Language change and early dictionaries of Modern Greek | 73
a result, the tendencies in the lexicographhic metalanguage appear to form a cir- cle in a way. In recent decades, lexicography has become more descriptive as a result of the development of corpus linguistics and of new sociolinguistic atti- tudes (Ottenhoff 1996; Berg-Olsen 2016).15
To summarize, the tendencies of prescriptive comments are linked to the characteristics of language change. In the case of grammatical change, negative comments appear in the strongest rise of change, and grammarians react against changes that have progressed beyond a certain degree, whereas dictionaries do not contain suggestions for exclusion of new words or new loanwords in later stages of lexical change. The reason is that neologisms and loanwords in later stages of change are incorporated in the Lexicon of the language to a higher de- gree. However, the lexicographical works – in contrast to grammar books – ap- pear to be more affected by the social parameters of language change, as in the case of the “Greek language question”. Moreover, the terminology used in the dictionaries and the keywords in usage notes can cause a misleading impression:
prescriptivism and purism have the tendency to mark and isolate words, and early lexicographers caution speakers against words mainly by using non-verbal symbols and appendices, rather than with special terms or keywords.
or Latin equivalents and, in many cases, a definition in another European lan- guage. On the contrary, 19th-century dictionaries establish a prescriptive pattern with regard to language change, following a similar tendency of their contempo- rary European lexicography. Early lexicographers of Modern Greek mainly use non-verbal symbols, mark or “isolate” words (see the role of appendices in early dictionaries), and caution speakers against certain words. In contrast to prescrip- tive grammarians, lexicographers do not react against new words or new loan- words in later stages of change. Neologisms and loanwords in later stages of change are incorporated in the Lexicon of the language to a higher degree. How- ever, lexicographers (in contrast to grammarians) appear to be more affected by the social parameters of language change, as in the case of the “Greek language question”. Moreover, we have traced the development of early dictionaries of Modern Greek with regard to non-verbal usage markers (crosses/daggers and as- terisks, among others) and style labels that demonstrate the main indicators of prescriptive patterns, and we have argued that prescriptivism also in the case of Lexicon can delay or block a change but cannot reverse its direction.
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