuberculin reactionsincattlethatoriginallyreacted totuberculin.The statisticalanalysiswascarriedoutusingtheEXCELprogram (Microsoft,USA).
Results
The developed ZhAT express technique was implemented intheTalgar and IleDistricts (AlmatyRegion, Kazakhstan) since 2012 to determine the actual epizootic situation in termsofcattletuberculosisinthreefarmsthatwerehealthy in terms of said infection. The allergy study at the first farm(BaiserkeAgro)wasconductedon2076black-and-white and white-headed cattle units; it detected 15 units (0.7%) that reacted to tuberculin with allergic reactions of up to 13mm.
TheZhATexpresstechniquewasusedontheseisolated cowswithsubsequentsubcutaneousandpalpebraltuberculin tests.
Themeasurementofthereactiontothesetestsafter72h foundnosubcutaneousreactioninfourcows(26.7%),reduced reactionby3mmormorein11cows(73.3%)inthepresenceof aquestionablereactionofoneandtwoplusestothepalpebral test(Fig.1).
Ofthe latter,twocows (IN454and IN1058)were slaugh-tered.Typicaltuberculosisalterationswerenotfoundintheir internalorgans(lungs,liver,spleen,andkidneys)andregional (prescapular,externalinguinal,supramammary,mesenteric,
mandibular, retropharyngeal, bronchial, and mediastinal) lymphnodes.Besidesechinococcosisofthelungsandliver, mycobacterialalterationswerefoundintheretropharyngeal, bronchial,mediastinal,andexternalinguinallymphnodesin theformofseverehyperplasiawithstriatehemorrhage(with pusparticles).Inaddition,purulenthemorrhagic endometri-tiscausedbyabortionwasdiagnosedinIN458;limbmastitis andnecrobacteriosiswithinguinallymphnodehypertrophy wasdiagnosedinIN1058.
Thebacteriologicalexaminationofthe biomaterialfrom thesecowsintermsoftuberculosisyieldednegativeresults.At thesametime,groupIIandIV(accordingtoRunyon)atypical mycobacteriawereisolated.
Atthesecondfarm(PlemzavodAlmaty,Kazakhstan),the allergytestof2432Alataucattleunitsdetected17cows(0.7%) thatreactedtotuberculin(reactionsizerangedfrom3mmto 13mm).Afterthecowswereisolated,theZhATexpress tech-niquewasusedonthem(Fig.2).
Thesimultaneousreadingofreactionsafter72hfound neg-ative reactions tothesetestsinnine cows(52.9%), 3–5mm weakerreactionsineightcows(47.1%),andunclearreactions tothepalpebraltest(withafour-plusassessmentsystem)in theformofmildconjunctivaswellingandhyperthermiawith lowmucousfluxfromtheangulusoculi(++and+).
Intravenous tests with 3cm3 ofundiluted tuberculin of
the same lotandreading after6–9 and 12hfound a0.8◦C andhighertemperaturerise,butnothigherthanthe maxi-mumnormallevel(39.5◦C),inthelattersevencows,twoof which(IN8626andIN7195)wereslaughteredforexamination. The autopsy did not find alterations typical for tubercu-losis in internal organs (lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys) and lymph nodes.Atthe same time, besides echinococco-sisofthelungsandliver,nodeswithbloodandpuswithout “caseation”inlungsandseverehyperplasiawithstriate hem-orrhage inregionalretropharyngeal,bronchial,mediastinal, supramammary, and inguinal lymph nodes were found in five cases. In addition, purulent hemorrhagic endometritis and keratoconjunctivitis sinister was diagnosed in IN8626; suppurative mastitis was diagnosed in IN7195. The inocu-lation of the 24 samples of biomaterial from these cows isolated groupII, III, and IV(accordingtoRunyon)atypical mycobacteria.
Similarstudieswereconductedin2012–2014,withaview toimplementingthedevelopedexpresstechniqueforlifetime differentiationoftuberculosisdiagnosticsand mycobacterio-sisincattle.Theresultsofthedifferentiatedanddiagnostic studiesofcattleoverthecourseofthreeyearsarepresented inFig.3.
Thefigureshowsthat155 cattleunits(1.2%)reactingto tuberculinweredetectedoutofthe13,252cattleunitstested fortuberculosisduringtheimplementationofthedeveloped technique (2012–2014). Afterthese units were isolated, the ZhATexpresstechniquewasusedforfourdays,followedby simultaneous subcutaneousand palpebral tuberculin tests. Nopositivereactionswere foundduringthe readingofthe testsafter72haftertheadministrationoftuberculin.Atthe sametime,so-calledunclearreactions(+and++)tothe palpe-braltestwere foundinfive cowsand retainedthe original intensity ofthereactionand in95 cowsthathad aweaker reaction.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 5 10 15
ITT (initial size) ITT (after 10 days)
inventory number
Size (mm)
Fig.1–Resultsofthecomplexallergydepressantusedon15cows(BaiserkeAgro).Statisticalanalysis:Mean=8.166; standarddeviation=2.168–forinitialsize:Mean=5.86;standarddeviation=1.598–after10days.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 4 1 5 16 1 7 0
5 10 15
ITT (initial size)
ITT (after 10 days)
Size (mm)
Fig.2–Resultsofsimultaneoussubcutaneousandpalpebraltuberculintestsafterusingtheallergydepressantin17cows. Statisticalanalysis:Mean=7.64;standarddeviation=3.18–forinitialsize;Mean=6.75;standarddeviation=1.66–after10 days.
Fig.3–Resultsofre-examinationofcattlereactingtosubcutaneoustuberculintestsaftersevendaysofadministeringthe allergydepressantin2012–2014.
Statisticalanalysis:
Year Mean Standartdeviation
2011 16 1414
2012 32 4242
2013 32 14,142
Thesingletestoftheseanimals(100units)withundiluted tuberculinwasnegativeafter6–9and12h.Atthesametime, anunclearreactionintheformofa0.8◦Candhigher tem-peraturerise,butnothigherthanthemaximumnormallevel (39.5◦C),wasfoundin21cowswithreducedreactionsizewith SATand +or ++reaction tothepalpebraltest; 15 ofthese unitswereslaughteredforexamination.Theautopsydidnot findalterations typicalfortuberculosis. Besides echinococ-cosisofthelungs and liverandpancreaticeurytrematosis, mycobacterialalterationswere foundintheupperlobesof lungs with blood and pus particles and in regionallymph nodes (prescapular, inguinal, mandibular, retropharyngeal, bronchial,mediastinal,supramammary,and mesenteric) in theformofhyperplasiawithpetechialorstriatehemorrhage. Inaddition,hemorrhagicorpurulenthemorrhagic endometri-tis,mastitis,hepatitis,nephritis,enteritis(mostofteninthe ileocolicjunction), andnecrotic foci incertainorgans were diagnosedinmostcases.
Thesimultaneousbacteriologicalexaminationofthe bio-materialfrom thesecows interms oftuberculosis yielded negativeresults.Atthesametime,groupII,III,andIV (accord-ingtoRunyon)atypicalmycobacteriawereisolated.
Theallergytestof1007AlatauandHolsteinFriesian cat-tleunitsin2013detected29cows(2.4%)thatreactedtothe subcutaneoustuberculin test.There-examination inseven dayswithsimultaneoussubcutaneousandpalpebral tuber-culintestsforfourdays,theZhATtestfoundnoreactionto bothtestsin16cows(53.2%)andweakersubcutaneous tuber-culinreactionwithanuncleardiagnosisofthepalpebraltest in13cows(46.8%);twoofthelattercows(IN5098andIN7089) wereslaughteredforexamination.
The autopsy did not find alterations typical for tuber-culosis. Besides echinococcosis of the lungs and liver and pancreatic eurytrematosis, mycobacterial alterations (with bloodandpus)werefoundinregionallymphnodes (retropha-ryngeal,bronchial,mediastinal,mesenteric,inguinalinone unit and supramammary in the second unit) in the form of hyperplasia with petechial or striate hemorrhage. In addition, purulenthemorrhagic endometritis, mastitis,and enteritis was diagnosed. The simultaneous bacteriological examinationofthebiomaterialfromthesecowsintermsof tuberculosisyieldednegativeresults.Atthesametime,group III(accordingtoRunyon)“avian”atypicalmycobacteriawere isolated.
Out of the 46 and 29 cows that reacted to tuberculin, whichweredetectedin2013and 2014,respectively:lossof reactionwas foundin17and 11 cows,respectively; reduc-tionofreactionintensivenesswithanunclearresultofthe palpebral test was found in 29 and 11 cows, respectively. Fourlattercows(IN2097,7089;0347and9014)were slaugh-tered for examination;alterations that were found insaid cowsweresimilartothoseincowsthatwereslaughteredin 2014.
Thebacteriologicalexaminationofthebiomaterialfrom these cows in terms of tuberculosis yielded negative results. Atthe same time, group III (according to Runyon) non-photochromogenicatypicalmycobacteriawereisolated, whichwasaprerequisiteforthesimultaneoustestwith tuber-culinmammalianandavianonallcowsatrespectivefarmsin 2014.
In 2013, parallel tests with tuberculin mammalian and avianwereconductedon543cowstodeterminethespecific weightofnonspecifictuberculinreactionsincattlecausedby non-photochromogenicatypicalmycobacteria.Thetestsused mammalianand aviantuberculin PPD(Biovet,Kazakhstan). Thetestsdetected30cows(5.5%)thatreactedtotuberculin mammalianandavian.Thesizeofreactionsrangedfrom3 to11mmtotuberculin mammalian andreached 17mmto tuberculinavian.Thesizeofreactionstotuberculinavianin 24 cows were 2mm larger than those to tuberculin mam-malian; in six cows, the reactions to both allergens were identical.
Twocows(IN0347andIN9014)withthemostintensive reac-tionstotuberculinmammalian(10and8mm)andtuberculin avian(15and11mm),thealterationswhereinweresimilarto thoseinthesevencowsslaughteredinpreviousyears,were slaughteredforexamination.Thebacteriologicalexamination ofthebiomaterialfromthesecowsintermsoftuberculosis yieldednegativeresults.Atthesametime,groupIII (accord-ingtoRunyon)non-photochromogenicatypicalmycobacteria wereisolated.
Theaboveresultsoftheautopsyandbacteriological exam-inationofbiomaterialwereindicativeofasensitizationofthe cattle’sorganismbyAM,whichcausednonspecifictuberculin reactionsin5.5%ofcases.
Discussion
Postmortemdiagnosisbasedonexaminationofgrosslesions, followed by histopathologyand culture,is widely usedfor surveillanceofbTBinwildanimals,butthismethodis time-consuming.22
Theintradermaltuberculintesthasbeeninuseforalmost acenturyand,despitethetechnologicaladvancesofthelast twodecades,isstilltheonlyprescribedtestforthe diagno-sis of tuberculosisin cattle.23 The significant error of this
testisrelatedtoseveralfactors,suchasallergicreactionor persistenceofrelatedmycobacteriaintheorganism, which donotcausecomplicationsinanimals.Reassessmentofthe stateofanimalswithsuspectedmycobacterialcontamination shouldprovideasaccurateadiagnosisaspossible,confirmor refuteafalse-positiveresult,withregardtothefactorsthat could distortthe result. TST can alsocause false-negative reactionsduetoimmunosuppression,desensitizationtoward tuberculin,subpotentuseoftuberculin,andlengthyexposure toafieldstrain.24
Thus,the effectivenessoftuberculin skintesting ranges from75.0%to95.5%.25
SICTT with specific antigens, such as a cocktail of ESAT-6/85B26 and ESAT-6/CFP-10,8 are used toimprove the
specificity of reactions. However,these studies still donot offerasolutionforcommercialuseatlargefarms.Atthe cur-rentstage,thesemethods,alongsideflowcytometryanalysis ofthe IFN-␥system, remainonlyatthe leveloflaboratory studies.
The implementation of the ZhAT express technique, which involves the administration of a complex allergy depressant with subsequent re-examination on day 7–10 and simultaneous subcutaneous and palpebral tuberculin
tests, at three farms (Baiserke, Plemzavod-Almaty, and Mezhdurechensk-Agro)intheAlmatyRegion,identified non-specific tuberculin reactions in 279 cattle units. Follow-up tests on 100 cattle units with persistent tuberculin reac-tionsandanunclearresultsofpalpebraltestsusingasingle intravenoustestwithundilutedtuberculinandsimultaneous test with tuberculin mammalian and avian, resultsof the veterinaryand sanitaryexaminationoftheinternalorgans and regional lymph nodes of animals that were slaugh-tered forexamination,andthe bacteriologicalexamination ofthebiomaterialfromsaid cattleunitsconclusively ruled outthetuberculosisdiagnosisanddiagnosedmycobacteriosis. Thispreventedprematureslaughteringof258unitsof pedi-gree(AlatauandHolsteinFriesian),mostlyhighlyproductive, cattle.
Anexpresstechniqueforacceleratedlifetime differenti-ateddiagnosticsofanimaltuberculosisandmycobacteriosis was developed; this techniqueaccelerates the lifetime dif-ferentiateddiagnosisoftuberculosisandmycobacteriosisin animals that react to tuberculin, rules out the short-term nonspecificsensitizationoftheirorganismtowardtuberculin mammalian, and improves the specificity of the subcuta-neous tuberculin test using a complex allergy depressant andasimultaneoussubcutaneousandpalpebraltuberculin test.
Thescientificnovelty is confirmedby patent“Means of Improving the Specificity of the Subcutaneous Tuberculin ReactionUsingaComplexAllergyDepressantforAccelerated Lifetime Differentiated Diagnostics of Animal Tuberculosis andMycobacteriosis”No.2010/0926.1dated14.07.2014.
Conclusion
Adependenceoftheisolationrateandspeciesofacid-fast cul-turesofpathogenicandpotentiallypathogenicmycobacteria onthenatureofinternalorganandlymphnodelesionincattle reactingtotuberculinwasfound.
Specific tuberculosis changes in cattle were found in regionallymphnodesmoreoftenthanininternalorgans.
Seasonalemergenceofnonspecifictuberculinsensitivityin cowsaged4–9yearswasfoundinAlmatyRegionfarmsthat werehealthyintermsoftuberculosis.
The implementation of the developed ZhAT express technique at Almaty Region farms that were healthy in terms of tuberculosis accelerated the lifetime differenti-ated diagnostics of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis in animalsthatreactedtotuberculinand ruledout the short-term nonspecific sensitization of their organism toward tuberculin.
Theimplementation ofthis techniqueatAlmatyRegion farmsexcludedthe “Tuberculosis”diagnosisand diagnosed “Mycobacteriosis”;thispreventedprematureslaughteringof 258unitsofpedigree(Alatau andHolsteinFriesian),mostly highlyproductive,cattle.
ThedevelopedZhATtechniqueisimplementedatfarmsin theRepublicofKazakhstan,whichhavestationaryisolation facilitiesanddetectanimalsthatreacttotuberculin,aswellas athealthyfarmsthatexperiencecasesofrecurrentoutbreaks ofthediseaseorretainthethreatthereof.
Conflicts
of
interest
Nopotentialconflictofinterestwasreportedbytheauthors.
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