Human-Computer Interaction Dept of Information Technology Uppsala University

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Humans in complex dynamic systems Situation awareness, automation and

the GMOC model – 2, examples

Human-Computer Interaction Dept of Information Technology Uppsala University

Bengt Sandblad

http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

Dept of Information Technology |Human-Computer Interaction |http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/

Agenda

 Summary

 A model of human control (GMOC)

 Situation awareness

 Automation problems

 How to develop usable operator

systems? An example.

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s Operators need

 To be in “full control”, i.e. have a high situation awareness

 This means to fulfil all requirements based on the GMOC model

 This often means show much and dynamic information

 “to little information will result in

cognitive overload”

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

Automation problems

 Automation:

 Mechanical or electronic replacement of

human labour (physical or mental).

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

Problems with automation

 Automation surprises (hinders SA)

 Difficulties to predict...

 The irony of automation

 No help when it is most needed…

 Allocation of functions (human vs.

machine)

 MABA-MABA analysis

 Authority dilemmas (e.g. in aviation)

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s “Autonomy”

 The problems with autonomous automatic systems (autopilots)

 The automatic systems does exactly what it is told to do (non-autonomous)

 The automatic system has its own

plans (autonomous) – this can cause severe problems!

 Example – operators turn the

automatic system off (“irony of a”).

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

OR....

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s An example

 Train traffic control

 From today’s system to something

new and better.

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

A traffic control centre

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

The time-distance graph

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

The graph

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

Communication and

cooperation

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

A complex organisation

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

Today’s control system

Train Traffic Process

Control System Remote Blocking

Train Dispatcher

Time-Distance Graph on paper

Automatic Traffic Control System

Auto

.

Auto

.

Information Systems Information

Systems Information

Systems

A complex environment

-Drivers

-………..

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

The problems..…

 Lack of overview

 Many separated information systems

 Focus on control of the technical infrastructure, not on the traffic

 Conflicts and disturbances are detected too late

 Lack of precision in data

 Observability problems, data missing

 Controllability problems, timing of actions

 Complexity induced by autonomous automatic functions

 Time consuming communication with train drivers

 Dispatchers lack efficient support when this is

most needed!!

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

A new control strategy

 Traffic control through real-time re-planning of a traffic plan

 Automatic execution of the continuously updated traffic plan

 A complete plan from start to stop

 Possibilities to optimize better

 Manual execution when necessary

 Automatic functions are made predictable

 Can not change track usage or train order

 Improved communication between trains and

control centres, train drivers are made aware of

the plan

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

Real-Time Data Base

Traffic Plan Process Status

Train Traffic Process

Re-Planner role

Executor role Train

Traffic Controllers

Executor function

Manual Automatic

Operator-Process Interface Decision Support

System/plan verification

Time-Distance diagram Track diagram

The new control strategy

A complex

environment

-Drivers

-………..

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s The new user interface

 Presents dynamic traffic data

 the operator is always “in full control”

 supports “situation awareness”

 Supports planning tasks

 Supports early detection of conflicts

 Shows possible solutions

 Integrated information presentation

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

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Track Diagram

line, station, track, train;

track usage, train routes, actual position; track work Time-Distance diagram

(re-planning tool)

Actual Plan:

Time Table Track Usage

Prediction Deviation

Conflict detection

Plan verification and test

Linear distance scale, correlated graphics Future

Present Time

History, time distance graph

Present Past

Time Train

information

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

Prototype environment at Uppsala University

Operator environment The interface is

generated by projectors

Image and sound is

recorded during ..for later analysis.. ..together with a software-

recording of the user

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

History

Track structure Planning view

Time-distance graph

Present time

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

Detection of conflicts

Station track conflict

Line track conflict

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

Re-planning in the graph

Re-planning is made directly in the graph

Departure time and track usage can be changed

Planned graph

for selected train

Available tracks

Track usage

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

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Hu m an s i n co m pl ex sy st em s

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