To achieve this, Albania must, among other things, meet the minimum social standards of the EU ─ the so-called European Social Model (ESM). Starting point ─ the first phase ─ was the assumption that a democratic, socially and economically successful society can only develop if all actors act on the basis of trust, democratically oriented and with the willingness to develop an active cooperation.
Introduction
The importance of this survey
Noteworthy are Albanian Youth 2011: Between Confidence in the Future and Distrust in the Present!, The State of Albanian Democracy on the Eve of the 2013 General Elections, and the European Social Survey (ESS) 2013 by OSF Albania. Second, this research goes beyond existing efforts to fully adopt the main pillars of the European social model into research for the Albanian context.
Executive Summary
In addition, 84 percent of respondents answered that they agree with the statement that the state should regulate economic relations, general rules on competition and trade, etc. in Albania. At the same time, 76 percent of respondents disagreed with the statement that "the judicial system in Albania gives fair decisions".
Methodology and respondents’ profile
Methodology and sampling
An important source was the European Social Survey,9 the Spanish Center for Sociological Research (CIS),10 2020 Public Services Trust,11 and questions from previous surveys, especially those on trust and risk assessment. With such a representative sample, although the report refers to the sample and respondents throughout the findings and analysis, statistically we are able to generalize to a broader population and refer to Albanian citizens.
Profile of respondents
Age 25 was relatively young with almost 80 percent of the sample under 50. It is notable that the age of the sample was relatively young with almost 80 percent of the sample under the age of 50.
Cross-tabulations and variation
Findings and analysis
To answer whether the state in Albania should intervene in the economy or not, to define prices, protect certain strategic businesses, etc., more. The state in Albania must intervene in the economy to define prices, protect certain strategic businesses, etc. Left Central left Central Central right No answer No answer The state in Albania must intervene in the economy to define and protect prices.
The state in Albania should regulate economic relations, general rules on competition and trade, etc. to regulate. To answer whether "the state in Albania has economic relations, general rules on competition and trade, etc. should regulate or not”. 23 In the answer whether or not "the state in Albania should regulate economic relations, general rules on competition and trade, etc.", a certain variation in terms of income was noted.
Left Center left Center Center right Right None No answer The state in Albania must regulate economic relations, impose general rules. Since there was no significant variation in terms of income in relation to the respondents' answers to the question of whether or not “the state in Albania is allowed to participate in the economy because the market regulates itself”, a more important pattern is noted regarding the ideological profile. While to the previous question, more than half of respondents answered that decisions about public services should be the responsibility of “both experts/.
In relation to trust, the private hospitals are followed by the Prime Minister with 20 percent of respondents who answer very much, the media with 16 percent and the army with 15 percent. If we combine the answers 'a lot' and 'some', the most trusted institutions are the private hospitals with 65 per cent and the public educational institutions with 63 per cent of respondents indicating either 'some' or 'a lot' of trust in them. To get a more detailed picture of citizens' perceptions of how the justice system works in Albania, this last question in the section asked people to indicate whether they agreed or disagreed with some statements about the justice system.
It is very clear from graph 17 that the vast majority of respondents ─ more than 60 percent in each statement ─ showed a very low level of trust towards the justice system in Albania. More specifically, 76 percent of respondents disagreed with the statement "the legal system in Albania gives fair decisions". Furthermore, more than 60 percent of the respondents agreed with the following statements: "citizens must have political connections to get a fair judgment", "citizens must have personal connections to get a fair judgment", and "citizens must pay bribes paid/ corrupt judges/ prosecutors to get a fair judgement”.
Accordingly, a large majority of respondents believe that the legal system does not provide fair decisions and that in order to obtain a fair judgment one should have political and/or personal connections or/and use some form of corruption towards key decision-making actors. Therefore, a large majority of the respondents believe that the legal system does not give fair decisions and that in order to get a fair verdict one should have political and/or personal connections or/. It seems that the current level of trust results slightly higher by 3-6 percent compared to 2013, especially compared to the last statement on bribery, where 75 percent of respondents in 2013 answered that "to have justice, citizens must pay bribes", while in 2014 68 percent agreed with this statement.
53 majority of people believe that trade unions should play a very active role in deciding issues related to workers. While the majority of respondents (61 percent) answered to the previous question that decisions regarding worker issues should be made by policy makers in collaboration with trade unions, the first important clue from this question's graph is that respondents feel like not having enough information. about the current situation of trade unions in Albania. Additionally, 86 percent of respondents could neither agree nor disagree with the statement that trade unions are "active and effective in supporting workers' rights" today.
Furthermore, 86 percent of respondents were unable to agree or disagree with the statement that unions today are "active and effective in supporting workers." In addition to the lack of information on specific issues related to the current activity of unions, for those who expressed agreement or disagreement with the statements, more than half indicated that unions are "existing but ineffective in supporting workers' rights" and 33 percent agreed. that these unions are. 55 interesting to see that more than half or the respondents (56 percent) responded did not agree with the statement that unions were.
36 In addition to the lack of information on specific issues related to the unions' current operations, more than half indicated that unions "exist but are ineffective in supporting workers' rights" for those who agree or disagree with the statements do not. It is interesting to see that more than half or respondents (56 percent) who answered disagreed with the statement that trade unions were "non-existent after the end of communism" while only 31 percent agreed. When looking at the overall picture presented by respondents' answers to the above statements, it appears that most people are aware of trade unions' existence, but have no information about their current activities in Albania.
PUBLIC SERVICES AND STATE SIZE
Regarding education, the majority of respondents (44 percent) answered that education in Albania "should be public and funded by general taxes". A similar proportion of responses (40 percent) indicated that education in Albania "should be public and funded partly by taxes and partly by user fees". Accordingly, half of the respondents answered that health care should be "public and funded by general taxes" and 32 percent answered that it should be "public and partly funded by taxes and partly by user fees".
The opposite trend is happening with the statement that health care in Albania should be "public and partly financed by taxes and partly by user fees". 41 trend occurs with the statement that health care in Albania should be "public and partly financed by taxes and partly by user fees". Figure 24.1 shows that there are significant income differences when it comes to financing and managing pensions in Albania.
Thus, as incomes rise, respondents increasingly support the statement that pensions in Albania should be “publicly managed and financed by social contributions, but allowed to those who choose. In the same way, as incomes increase, respondents tend to state that pensions in Albania "should be based entirely on private schemes and private contributions". When it comes to the statement that "all state-owned companies in Albania should be privatized."
When it comes to the statement that "all state-owned enterprises in Albania should be privatized", there is a considerable difference in terms of ideological profile. Left Center Left Center Right Right None No Answer All state-owned companies in Albania should be privatized.
On the other hand, the statements with which around 90 percent of the respondents largely agreed were that the state should "provide adequate medical care for the sick" and that the state should provide "financial assistance to the disabled". To the specific question about the state's level of engagement in redistribution policy, the majority of respondents (43 percent) answered that the Albanian state should. Accordingly, although to varying degrees, most respondents expect the state to play an active redistributive role.
When specifically asked about the degree of state involvement in redistributive policies, the majority of respondents (43 percent) responded that the Albanian state should "have an active redistributive role in reducing the gap between rich and poor". When it comes to the role of the state in redistributive policies, it can be noted from diagram 32.1 that there is considerable variation in 54. Thus, with the increase in incomes, respondents tend to agree less that the Albanian state should "have an active redistributive role in reducing the gap between rich and poor” (51 percent of respondents in the '0-30,000 Lekë' income range agree against 29 percent of respondents in the 'over 160,000 Lekë' range).
On the other hand, as incomes increase, respondents agree more that the Albanian state should "moderately engage in redistribution policies" and that "the gap between the rich and the poor is not something the state should deal with." 55 When it comes to the role of the state in redistributive policies, chart 32.1 shows that there are considerable differences according to income. Thus, as incomes increase, respondents are less likely to agree that the Albanian state "should play an active redistributive role in reducing the gap between rich and poor" (51 percent of respondents in the '0-30,000 Lekë' income range agree vs. 29). percentage of respondents in the range "over 160,000 Lekë").
RISK ASSESSMENT
Questionnaire
