A Jor Ma 1Co Cam 2Gr Eng 3Re Fria 4Re 5Pro 6As Eng 7Co Cam *Em Hot The redu hav from base form dev und The perf carr pres perf phy dev dev of t obta A new metho rge Martins agalhães6, L oordinator P mpus Politéc aduate stude gineering, R esearch Fello as, 4200-465 esearch & D
oduct & Bus sistant Prof gineering, R oordinator P mpus Politéc mail: jmmar t-pressing is erefore, a rig uce pressing ve occurred m wood-bas ed on past maldehyde velopment, m derstood. e aim of thi formance of ried out on ssing time a formed in o ysico-mecha veloped by velopment cu the particleb ain a panel t odology to s*1, Eduard Luísa Carva rofessor, DE cnico de Re ent, LEPAE Rua Drº Rob ow, ARCP – 5, Porto, PO evelopment siness Deve fessor, LEPA Rua Drº Rob rofessor, DE cnico de Re rtins@fe.up s the most i gorous cont g time. This along the l sed panels. t operating emissions mat rheolog is work is t f particlebo a computer and the moi order to eval anical prop combining urves obtain boards. This that meets th predict the with low do Vasconce alho7 EMad-Dept epeses, 3504 E, Dept. of C erto Frias, 4 – Associatio ORTUGAL t, EuroResin elopment, Eu AE, Dept. o erto Frias, 4 EMad-Dept epeses, 3504 .pt important an trol of all pr s is particula last decade, In many in g conditions resins, the gical behavio to understan oards bonde r controlled isture conten luate the sig perties and g results o ned using A s methodolo he standard e optimum p w formalde elos2, João t of Wood E 4-510 Viseu Chemical En 4200-465, P on of Comp nas – Indust uroResinas f Chemical 4200-465, P t of Wood E 4-510 Viseu ABST nd costly op rocessing v arly relevan , due to the ndustries, th s, develope e interactio or and heat nd the influ ed with a C d lab scale h nt on the m gnificance le formaldeh of mat inte ABES appara ogy allowed specificatio pressing tim hyde emiss Pereira3, J Engineering, u, PORTUGA ngineering, Porto, PORT etence in Po trias Químic – Industrias Engineering Porto, PORT Engineering, u, PORTUGA TRACT peration in ariables is n nt because o e stringent r he schedulin ed for trad on between and mass t uence of th arb II class hot-press, v mat face laye evel of the hyde emiss ernal temp atus, in orde d predicting ons. me for woo sion resins João Ferra4 , Polytechni AL University TUGAL olymer Netw cas, 7520-19 s Químicas, g, Universit TUGAL , Polytechni AL the manufa necessary to of the chang regulations ng of the pr ditional form n resin cur transfer duri he pressing s fortified U varying the er. Analysis effects of th ion. A ne erature evo er to estima g the minim od-based pa ,Paulo Cru ic Institute o of Porto- Fa work, Rua D 95 Sines, Po 7520-195 S ty of Porto- ic Institute o acture of wo o ensure pro ges in resin on formald ress cycle i mulations. re kinetics ing pressing operating c UF resin. Se venting sta s of varianc hese factors ew methodo olution and ate the intern mum pressin anels produ uz5, Fernão of Viseu, aculty of Drº Roberto ortugal. Sines, Portu Faculty of of Viseu, ood-based p oduct qualit formulation dehyde emis is still perfo Fothe new , bond str g is still not conditions o everal trials art time, the e (ANOVA on particle ology has d bond str nal bond str g time need uced ugal. panels. ty and ns that ssions ormed w low rength t fully on the were e total A) was eboard been rength rength ded to
1.
In phe mas inte sim eith and are a gr Car resi moi clos Sev 198 200 pres proc part Adv prod (IAR (gro form exp occu (Sal has emi mol In m con emi dev und In t perf resi pres ven pres opeIntrodu
wood-base enomena are ss transfer, p erdependenc mulation of t her the intera d consumptio recognized reat potentia rvalho et al., in type and isture conte sure, press s veral works 82; Humphr 03; Dai and Y sented a sta cess, but als ticles/fibers verse health ducers in la RC) from W oup 1)“. As maldehyde osure limits urred, due lthammer et been made issions. To lar ratio form many indus nditions, dev issions resin velopment, m derstood. this study w formance o in). The op ssing tempe nting”, an ad ssing to pro ening serveuction
ed panels e involved m polymerizat cy of these this operatio actions or th on of energy as importan al for innov , 2010). Acc d hardener, ent and mo scheduling a have been rey and BolYu, 2004; P ate of the ar so for other and conditi h effects f st decades, WHO recom s a consequ as an indo s increasing to the strin t al., 2010). e by wood attain this maldehyde/u stries, the sc veloped for t ns. For thes mat rheolog we intend t f particlebo ptimization erature and dditional co omote the he es to reduc hot-pressin making this tion of the a phenomena on is of gre he effects o y and time ( nt tools for o vation in pr cording to M , press tem oisture distr and density attempted lton, 1989a Pereira et al, rt about the r processes i ioning. from expos mostly from mmended th uence, vari oor priority gly lower. A ngent regul . Facing the panel manu objective, t urea or use cheduling o traditional f se new resin gical behavio to understan oards bonde of this ope moisture c ompression eat transfer ce the inte ng process, operation q adhesive an a, the deve eat importan f operating (Aguilar Rib optimization rocesses and Maloney (19 mperature, w ribution, ste profile. to develop ; Zombori, , 2006; Tho transport p in the manu sure to for m 2004 whe he reclassif ious authori y pollutant Along the las lations on f e new guide ufactures to the resin fo of formalde of the press formulation ns, the inter or and heat nd the influ ed with a lo eration depe content of t followed by to the mat ernal gas p , several quite compl d rheologic elopment of nce, becaus variables an beiro et al., n, control an d products ( 989) severa wood raw eam pressu models for 2001, 2003 emen and H phenomena ufacture of w rmaldehyde n the Intern fication of f ities and in and new r st decade, c formaldehyd elines and em o provide pr ormulations ehyde scave s cycle is st s and are no raction betw and mass t uence of the ow formalde ends on ma the face lay y an expans core. The p pressure an coupled p lex. The ma al behavior f mathemati se it will en nd paramete 2011). The nd schedulin (Carvalho e al parameter material (s ure inside th r the hot-pr 3; Fenton e Humphrey, 2 involved, n wood-based e have con national Age formaldehyd nstitutions h regulations changes in r de emission mission stan roducts wit have been engers). till perform ot adapted to ween resin transfer duri e pressing ehyde resin any parame yer. This w sion of mat process of ve nd minimiz hysico-chem ain mechani . Due to the ical models nhance the ers on the p refore, math ng of this op et al., 2003; rs the hot-pr species, par he board, t ressing proc et al., 2003; 2006). Carv not only for d products, s ncerned wo
ency for Res
de “carcino have been have emer resin formul ns from wo ndards, a co th even low n changed ( med based o o the new lo cure kinetic ing pressing operating c n (Carb II c eters, namel ork focus i t, performed enting the m ze the pot mical-mecha isms are hea e multiplicit s that enabl understandi product prop hematical m peration, off Carvalho, ressing oper rticle geom time of pre cess (Hump ; Carvalho valho et al. ( r the hot-pre such as dryi ood-based p search on C genic to hu concerned rged consid lations have ood-based p onsiderable wer formalde e.g. reducti on past ope ow formalde cs, bond str g is still not conditions o class fortifie ly pressing in particular d during the mat prior to ential for anical at and ty and le the ing of perties models ffering 2008; ration: metry), essing phrey, et al., 2010) essing ing of panels Cancer umans about dering e been panels effort ehyde ion of rating ehyde rength t fully on the ed UF time, r “the e hot-press panel
dela dire betw ven the the
2.
Raw Wo do H pine was ABE (Ma Par Part the prod blen che laye in o syst laye core laye ove woo mm with amination. V ection as the ween the pa nting begins mat, while mat (CarvaMateria
w materia od particles Hospital pla e, eucalyptu s provided b ES testing angualde pla rticleboar ticleboard p physical an duction of nding, mat f cked before er particles order to attai tems (resin, er was 6 % e, based on er (3% solid en-dry weig od). Three-l m. Boards we h displacem Venting is e press plat articles open (prior to p temperature lho et al., 20als and m
alss for the face ant). Standa us, pine saw
by Euroresi steamed be ant). rd produc panels were nd mechani particleboa formation, p e blending, u was 3.5%. in 11 and 15 , catalyst an resin solids n the oven-d ds based on ght of resin) layer partic ere then pre ment sensor caused by tens separate n, thus incr press openin e stays high 010).
methods
e layer and ard mixture wdust and re nas (Sonae ech veneers Ta Pro Reac Visco Solids c ction produced a ical perform ards is esse pressing and using an inf Wood parti 5 % of mois nd paraffin), but for the dry weight n oven-dry ). The para cleboard wa essed in a la (LVDT), t a slow and e. The woo reasing mat ng), water v h. The ventin
s
core layers s were used ecycled woo Indústria). s (Fagus Sy able 1: UF r operties ctivity (s) osity (cP) pH content (%) at laboratory mance as we entially div d sanding. T frared balan icles for the sture conten ) in a labor e core layer of wood pa weight of r affin level w as hand form aboratory sca thermocoup d controlled od particles permeabili vapor pressu ng gas may were provid d, which ar od. A comm Resin char ylvatica) we resins prope Va 60 15 8. ) 6 y scale and ell as the f vided into The moistur nce. The ave e face layer nt. Wood pa ratory glue b two gluing articles. The resin) than was 0.15 % med in an ale hot-pres les and pred rate of ma exhibit elas ty and gas ure decrease move towa ded by Sona e composed mercial UF r racteristics a ere supplied rties alues 0-100 50-300 .5-9.5 63-64 then charac formaldehyd five stages re content o erage of the were condi articles were blender. Th factors wer e resin was in the face % solids (ba aluminum ss, controlle essure transd at expansio stic expansi flow (Kam es and equa ard the edge
ae Indústria d of differen esin fortifie are presente d by Sonae cterized in de emission s: raw-mate of the standa moisture co itioned in a e then blend he gluing fa re tested: 5 % more catal layer (1 % ased on ove container w d by compu ducers. Thi on in the ve ion and the mke, 2004). W alizes throu es and surfac PCDM (Ol nt proportio ed with mela ed in table 1 Indústria P order to qu n or content erial prepar ards mixtur ontent of the climate cha ded with the actor for the
% and 7 % lyzed in the % solids bas
en-dry weig with 220x22 uter and equ is lab-scale ertical voids When ughout ces of liveira ons of amine 1. For PCDM uantify t. The ration, re was e core amber e resin e face in the e core ed on ght of 20x80 uipped press
perm the Pre The to s (pre mm was stag Figu Thr decr Boa Afte test stan and anal mits to mea response in ess schedu e pressing c study the e essing rate) m. The avera s monitored ge. ure 1: Press ree pressing rease of pos ard testin er pressing, ed accordin ndards for d d thickness s lysis metho
asure real tim n compressiv uling ycle (stage effect of ve was transp age density d using a typ sing schedul g programs w sition set-po ng boards wer ngly to the density (D) ( swelling (T d (EN 717-2 me temperat ve stress. duration, p nting (see posed to the of the final pe K thermo ling with a v were studie oints to 4; P3 re stored in European s (EN 323), i TS) (EN 317 2).
ture and gas
ress closing figure 1). T e batch cycl l boards wa ocouple. Th venting proc d: P1 - fixe 3 - equivale a condition standards. T nternal bon 7). The form s pressure an g time, plate The typical le (press cy as 650 ± 20 he thermoco cedure (addi ed number o ent to P2 wit ned room (2 The boards nd (IB) (EN maldehyde e nd to manip en temperat l press cycl ycle time). T kg/m3. The uple was po itional comp of stages (1 th a slow pr 20 ºC, 65 % were tested 319), mois emission w pulate thickn ture) was sc le in a con The target t e temperatu ositioned du pression and 76 position ress closure % relative hu d according ture content as determin ness and me cheduled in ntinuous pre thickness w ure inside th uring the for
d expansion n set-points) rate. umidity) and to the Euro t (MC) (EN ned using th easure order essing was 17 he mat rming n) ; P2 -d then opean N 322) he gas
ABE The mm prep labo the reac mm pres was pne Des Tab of p In o stre in th (45, and ES testing e veneers (w m strips usin paration (su oratory at 2 spread rate ched, adhere m and presse ssing tempe s tested al eumatically d sign of Exp ble 3 summa parameters t Beginn Gluing Moistu Total p Pressin Ventin order to eva ength, an ana he first tria , 65 e 85 s), d gluing fact with a thickn ng a pneum upplied by 5 ºC and 65 (100 g/m2) ent pairs of ed together erature (no c lmost insta driven) (Fer Param Press Press Sprea harden (solid periments arises the fa to be studied ning of vent g factor (g re ure content i pressing tim ng schedulin ng duration ( aluate the sig
alysis of var al, the follow
, total pressi tor (g resin s ness of 0.7 m matically dr Adhesive 5% RH. Th ) was contro strips were at 1.2 N/mm cooling). Th antaneously rra et al., 20 Tab meter temperature times (s) d rate (g/m2 ner content, s/oven dry w actors and le d, a statistic Table Facto ting (s) esin solids/g in face layer me (s) ng (s) gnificance l riance (ANO wing factors ing time (75 solids/g ove mm), stored riven sampl Evaluation he glue mix olled in a pr mounted in m2. After th he standard in shear 011). ble 2: ABES e (ºC) 2) , wt% weight of re evels consid al experime e 3: Factors ors g oven dry w r (%) level of the OVA) was p s were teste 5, 95, 115 e en dry wood d at 25 ºC a le cutting d Systems, was applie recision bala n the system he pressing t d loading rat mode (the S test param esin) dered in first ental design and levels wood) effects of t performed. T ed in a seco e 135 s), Mo d) (5 e 7 %). and 65%RH device for Corvallis, O d manually ance. After m with an ov time was el te was used e system i meters Values 85, 95 a 15 to 12 100 3.0 t pressing tr tool (JMP) studied 1 53 5 11 100 P1 0 the different Taking into ond pressing oisture conte . H were cut in standardize Oregon) an y with a spa the desired verlapping ar lapsed, bond (1 kN/s). T is digitally and 105 20 rial. Due to was used. Levels 2 90 7 15 0 150 P2 20 t factors in o account the g trial: begi ent in face l nto 117 mm ed ABES sa nd stored in atula (10 mg temperatur rea of 20 m ds were pul The bond str controlled the great nu 3 P3 the internal e results obt inning of ve layer (11 e m x 20 ample n our g) and re was mm x 5 lled at rength d and umber l bond tained enting 15 %)
4.
An fact stati very ven Figu beg moi As timeResults
ANOVA w tors related istical signi y significan nting, the mo Fa Beginning o Gluing fac solids/g ove Moisture co layer (%) Total pressi Pressing sch Venting dur ure 2 presen ginning of v isture conte expected, th e.Internal Bond (MPa)
0.63 0.05 0.412195 B 53
and dis
was perform d with the ificance leve nt except th oisture conte Table 4: actor of venting ( ctor (g res en dry wood ontent in fa ing time (s) heduling ration (s) Figur nts the effec venting, the nt of the fa he internal b Begining of ventin 53 64.8537scussion
med in orde pressing o el of the six he venting ent of the fa ANOVA b (NS-not s Sum (s) 4 sin d) 4 ace 7 9 2 1 re 2: Effects cts of factors e internal bo ace layer, pr bond increa ng (s) 90 Gluin 5 6.n
er to evalu operation on x factors on duration. T ace layer and by factor for significant, m of squares .55 10-2 .80 10-2 .31 10-2 .85 10-2 .05 10-2 .52 10-4 s of factors l s levels on i ond decreas robably due ases strongly ng factor 7 04065 11ate the sign n particlebo n internal bo The most si d the total p r internal bo *5%, **1% s Fobs 28.25 29.76 45.36 61.13 6.36 0.09 levels on int internal bon ses. The int e to a better y with the p Moisture FL (% 11 12.1057 nificance le oard proper ond strength ignificant fa pressing tim nding streng %, ***0.1%) p-value 7.53 10 4.18 10 1.44 10 9.05 10 2.60 10 7.60 10 ternal bond nd. This figu ternal bond heat transf pressing tim %) 15 Pressin 100 12 evel of the rties. Table h. All factor factors are t me. gth - mean e Signi 0-7 0-7 0-9 0-12 0-3 0-1 (mean) ure shows th d increases fer to the int me, due long
ng time (s) 150 27.154 0 effects dif e 4 present rs are statist the beginni ficance leve **** **** **** **** **** NS hat increasin slightly wit terior of the ger resin rea
Venting duration 0 11.187 fferent ts the tically ing of el ng the th the e mat. action (s) 20
Figu valu of in Fi Figu com perm obs ven the The the inte IB (MPa) / FE (m g m 2h 1) ure 3 prese ues are obta nternal resis gure 3: Rati ure 4 shows mbined with mitted to es erved that t nting. The ef venting sho e expected v bond stren ernal temper IB (MPa) / FE (m g . m 2 h -1) nts the ratio ained for the
stance, the f io of interna s the evolut h the ABES stimate the e the internal ffect of ven ould be initia values of in ngth develop rature was u o of interna e beginning formaldehyd al bond and tion of the i S results (b expected int bond depe nting is mor ated betwee nternal bond pment (ABE used to estim al bond and of venting o de emission formaldehy ti internal ma bond streng ternal bond ends on moi e notorious en 45 and 70 d were calcu ES) present mate the evo Pressin d formaldeh of 45 and 65 n is lower. yde emission ime at temperatu gth develop d strength of isture conte for 15 % o 0 s (grey zon ulated by ap ted by Cos olution of th ng time (s) hyde emissi 5 s, which m n (gas analy ure along th pment as a f the panel. ent, pressing of moisture ne in figure pplying the ta et al. (2 he model par on (EN 717 means that f ysis) in func e press cyc function o In this figu g time and content. In 4). three param 012). The e rameters (ki 7-2). The g for the same
ction of pres le. These re of pressing ure, it can b the beginni these condi meters mod evolution o inetic consta greater e level ssing esults, time) e also ing of itions, del for of mat ant).
Thi mee
5.
The perf carr the AN effe of t emi The -Th -In T em pe rat u re ( C) Figure 4: M pa A s methodol ets the standConclus
e aim of thi formance of ried out on venting star NOVA was p ects of facto the more si ission were e main conc he venting ha these condit 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0 T - 15 % 11 % - 65 Te mp er at ur e ( C) Measured ev articleboard ABES mode m ogy allowe dard specificsions
is work is t f particlebo a computer rting time, t performed in ors levels on gnificant pr studied. lusions of th as only a sig tions, the ve 25 T 5 s volution of internal bon el (dashed li moisture con ed predicting cations. to understan oards bonde r controlled the total pre n order to as n particlebo ressing para his study are gnificant eff enting shoul 50 T - 11 % 11 % - 85 s the internal nd strength ines), as a fu ntent in the g the minim nd the influ ed with a C d lab scale h essing time ssess the sig oard propertameters on e:
fect for high ld start betw 75 10 Model 15 % -l mat temper (markers), p function of p face layer a mum pressi uence of th arb II class hot-press, va
and the moi gnificance le ties (interna physical-m her moisture ween 45 and 00 125 o - 15 % - 45 s Pr rature (cont predicted in pressing tim and beginnin ing time ne he pressing s fortified U arying the p isture conte evel of all f al bond). In mechanical p e content of d 70 s; 5 150 Modelo - 11 15 % - 65 s resssing tim tinuous lines nternal bond me, for differ ng of ventin eeded to ob operating c UF resin. Se pressing sch ent on the m factors studi a second tr properties an
f the face lay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 % 11 15 me(s) s), measured d strength fr rent values o ng. tain a pane conditions o everal trials heduling, na mat face laye ied, as well rial, the infl nd formalde yer (15 %); 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 % - 45 s % - 85 s Intern al Bon d (N ·mm -2) d om of el that on the were amely er. An as the uence ehyde
-Us moi A n and stre that Thi (E0 thro FED Com The raw Agu Car Car Cos Dai Fen Ferr Hum
ing the ven isture conten new methodo d bond streng ength. This m t meets the s s work is co _formaldeh ough FCT (p DER-01523 mpetitividad e authors wi w materials n uilar Ribeiro Wood-Bas Mohamed rvalho, L. H Medium D rvalho, L. M Introductio University sta, N., Pere “Alternativ formaldehy 33, 56–60. i, C., Yu, C. I. A physic nton, T., Bud Strand Boa ra, J. M. M. performan Adhesives, mphrey P.E through the Oregon, U nting in the p nt is increas ology has b gth develop methodolog standard spe o-founded b hyde project project PTD 9) under the de (POFC). ish to thank needed for th o, H., Carva sed Panels P El-Amin (E H., Costa, M. Density Fibe M., Martins, on to Specia y Press, Lond eira J., Marti ve to latent yde emissio (2004). "H cal-mathema dman, H., P ard Pressing , M. Ohlme ce by recent , 31(3), 127-. (1993) “A e Oregon St USA, 1993. pressing sch sed from 11 een develop pment curve gy allowed p ecifications.
A
by FEDER ( t with refere DC/EQU-EQ e framework Euroresinas his work alho, L., Ma Production” Ed.), pp. 314 .R.N. and C erboard (MD J., Costa, C alists, H. Th don, Englan ins, J., Ferra catalysts fo on wood-bas Heat and mas atical mode Pritzker, M., g", Ind. Eng eyer, et al. (2 tly develope -134. A device to te tate Board o heduling, it to 15 %. ped by comb s obtained u predicting th .Acknowl
Fundo Euro ence FCOMP QU/111571/ k of COMP s and SonaeRefer
artins, J., Co in Mass Tra 4-338, InTec Costa, C.A.V DF)", Wood C. (2010) Tra hoemen, M. nd. a, J.,Cruz, P or curing UF sed panels”, ss transfer in el", Wood an Bernard, E g. Chem. Res 2011) "Eval ed mechanic est adhesive of Higher Ed is possible bining resul using ABES he minimumledgmen
opeu de Des P010202FE /2009 with t ETE-Progra e Indústria Prences
osta, C. (201 ansfer in Mu ch. V. (2003) "A Sci. and Te ansport Phen Irle, M. Ser P., Magalhãe F resins used , Internation n wood com nd Fibre Sci ., Broderick s., 42, 5229-luation of ur cal tests", In e bonds”, Th ducation on to gain 20 lts of mat in S apparatus m pressing tints
senvolvimen EDER00534 the reference ama Operac PCDM for p 11) “Transpo ultiphase Sy A Global Mo echnol., 37: nomena. In rnek. (eds), es, F., Mend d in the prod nal Journal mposite pane i., 36(4): 58 k, G. (2003) -5238. rea-formald nternational he state of O n behalf of O s in pressin nternal temp to estimate ime needed nto Regiona 47) and natio e FCOMP-0 cional Facto providing the ort Phenom ystems and odel for the241-258.
Wood-base
pp. 123-176 des, A., Carv duction of l of Adhesion els during ho 5-597. ) "Modeling dehyde adhe l Journal of Oregon actin Oregon State ng time whe perature evo the internal to obtain a al) / QREN onal funds 01-0124-r de e equipmen mena in Pape its Applicat Hot-Pressin ed Panels: A 6, Brunel valho, L. (2 ow n & Adhesiv ot-pressing: g of Oriented esives f Adhesion a ng by and e University en the lution l bond panel nt and er and tions. ng of An 012), ves, : Part d and y,
Hum Hum IAR Kam Mal Pere Salt Tho Zom Zom mphrey, P. E Wales. mphrey, P. E Wood-base Time, Com 274. RC (2006) “ Humans”, mke, F.A., ( Proceeding GRT-149, loney, T. (1 Freeman P eira, C., Car Wood Sci. thammer, T Chem. Rev oemen, H., H of wood-ba mbori, B. (2 Composite mbori, B. (2 Fiber Sci., E. (1982) Ph E., Bolton, A ed Composi mpared with “Formaldehy Internation (2004) “Phy gs of a Work Madison W 989) “Mode Publications rvalho, L.H and Techno ., S. Mentes v. 110, 2536 Humprey, P ased compo 001) “Mode es”, Ph.D., F 003) "Simu 35, 2-23. hysical aspe A.J. and Ka ites. Part III h Experimen yde − toxici nal Agency f ysics of Hot-kshop, pp. 3 WI, U.S.A. ern ParticleB , San Franci , Costa, C.A ol., 40, 308-se, and R. M 6–2572 P.E. (2006) " osites. Part I eling the tra Faculty of th ulation of the
ects of wood avvouras, P.K
I. Predicted ntal Data for ity Monogra for Research -pressing” in 3-18, USDA Board & Dr isco Califor A.V. (2006) -326. Marutzky (20 "Modeling t I. Heat and M ansient effec he Virginia P e internal co d particlebo K. (1989) " Vapour Pre r Laboratory aphs on the h on Cancer n: Fundame A Forest Ser ry-Process F rnia, USA. "Modelling 010) “Form the physical Mass transfe cts during th Polytechnic onditions du ard manufa The Hot Pre essure and T y Boards.", H Evaluation r, France, 88 entals of Com rvice, Gener Fiberboard M g the continu aldehyde in l processes r fer", Holz Ro he Hot-Press c Institute an uring the ho cture, Ph.D essing of Dr Temperature Holzforschu of Carcinog 8, 478. mposite Pro ral Technica Manufacturi uous hot pre n the Indoor relevant dur oh- Werkst, sing of Woo nd State Un t-pressing p ., Univ. of ry-formed e Variation w ung, 43(4), 2 genic Risks ocessing: al Report FP ing”, Miller essing of M Environme ring hot pres
35, 456-468 od-based iversity. process", Wo with 265-to PL-r DF", ent”, ssing 8. ood
