Conclusion

Mg and Al leachingfluxes were mainly driven by the water drainage flux (Fig. 5) while the NO3leachingflux were more related to soil solution concentration.

However, ZTL concentrations may decrease with depth (Legout, 2008; Marques et al., 1996; Ranger et al., 2001) due to for example nutrient uptake, in particular because part of PF may occur along the root system. By using 10 cm depth ZTL concentrations, the nutri- ent leachingflux may be slightly overestimated. Furthermore, rapid waterflow does not imply non-equilibriumflow. Rapid exchanges may occur along preferentialflow paths thus changing the chemical composition of draining water. In base poor acidic soils, such as the soil at the Breuil-Chenue site, aluminum is a predominant cation and calcium and magnesium are present in very small quantities on the CEC. It is likely that part of the calcium and magnesium in rapid flow generated in the top soil (enriched due to litter decomposition) exchanges with aluminum on the CEC. If such exchanges occur along preferentialflow paths, preferentialflow could play an important role in the spatial variability of soil nutrients.

Nevertheless, nutrient leaching is likely to fall between the bound- aries given by the two methods of nutrient leaching calculation. Partic- ular attention should be given to water drainagefluxes during the beginning (March–April) and the end (September–October) of the veg- etation season, when soil temperature is still high enough to allow for microbial activity, nutrient uptake by trees is reduced and soil water content increases tofield capacity. Increased nutrient losses from the soil profile are of great interest for studying the sustainability of forest soil fertility and increased nitrate and aluminum out-fluxes are a threat to stream and river ecosystems (Dambrine et al., 1998; Guérold et al., 2000). ZTL concentrations are generally collected at a monthly time step but PF concentrations are likely to vary widely depending on the rainfall intensity generating them and need to be studied at the event scale to better understand their chemistry.

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22 G. van der Heijden et al. / Geoderma 195–196 (2013) 12–22

Apport du multi-traçage isotopique (²H, ¹⁵N, ²⁶Mg et ⁴⁴Ca) à la connaissance des flux d’éléments minéraux dans les écosystèmes forestiers

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Chapitre III : Traçage et modélisation du cycle de l’eau

Enrichissement isotopique en deutérium mesuré dans les solutions du sol collectées aux différentes profondeurs (0cm, 10cm, 15cm, 30cm et 60cm). Les enrichissements isotopiques sont exprimés en déviation (‰) par rapport au ratio isotopique de référence (SMOW). Les valeurs manquantes indiquent les dates pour lesquelles le volume collecté par le lysimètre était insuffisant pour l’analyse isotopique.

89

n°1 n°2 n°3 n°1 n°2 n°3 n°1 n°2 n°3 n°4 n°1 n°2 n°3 n°4 n°1 n°2 n°3 n°4

06/04/2010 -73.8 -65.8 -79.0 -78.2 -76.4 -81.4 -60.8 -56.6 -50.6 -51.9 -72.4

07/04/2010 20873.7 228.9 53444.0 24349.8 359.0 -70.9 -61.9 -66.9 -76.9 -77.1 -63.7 -76.5 -73.2

08/04/2010 15287.4 10743.9 11665.7 7714.8 6987.3 -78.5 -65.3 -77.8 -79.0 -77.3 -61.6 -73.8 -62.8 -58.7 -52.9 -67.6 -66.6

09/04/2010 -66.9 -67.1 -64.5 -55.9 -71.6 -71.2

10/04/2010 -75.0 -64.7 -46.1 -54.9 -77.3 -66.3 895.8 -56.2 -62.5 -54.3 -69.5 -67.7

13/04/2010 2530.2 3786.7 11011.5 6484.3 7279.8 -62.1 -51.2 -73.3 -63.1 -65.7 -60.8 2447.9 -36.6 -64.8 -58.3 -71.8 -69.1

14/04/2010 -63.9 -38.2 336.5 -75.2 -58.8 -53.4 2391.9 -65.4 -60.0 -72.4 -67.7

20/04/2010 2530.2 7551.5 10577.5 5448.9 7516.0 1387.8 46.4 2575.9 -44.6 -50.0 -59.4 3089.5 -31.4 -65.1 -62.2 -74.0 -67.0

04/05/2010 5608.6 6567.5 1229.0 5087.2 7219.1 2011.5 241.7 681.3 2337.1 29.3 60.8 2600.4 -31.1 -70.7 -67.8 -70.4 -69.8

18/05/2010 5479.6 456.5 576.6 1659.6 1117.9 823.0 2823.8 792.3 1049.6 4134.8 427.7 267.9 1992.8 76.3 -71.7 -71.0 9.5 -69.2

15/06/2010 256.9 134.2 98.3 310.4 193.9 150.3 2370.1 1113.5 4398.2 3326.7 2191.6 544.9 638.6 821.3 -72.9 -65.8 190.8 -62.4

15/07/2010 34.9 15.6 21.2 32.1 24.0 25.6 945.4 452.1 3562.9 1214.4 1372.4 640.2 163.1 607.0 -39.5 -41.1 1102.1 -45.2

10/08/2010 10.2 5.0 2.4 12.0 -1.6 -3.2 644.9 353.1 2718.9 569.3 516.1 108.0 146.5 32.4 0.1 1537.9 -37.3

07/09/2010 2.2 -11.3 -20.7 -23.9 510.2 1367.6 573.6 47.1 14.0 1450.8 -34.0

04/10/2010 -16.4 -32.5 -20.6 -24.9 -28.9 143.0 406.3 608.9 520.5 656.3 -21.1 -5.0 41.0 11.7 1459.2 -37.6

04/11/2010 -30.3 -46.4 -38.7 -25.0 -26.1 -37.3 -0.3 11.3 311.7 81.2 303.5 429.6 -29.5 -31.3 196.8 13.1 1561.3 -22.7

07/12/2010 -34.2 -97.2 -76.8 -50.6 -86.0 -5.5 -30.9 467.0 29.0 81.5 201.0 -54.3 -35.5 516.3 234.7 1219.4 -5.5

03/01/2011 -43.3 -64.1 -69.4 -69.1 -68.2 -57.5 -75.9 -58.2 -46.4 28.5 -72.2 -25.5

25/01/2011 -39.0 -65.9 -26.8 -70.0 -77.6 -71.0 -62.1 -67.3 -81.8 -72.5 -7.8 -57.4 -80.6 -56.3 2.2 18.0 155.9 -60.6

22/02/2011 -46.3 -62.7 -71.8 -68.1 -66.4 -64.3 -77.2 -70.2 -68.7 -74.6 -81.0 -60.3 -36.3 -41.2 -59.7 -65.1

22/03/2011 -41.3 -62.9 -63.0 -62.1 -68.6 -56.2 -76.4 -72.7 -70.4 -75.2 -74.8 -64.2 -49.7 -57.6 -71.5 -71.5

19/04/2011 -55.8 -45.5 -45.5 -57.8 -54.8 -55.6 -62.6 -51.4 -71.0 -66.1 -68.9 -71.4 -60.0 -59.8 -54.4 -63.3 -73.8 -72.6

Date Répétition Répétition Répétition Répétition Répétition

Plaques lysimétriques (0cm) Plaques lysimétriques (10cm) Bougies poreuses (15cm) Bougies poreuses (30cm) Bougies poreuses (60cm)

90