Evolution of Water Lifting Devices (Pumps) over the Centuries Worldwide

There is a bag and rope attached to one end of the pole, with a counterweight on the other [5]. It was invented in prehistoric times probably in Mesopotamia as early as the time of Sargon of Akkad (Emperor of the Sumerian city-states in the 23rd and 22nd centuries BC). In North Africa, a similar technique (locally called Diou or Dlou) was developed at the beginning of the century.

The prevalence of the Egyptian water wheel is characteristically associated with (later) Arab civilization and animal propulsion. A modified version of the Persian waterwheel (called zawafa, zawaffa or jhallar) includes internal buckets in the waterwheel drive that collect water and direct it through holes in the side plate, near the hub, into a sump (Fig. 5g, h). According to the Agricultural Books of Ancient China written by Wang Zhen Yi Yin, Jiégāo was invented in the first year of the Shang Dynasty (circa 16th-11th century BC) [38].

From the thin end of the pillar there is a round arched nozzle at a distance of 1.66 m. A stone painting from the Han Dynasty (c. 206 BC–220 AD) depicts a scenario of raising water with the Jiégāo, a shaduf-like device (Figure 1). Many Han Dynasty pictographs depict the scenario of the water rising with Lùlu (Figure 7).

Innovations included the replacement of manpower with horse power, the introduction of more containers and an increase in the depth of the well.

Historical Times

Design of the endless screw of Archimedes based on the description of Vitruvius (adapted from [44]). This device can be used in a strong current flowing downhill, which is abundant enough in proportion to the water that this device lifts. The proportions of the tower are such that it is not structurally weakened by its height.

The front and rear of the tower must be spaced so that this construction is limited to the point of pumping water. Each end of the axle is sheathed and attached to a square bearing link which forms a socket in which it can easily rotate. The second solid axis is placed on the upper part of the tower, similar to the one on its lower part.

It functioned with the reciprocating movement of the hinged lever, which was connected to the flow pipe of the bellows. The piston pump of Ktesivius was used to supply air to the Hydraulis, the first known musical instrument harmonium, considered the first organ [49]. Part of the chain dips into the water and the chain runs through a tube, slightly larger than the diameter of the pulleys.

This progress allowed the installation of advanced water supply systems like the one in the Pergamon citadel, where pressure pipes (probably made of metal) were implemented [50]. The trapped air in this lower container was pressurized and it displaced the water from the middle container through another tube, forcing it to rise to the nozzle and form a small spray. The water spout supplemented the water in the upper open container (keeping the level constant).

Heron described the construction of the aeolipile (a version of which is known as Heron's engine), which was a rocket-like reaction engine and the first recorded steam engine. Tassios [57] supports that the aeolipile was mechanically combined with the Ctesivius pump, known as the first steam water pump on earth. One of the earliest accounts was a description by the Han dynasty philosopher Wang Chong around AD 80. [59].

Late Chinese Dynasties

In addition, chain pumps were used for centuries in Roman times in the Mediterranean and in Europe. Such pumps were also used in ancient China by at least the 1st century AD. During the Tang and Song dynasties, the dragon's spine became most widely used in irrigation, drainage and water supply.

Byzantine Period and Venetian Rule (ca. 330–1600 AD)

The Persian panemon: (a) A design of the Persian panemon; and (b) a 19th-century American approach (adapted from [61]). Water pump hydrofoil machines in the plateau of Lassithi in the island of Crete (adapted from [64]). In India, the introduction of the Persian water wheel and the use of animal power during the Mughal period (circa early 15th–late 18th century) increased the sustainability and availability of irrigated areas, especially in the Punjab state, located in the northwestern part of the country.

The reason for the sudden evolution from the Persian vertical-axis design approach is unknown, but the fact that European waterwheels also had a horizontal-axis configuration and apparently served as a technological model for early windmills may provide a part of the answer. . The first illustrations (1270 AD) show a mill with four blades, mounted on a central shaft, which was already quite technologically advanced compared to Persian mills. These mills used wooden gears with cogs and rings to translate horizontal shaft motion into vertical motion to turn a grindstone.

This gear was apparently adapted for use on post mills from the horizontal-axis water wheel developed by Vitruvius [61]. The piston pump first appeared in the writings of Mariano di Jacopo alias Mariano Taccola, an Italian engineer considered a forerunner of Leonardo da Vinci. Also, the "piston pump" was invented in 1675 by Sir Samuel Morland, a notable English academic and mathematician of the 17th century.

However, as already mentioned, this was reinvented by Philo of Byzantium, in the Hellenistic period and used by the Romans and others. Al-Jazari invented five machines for raising water, as well as mills and water wheels with cams on their shafts used to operate automata, in ca. The piston pump invented by Ctesivius was improved by many others and has the advantage that it will raise water to any height, provided the pump and delivery pipe can withstand the hydrostatic pressure.

First, the pump mechanism is immersed in water; and secondly, if the water level drops, the cylinder will not be filled. The solution to these problems lies in the use of a suction pipe at the inlet of the pump. Not only does the suction pipe ensure that the pump can be placed above the water; it also accommodates changes in water levels.

Pre-Columbian America

Modern Times

Epilogue

Obviously, the ideas, technologies and practices developed in most of the Hellenic civilizations have greatly influenced our modern technological knowledge; as Will Durant (1939) said: Except for machines, there is hardly anything secular in our culture that does not come from Hellas [75]. It should be noted that although the use of modern pumps can help improve water supply and expand irrigated agriculture in the world, extreme groundwater extraction also poses a serious threat to sustainable development. The demand for technology to raise water for drinking, food production and domestic needs is very high in poor third world countries.

In most of the poorer developing countries of the world there are incentives to increase agricultural production, which requires pumped irrigation. The waterwheel technology was refined to a fine art, until the time of the Industrial Revolution. It is a fact that ancient pumping technology is still used today in various parts of the developing world.

This is possible due to the recent technological advances in the renewable energy sector. A good paradigm comes from Hellenistic times, when Heron of Alexandria replaced muscle power for operating the lever of the Hydraulis (Water Organ) by wind energy [57]. Another example is the adaptation of the traditional water wheel, which is a simple construction for use with renewable energy sources, thus providing a sustainable solution to meet the water needs for rural agricultural development.

1200–800 BC Early use of gravity fed water lift in ancient Persia (Qanat, rooftop rain collection and horizontal well). Water Engineering in the Ancient World—Archaeological and Climatic Perspectives on the Societies of Ancient South America, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2009; page In Ancient Water Technologies; Mays, L.W., Ed.; Springer Science and Business Media: Dordrecht, The Netherlands; 2010, Chapter 1, p.

Iti Proceedings ti The Engineering And Management Of Water Through The Ages, Alicante, Espania, 30 Mayo–1 Hunio 2006. Panagrepaso ti pakasaritaan dagiti rekurso ti danum ken panagmanehar ti irigasion iti rehion ti Asideg a Daya. Dagiti sistema ti irigasion ti Qanat a kas napateg ken nainsiriban a tawid ti agrikultura: Ti kaso a panagadal kadagiti qanat ti Kashan, Iran.

In Proceedings of the Actes du VIII Congrès International d’ Histoire des Sciences, Florence, Milan, Italy, 3–9 September 1956; Vinci (Florence): Paris, France, 1958; Volume 3, pp Newsletter of IWA SG on Water & Wastewater in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC); International Water Association: London, UK, 2015; p.