Tabela 1. Planificação das tarefas executadas no desenvolvimento desta tese. ... 9 Tabela 2. Extratos fenólicos e compostos fenólicos individuais produzidos por cultura de
tecidos vegetais (Dias et al., 2016) ... 27
Tabela 3. Tipos de elicitação e respetivo grupo de elicitores usados em cultura in vitro para
incremento da produção de compostos fenólicos (Dias et al., 2016). ... 35
Tabela 4. Compostos fenólicos usados como elicitores em estudos de cultura in vitro (Dias
et al., 2016). ... 40
Tabela 5. Metodologias de encapsulação mais usadas para fins alimentares e exemplos
correspondentes (Dias et al., 2015). ... 51
Tabela 6. Principais materiais utilizados para a encapsulação de extratos bioativos e
compostos para fins alimentares (com base em Kuang et al. 2010) (Dias et al., 2015) ... 53
Tabela 7. Extratos bioativos microencapsulados (Dias et al., 2015). ... 62 Tabela 8. Compostos bioativos individuais microencapsulados (Dias et al., 2015). ... 69 Tabela 9. Exemplos de estudos com extratos bioativos microencapsulados ou compostos
individuais incorporados em matrizes alimentares (Dias et al., 2015). ... 74
Table 10. Chemical composition of wild and commercial Achillea millefolium L. in
macronutrients, free sugars and organic acids. ... 112
Table 11. Chemical composition of wild and commercial Achillea millefolium L. in fatty acids
and tocopherols. ... 113
Table 12. Bioactivity of the methanolic extract, infusion and decoction of wild and commercial
Achillea millefolium L.. ... 115
Table 13. Retention time (Rt), wavelengths of maximum absorption in the visible region
(max), mass spectral data, identification and concentration of phenolic acids and flavonoids in
Achillea millefolium L. ... 120
Table 14. Phenolic compounds quantification in the methanolic extract (mg/g extract),
infusion (mg/g infusion) and decoction (mg/g decoction) of wild and commercial Achillea
millefolium L.. ... 122
Table 15. Nutritional value, minerals, soluble sugars, fatty acids, vitamins and organic acids
in roots and vegetative parts of Fragaria vesca L. commercial and wild samples (mean ± SD; results expressed on dry weight basis). ... 137
Table 16. Minerals, soluble sugars, vitamins and organic acids in infusions and decoctions
Table 17. Minerals, soluble sugars, vitamins and organic acids in infusions and decoctions
prepared from vegetative parts of Fragaria vesca L. commercial and wild samples (mean ± SD). ... 143
Table 18. Retention time (Rt), wavelengths of maximum absorption in the visible region
(max), mass spectral data, and tentative identification of phenolic compounds in F. vesca
roots. ... 157
Table 19. Phenolic compounds quantification (mg/g) in the hydromethanolic extracts,
infusions and decoctions obtained from commercial and wild samples of F. vesca (mean ± SD). ... 161
Table 20. Antioxidant activity of hydromethanolic extracts, infusions and decoction of
commercial and wild roots of Fragaria vesca (mean ± SD). ... 163
Table 21. Nutritional value, dietary fiber and fatty acids content in fruits of wild Fragaria
vesca L. (mean ± SD). ... 176
Table 22. Soluble sugars, organic acids, minerals, folates and tocopherols content in wild
Fragaria vesca L. fruits and infusions (mean ± SD). ... 178
Table 23. Retention time (Rt), wavelengths of maximum absorption in the visible region
(max), mass spectral data, tentative identification, phenolic (mg/g) and anthocyanin (µg/g)
compounds quantification in wild Fragaria vesca L. fruits. ... 181
Table 24. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the hydromethanolic extract and infusion
obtained from wild Fragaria vesca L. fruits and their correlation factor (r2) with the phenolic compounds families identified. ... 186
Table 25. Macronutrients, free sugars and organic acids of cultivated and wild Laurus nobilis.
... 199
Table 26. Fatty acids and tocopherols of cultivated and wild Laurus nobilis. ... 200 Table 27. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts and infusions of cultivated and wild
Laurus nobilis. ... 202
Table 28. Retention time (Rt), wavelengths of maximum absorption in the visible region
(max), mass spectral data, tentative identification of flavonoids in Laurus nobilis. ... 205 Table 29. Concentrations of phenolic compounds (mg/g of methanolic extract or infusion) in
wild and cultivated Laurus nobilis. ... 208
Table 30. Phenolic compounds (mg/g) of different extracts of Laurus nobilis. The results are
presented as mean±SD. ... 219
Table 31. Antitumor activity and hepatotoxicity (GI50, µg/mL) of different extracts of Laurus
nobilis. The results are presented as mean±SD1. ... 220
Table 32. Antibacterial activity (MIC and MBC, mg/mL) of different extracts of Laurus nobilis.
Table 33. Antifungal activity (MIC and MFC, mg/mL) of different extracts of Laurus nobilis.
The results are presented as mean±SD1. ... 224
Table 34. Macronutrients, free sugars, organic acids, fatty acids and tocopherols of flowers
and vegetative parts of Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia... 238
Table 35. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts, infusions and decoction of flowers and
vegetative parts of Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia. ... 239
Table 36. Retention time (Rt), wavelengths of maximum absorption in the visible region
(max), mass spectral data, tentative identification of flavonoids and phenolic acids in flowers
and vegetative parts of wild Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia. ... 242
Table 37. Composition in micro-elements of powdered material and infusions (mg/100 g) of
the studied wild samples. Results are presented as estimated marginal mean±standard error ... 257
Table 38. Composition in macro-elements of dried material and infusions (mg/100 g) of the
studied wild samples. Results are presented as estimated marginal mean±standard error.258 Table 39. Nutritional value, fatty acids, soluble sugars, organic acids and tocopherols content of in vitro cultured vegetative parts from wild Fragaria vesca L. (mean ± SD). ... 276
Table 40. Soluble sugars, organic acids and tocopherols contents in infusions and
decoctions prepared from in vitro cultured vegetative parts of wild Fragaria vesca L. (mean ± SD). ... 277
Table 41 Retention time (Rt), wavelengths of maximum absorption (λmax), mass spectral
data, tentative identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in hydromethanolic extracts, infusions and decoctions of the in vitro cultured vegetative parts of wild Fragaria
vesca L. ... 279
Table 42. Antioxidant activity of the hydromethanolic extracts, infusions and decoctions of in
vitro cultured vegetative parts of wild Fragaria vesca L. ... 284
Table 43. Retention time (Rt), wavelengths of maximum absorption in the visible region
(max), mass spectruml data, tentative identification and phenolic compounds quantification
(mg/g) in the hydromethanolic and aqueous extracts prepared from commercial F. vesca vegetative parts ... 300
Table 44. Antioxidant activity of the hydromethanolic and aqueous extracts obtained from