Galileo observations (Fig. 1) show dark spots on the northern hemisphere of the moon, so-called lenticulaes. The present-day water environment on Europa depends on the rate of hydrogen/oxygen depletion in lunar history (4).
IN-SITU ANALYSIS OF EUROPA ICES BY MELTING PROBES
THE EUROPA-JUPITER SYSTEM MISSION: STUDY RESULTS AND PROSPECTS
SURFACE ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY (SERS) AS A LOW RESOURCE ANALYTICAL MEASUREMENT FOR DIRECT LIFE
SEM image of the organic compound encased in a sulfate mineral, and the SERS spectra obtained for the organic compound ( carotene). SERS spectra of trace amounts of organic matter present in a high-temperature source mineral deposit.
CONCEPT MAGNETOMETER DESIGN FOR A EUROPA LANDER
LIFE DETECTION STRATEGY FOR SUBGLACIAL LAKE VOSTOK, ANTARCTICA: LESSONS FOR BIOEXPLORATION OF THE JUPITER
MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF CRYOBOT MOVEMENT
This regularity is taken into account if it is assumed that the ultimate strength of shear stresses is dependent on the ultimate strength of normal stresses in the same plane. It is vital to create the ice mixture near the cryobot.
URRENT STATUS OF THE EJSM JUPITER EUROPA ORBITER LAGSHIP MISSION DESIGN
THE SURFACE COMPOSITION OF EUROPA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR A LANDED MISSION
Melting of the surface ice, either during landing operations or as a result of lander activities, will create a potent chemical stew. Quantification of material quantities and detection/adulteration of organic and biogenic compounds are high priorities in understanding surface composition.
MODELS OF THE RADIATION ENVIRONMENT IN THE JUPITER SYSTEM: THE CASE OF EUROPA
A CONCEPT OF A PROBE FOR PARTICLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE DETECTION IN ICY ENVIRONMENTS
Detection of microbes based on light scattering In the case of a small number of cells, their identification can be a serious problem due to the low intensity of the optical signals. GRAVITY-ELASTIC WAVES IN THE HIDDEN OCEAN SYSTEM OF THE JOVIAN MOON EUROPE – THE ICE SHELL.
GRAVITATION-ELASTIC WAVES IN THE SYSTEM HIDDEN OCEAN OF THE JOVIAN MOON EUROPA – ICE SHELL
CANDIDATES FOR LANDING SITES FOR A EUROPE LANDER OF THE GALILEO SSI AND NIMS INSTRUMENTS: A GEOLOGICAL EN.
LANDING SITE CANDIDATES FOR A EUROPA LANDER FROM THE GALILEO SSI AND NIMS INSTRUMENTS: A GEOLOGIC AND
The lander is assumed to have separated from orbit when it arrived, maintained a closed orbit (circular or otherwise), and collected more data that could help narrow down a candidate site. Latitude values are counted from the local equator with negative values indicating locations in the southern hemisphere.
CRYPTOLIFE AND CRYPTOBIOSPHERE: TRIADS OF EXISTENCE CONDITIONS
GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR A LANDED MISSION TO EUROPA
The measurement and identification of specific organic compounds is one of the main tasks of GAP. Organic constituents, if abundant, are measured during the measurement of major ice constituents. Trace organic components are measured using both adsorptive traps for their accumulation from large volumes of ice.
The produced Н2О and СО2 can be used to estimate the amount of refractory organic material and to accurately measure the 13С/12С and D/Н ratios, which is important for interpreting whether this organic is of biogenic or abiogenic origin. One of the indirect methods of detecting biological activity is the measurement of metabolic products.
AN ARCTIC ANALOG TO EUROPA: SIGNS OF LIFE ON THE ICE
MICRO-PENETRATORS FOR IN-SITU SUB-SURFACE INVESTIGATIONS OF EUROPA
SEARCH FOR SIGNS OF LIFE BY MEANS OF ATR SPECTROSCOPY (EXPERIMENT “MATROS”)
PLANETARY RADIO INTERFEROMETRY AND DOPPLER EXPERIMENT FOR A MISSION TO EUROPA
STOP AND DROP’ HARD LANDER ARCHITECTURES FOR EUROPA ASTROBIOLOGY INVESTIGATIONS
Detection of compounds from orbit is limited by surface concentrations in the upper ∼100 µm of the ice. Mass spectrometry will make up the bulk of the payload mass, utilizing about 3-10 kg, depending on the complexity of the instrument. Estimates based on a series of missions and studies suggest that the total science payload mass may be 2-10% of the total probe mass (wet).
For maximum science return, ground deployment should occur after significant mapping of the surface from orbit has been performed. Importantly, the scientific return of a lander cannot be accommodated simply by improving the orbital payload; new research and new discoveries become possible with in-situ science.
TIDAL DEFORMATION AND THE INTERIOR STRUCTURE OF EUROPA
GENTNER – A MINIATURISED LASER INSTRUMENT FOR PLANE- TARY IN-SITU ANALYSIS
EUROPA: SEISMIC GEOPHYSICS
THE DIFFRACTION CAMERA FOR HUNTING UP THE MICROORGANISMS’ TRACES
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF ICY SATELLITES OF JUPITER
Because Callisto is only partially differentiated, a layer of a mixture of high-pressure ice and rock iron material (rock ice mantle) must exist between the outer ice water shell and the rock iron core.
Distance from the Sun, au
ESA COSMIC VISION PROGRAMME: OUTER PLANET MISSION STUDIES
A Europa Lander offers the prospect of making a new geophysical measurement that provides information on the rigidity (and therefore thickness) of the ice crust. This measurement is simply one of the tilt of the ground (or equivalently, the changing orientation of the local gravity vector to the surface) that can be made with fairly simple and robust instrumentation that complements other proposed measurements. But if the surface of the satellite itself deforms in phase in response to the changing tide, then the tilt measured on the surface is reduced.
The in situ lander tilt measurement in this way strongly complements the orbital measurements, although in principle it can infer the stiffness of the crust independently (in contrast, the tilt detected at the surface from individual orbital measurements is MINIMAL when the crust is least stiff). In reality, there may be a phase shift that could be detected by the asymmetry of the curve.
ORIGIN OF JUPITER’S AND SATURN’S REGULAR SATELLITES IN CIRCUMPANETARY DISKS
Physical constraints include modern data on the lifetime and rate of evolution of protoplanetary disks around young solar-type stars and the solar nebula. The growth of the giant planets ceased due to the photoevaporation of gas from the solar nebula by the UV emission of the young sun. We obtained constraints on the turbulent viscosity and opacity of the Jupiter and Saturn disks.
The models that fit better than others to cosmochemical constraints on temperature and astrophysical data on protoplanetary disks around young stars yield opacity of the order of κ∼10−2cm2/g and particle size of about a ~ 1 cm and a ~ 0.1 cm in the disks of Jupiter and Saturn accordingly. This size is also consistent with the models of formation of Jupiter [9], which require these rather large sized dust particles to obtain a sufficiently high accretion rate of the planet.
MODEL OF EUROPA AND A POSSIBILITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS SYNTHESIS IN AN UNDERWATER TORCH
MASS SPECTROMETRIC MEASURING COMPLEX FOR THE DETECTION OF THE SIGNS OF LIFE IN THE ICE SURFACE OF
MASS SPECTROMETRIC MEASURING COMPLEX FOR THE DETECTION OF VITAL SIGNS IN THE ICE SURFACE OF. A new idea for the possible synthesis of the complex OC in a SHVI-generated plasma torch was proposed and experimentally confirmed. During the plasma flyaway process, this can in turn ensure rapid formation of the simple and complicated OC, including highly forked polymers.
This makes it possible to conclude that the plasma torch with enormous local density of energy and matter can be the optimal medium for the synthesis of complex OC necessary for the origin of the primary form of living matter. The synthesis of organic molecules in a laser plasma similar to that produced in hypervelocity collisions of matter in the early evolutionary stages of the Earth and in interstellar clouds.
PROJECT “EUROPA LANDER-SOUNDING”: EXPERIMENTAL
POSSIBILITIES FOR COMPLEX SOUNDING OF THE SUBSURFACE- ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE OF EUROPA MOON
This process has been shown to have important astrobiological consequences [2,3] and both NASA and ESA have suggested that exploration of Europa's surface should be a high priority. It has recently been demonstrated that radiolitic processes over the surface of Europa are not uniform with respect to location and depth [5]. Various ions and electrons constantly bombard Europa's surface, depositing their energy at various depths.
Surface Processes: Impact gardening by micrometeorite bombardment causes vertical mixing of Europa's surface. Modeling suggests that the detached outer shell of Europa should undergo non-synchronous rotation due to torques induced by tidal forces [11,12].
PLASMA ENVIRONMENT OF EUROPA
CHARGED PARTICLE FLUXES AND RADIATION DOSES IN EARTH-JUPITER-EUROPA SPACECRAFT’S TRAJECTORY
ASTROBIOLOGY OF EUROPA
LIFE DETECTION ON EUROPA FROM AL LANDER: METABOLIC SIGNATURES
SELECTING LANDING SITES ON EUROPA: CONSIDERATIONS BASED ON AGE, TOPOGRAPHY, MORPHOLOGY AND ALBEDO
Ages and Interiors: the Cratering Record of the Galilean Satellites, in Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere, edited by F. Color ratio images using 9680 and red filter Galileo data shows Castalia may be one of the reddest units in Europe . ON THE PROOF OF THE EXISTENCE OF AN OCEAN AT THE JOVIAN MOON EUROPE, BASED ON THE STUDY OF ITS ICE COVERAGES.
ABOUT THE EVIDENCE OF EXISTENCE OF AN OCEAN AT THE JOVIAN MOON EUROPA BASED ON THE STUDY OF ITS ICE COVER’S
SEARCH FOR COMPLEX ORGANIC MATTER AND SOUNDING OF EUROPA’ SURFACE AND NEAR-SURFACE ATMOSPHERE BY MEANS
SEARCHING THROUGH COMPLEX ORGANIC MATTER AND SOUNDING OF EUROPE'S SURFACE AND NEAR-SURFACE ATMOSPHERE. Synthetic spectra of Europa outgoing terahertz radiation were calculated using DDA technique which simulates irregular surface with inclusion of minerals and organic matter.
RAMAN SPECTROMETER FOR IN SITU MEASUREMENTS ON EUROPA’S SURFACE
This aspect reinforces the idea of the Raman spectrometer as a valuable instrument on board a lander for Europe. One of the biggest advantages of Raman spectrometry over other techniques is that there is no need to pre-process the sample being analyzed before taking the spectra, and no measurements need to be made on samples at any stage . It will be discussed how it is possible to benefit from the synergy provided by the three different techniques.
With this in mind, a Raman spectrometer can provide rapid results in a non-destructive manner. Therefore, it can be used as a first approach technique followed by others, more complex based on the Raman results.
EUROPA REGIONAL-SCALE GEOLOGY, STRATIGRAPHY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE LANDERS
The spatial distribution of the oxygen atmosphere near the surface and its thermal structure were determined. This atmosphere is expected to contain complexes, possibly prebiological. molecules sprayed by plasma from the surface of the body. The atmospheric gas flow in Europe's near-surface boundary layer is non-equilibrium for the following reasons:
The calculations show that the chemical composition and structure of the atmosphere is determined by both the water and oxygen photochemistry in the near-surface area and the adsorption-desorption exchange between radiolytic water products with the satellite surface. Altitude profiles of the main neutral constituents in the near-surface atmosphere in Europe.
PLANETARY PROTECTION AND THE ICY MOONS OF THE GIANT PLANETS
A THERMAL DRILL HEAD
Therefore, a safe assumption for system design may be a minimum operating range beyond one meter. This will then be followed by a study of the potential payloads of instruments that such a system could transport to Jupiter's icy moon Europa. 4] Williams K.K., and Greeley, R., Ice thickness estimates in the Conamara Chaos region of Europe, Geophys.
Preliminary studies on subsurface probes for the exploration of icy planetary bodies, Planetary and Space Sciences, vol. 54, p. 7] Billings, S.E., and Kattenhorn, S.A., The large thickness debate: Ice shell thickness models for Europe and comparisons with estimates based on flexure at ridges, Icarus, 177, pp.
IN SITU COMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF PLANETARY SURFACES BY LASER-BASED MASS SPECTROMETRY
Therefore, a mass spectrometer must be contained on a melting probe in a sealed vacuum system. The use membranes for sample inlet allow to overcome the large pressure difference, a few bar external pressure and 10–6 mbar at the inside of the mass spectrometer. The mass spectrometer itself must have the ability to detect large molecules (in the case of biological material), which is most easily realized with time-of-flight instruments.
Shutyaev (1993), in Laser Ionization Mass Analysis, Chemical, Analysis Series Vol. 1999), Quantitative standard-less express analysis of some alloys on TOF mass spectrometer. Wurz (2003), A miniature laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometer for in situ planetary exploration, Meas.
Name Institute Country e-mail Abyzov Sabit Institute of Microbiology Russia
