Erva ereta, caule 25–40 cm alt., pubescente. Bainha estipular 1,3–3,2 × 1,5–4 mm, glabrescente a pilosa, 5-9 setas, coléteres apicais. Folhas sésseis, lâmina 12–47 × 1,2–6,6 mm, linear-lanceolada, herbácea, ápice agudo, base atenuada, glabra a levemente escabra na face superior e glabra a levemente pubescente na face inferior. Glomérulos 4-8 por ramo floral, 2 brácteas foliáceas. Cálice 1,5–3,8 mm compr., 4 lobos, glabrescente, corola 3,8–6 mm compr., branca a lilás, infundibuliforme, glabra a pubescente, estames fauce, anteras exsertas, ovário 0,5– 0,8 mm compr., estilete 4,5 mm compr., estigma bífido. Cápsula com deiscência transverso- oblíqua, 2–2,7 × 0,8–1,5 mm, globosa, glabrescente. Semente 0,8–1,1 × 0,4–0,5 mm, elipsoide, exotesta reticulada a papilada, sulco ventral e crista longitudinal dorsal.
Material selecionado: BRASIL, Rio Grande do Norte: Acari, estrada vicinal para o Sítio Talhado, 26.II.2011, fl. fr., A.B. Jardim et al. 244 (UFRN); Caicó, vicinal para a Serra da Formiga, 15.VIII.2009, fl. fr., J.G. Jardim et al. 5498 (UFRN); Canguaretama, vicinal entre cultivos de cana, 11.V.2012, fl. fr., J.G. Jardim et al. 6285 (UFRN); Extremoz, APA Jenipabu, 03.VIII.2012, fl., T.P. Boeira et al. 06 (UFRN); Jucurutu, RPPN Stoessel de Britto, 01.VI.2008, fl. fr., A.A. Roque 587 (UFRN); Macau, RDS Estadual Ponta do Tubarão, 27.II.2009, fl. fr., J.L. Costa-Lima 131 (UFRN); Natal, Parque das Dunas, entorno da Av. Engenheiro Roberto Freire, 12.X.2012, fl. fr., A.A. Roque et al. 1429 (UFRN); Paraú, Mata de carnaúba próxima à RN 233, 19.IV.2015, fl. fr., T.P. Boeira et al. 85 (UFRN); São João do Sabugi, Sítio Chá, 18.III.2011, fl.fr., A.A. Roque et al. 939 (UFRN); Serra de São Bento, Serra do Cruzeiro ca. 1km da cidade, 28.VII.2012, fl. fr., J.G. Jardim et al. 6312 (UFRN).
Staelia virgata apresenta ampla distribuição na América do Sul, com registro em diversos
domínios fitogeográficos (Cabral & Salas 2005, Salas & Cabral 2010). No RN, foi encontrada em trilhas e estradas vicinais, às margens de afloramentos graníticos e vegetações abertas em áreas de floresta estacional decídua, floresta estacional semidecídua, restinga e encraves de vegetação savânica na Mata Atlântica e Caatinga. Floresce e frutifica ao longo de todo o ano.
Difere das demais espécies encontradas pelo seguinte conjunto de caracteres: corola infundibuliforme, cálice com dois lobos e cápsula com deiscência transverso-oblíqua. S. virgata apresenta ampla variação morfológica nos caracteres vegetativos, especialmente no indumento e número de setas da estípula, de acordo com a sua ampla distribuição geográfica.
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FIGURAS
Figura 1 – A-E. Borreria brownii – A. ramo florífero; B. flor em antese; C. fruto; D. vista ventral da semente; E. vista
Figura 3 – A-E. Borreria latifolia – A.ramo florífero; B. Flor em antese; C. fruto; D. vista ventral da semente; E. vista
Figura 4 – A-E. Oldenlandia corymbosa – A. hábito; B. Flor em antese; C. fruto; D. vista ventral da semente; E. vista
Figura 5 – A-E. Oldenlandia filicaulis – A. ramo florífero; B. Flor em antese; C. detalhe fruto; D. vista dorsal da semente;
Figura 6 – A-E. Spermacoce tenuior – A. ramo florífero; B. Flor em antese; C. detalhe fruto; D. vista dorsal da semente;
Figura 7 – Espécies de Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) no Rio Grande do Norte: (A) Borreria apodiensis, detalhe da
inflorescência; (B–C) Borreria latifolia, ramo floral e detalhe do caule alado; (D) Borreria ocymifolia, ramo floral; (E) Borreria scabiosoides, detalhe da inflorescência; Borreria spinosa, ramos florais; (G) Borreria verticillata, ramos florais; (H) Hexasepalum apiculatum, ramos florais; (I) Hexasepalum gardneri, ramo floral; (J–K) Hexasepalum radulum, ramos florais e detalhe da inflorescência; (L) Hexasepalum teres, hábito; (M) Leptoscela ruellioides, ramos florais; (N) Mitracarpus baturitensis, ramos florais; (O–P) Mitracarpus eichleri, hábito e detalhe da inflorescência. Fotos: Eduardo Calisto (A e I), Jomar Jardim (B–D, F–H, J–K e M), Manueliza Sousa (O e P), Tianisa Prates (L e N).
Figura 8 – Espécies de Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) no Rio Grande do Norte: (A) Mitracarpus hirtus, ramos florais; (B–C)
Mitracarpus longicalyx, hábito e detalhe da inflorescência; (D) Mitracarpus polygonifolius, detalhe da inflorescência; (E–F) Mitracarpus salzmannianus, hábito e inflorescência; (G) Oldenlandia corymbosa, flor e frutos; (H) Oldenlandia filicaulis, hábito; (I–J) Richardia grandiflora, hábito e detalhe da inflorescência; (K–L) Staelia virgata, hábito e detalhe da inflorescência. Fotos: Eduardo Calisto (I e K), Jomar Jardim (B–D, F, H, J e L), Juliana Leroy (G), Tianisa Prates (A e E).
Capítulo II - New records and conservation assessment of Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) for Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil
Tianisa Prates Boeira¹*
1 Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Laboratório de Botânica Sistemática, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
* Corresponding author. E-mail: tianisaprates@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:In this work we present a conservation assessment for the 24 species of Spermacoceae
(Rubiaceae) occurring on the state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. The morphological characters as well as the conservation status of each species are described and commented. We also present six species and four genera that represent new records for the Rio Grande do Norte. These new records increase the knowledge of the local flora, providing important data for the biogeography of Spermacoceae, for conservation efforts, and also highlight the importance of floristics studies on poorly sampled areas.
INTRODUCTION
Spermacoceae s.l. is a Pantropical tribe, with only a few species occurring in temperate regions of the planet (Delprete and Jardim 2012). According to the most accepted delimitation, the tribe is currently composed of 61 genera and about 1,235 species (Salas et al. 2015). It’s a lineage with usually herbaceous plants, characterized by their fimbriate stipules, presence of raphides, uniovulate locules, pluriaperturate pollen grains and flowers usually tetramerous (Groeninckx et al. 2009, Salas et al. 2015).
According to the Brazil Flora Group – BFG (2015), the Rio Grande do Norte state has the lowest species diversity among Brazilian states, with 1,222 species of Angiosperms, although it’s not the smallest in territorial extension. According Forzza et al. (2010), these data reflect possibly a poor sampled flora, rather than an actual low number of diversity. The lack of subsidies for research projects on biodiversity, and limited programs for academic training in botanists on Rio Grande do Norte, are probably the major cause of this scenario (Versieux et al. 2013a).
Given the richness and morphological complexity of Spermacoceae associated with the expansion of studies in South America, especially in Brazil, a large number of new taxa has been published in recent years, including new genera (e.g.: Salas and Cabral 2010a, Cabral et al. 2011, Salas and Cabral 2011a, 2011b, Salas and Cabral 2012a, 2012b, Cabral et al. 2013, Salas et al. 2015). Thus, investments on floristic research foment these findings and provide additional information on the distribution, habitat and consequently the status of conservation of the species. Morais and Martinelli (2013) point out that, among other information, data quality can be identified as an obstacle to the development of red lists and appropriate public policies for the conservation of plant species.
From the floristic survey of Spermacoceae in the Rio Grande do Norte state (Boeira et al. ined.), six new occurrences are here presented. Additionally, descriptions of habitat, geographic distribution and the assessment of the threat risk for all species found are presented.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All records were obtained from the floristic survey of Spermacoceae tribe – Rubiaceae of Rio Grande do Norte, part of the first author master’s project. The field data were complemented by a revision of herbaria material previously deposited in UFRN and MOSS. The identifications were obtained by comparing herbarium materials, as well as consulting literature containing revisions and keys of identification of the taxa (e.g.: Souza and Sales 2004, Terrell and Robinson 2006, Souza et al. 2010, Cabral et al. 2011). Voucher materials were included in UFRN herbarium collection. The maps were made using the software QGIS 2.12.1. The assessment of the conservation status is in accordance with the criteria of the IUCN (2001), after drawing up risk rating maps obtained with aid of GeoCAT software – Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool (available at www.geocat.kew.org), considering the study area.
RESULTS
Six species and four genera [Borreria ocymifolia (Roem. & Schult.) Bacigalupo & E.L.Cabral,
Mitracarpus baturitensis Sucre, M. hirtus (L.) DC., M. longicalyx E.B.Souza & M.F.Sales, Oldenlandia corymbosa L., Staelia virgata K.Schum.] are presented as new records for the Rio Grande do Norte
(Figure 9). Additionally, the 24 recognized species in the floristic survey, including new occurrences, were assessed for their threat risk in Rio Grande do Norte, according to the criteria of IUCN (2001), and are described below.
Species assessment
1. Borreria apodiensis E.L. Cabral, L.M. Miguel & E.B. Souza, Ac. Bot. Bras. 2016.
Species currently known in only six locations in areas of caatinga in the states of Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte. According to Souza et al. (2016), the species was classified as EN, B1 a, b (iii) + B2 a, b (ii) for Brazil. For the study area, the species is known in only two locations associated with areas of caatinga with calcareous outcrop. Due to the habitat fragmentation by fire, extensive cattle and limestone extraction in its area of occurrence, their populations are at serious risk and, moreover, not protected in conservation units. So we keep the status as follows.
EOO 65.399 km2 e AOO 12.000 km2
IUCN risk assessment: Endangered - EN B1 a, b (iii) + B2 a, b (ii).
2. Borreria brownii (Rusby) Standl., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 7: 333. 1931.
Widely distributed from Mexico to Brazil, usually associated with drier vegetation types as Cerrado and Caatinga (Cabral et al. 2012). In Brazil it’s cited for the Midwest region in Goiás associated with the Cerrado, and in the Northeastern region in the states of Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte associated with the Caatinga, in areas with higher humidity in the semiarid region, such as the Serra de Baturité in Ceará. In Rio Grande do Norte is known in only one location (Roque et al. 1152 – UFRN) associated with mountainous areas with seasonal forests. These areas in Rio Grande are heavily used for agriculture due to the rich soil. It is possible that the species occurs in other mountainous areas in the state, however in serious risk due to habitat reduction and it’s not protected in conservation units.
EOO 0.000 km2 e AOO 4.000 km2
IUCN risk assessment: Critically Endangered – CR B1 a, b (iii) + B2 a, b (ii).
3. Borreria humifusa Mart., Flora 24(2 Beibl.): 68. 1841.
Species currently known only from eastern Brazil, in the Atlantic Forest. It is associated with the tropical rain forest understory and seasonal forest. In Rio Grande do Norte, was collected in only one locality, within the Reserva do Patrimônio Natural da Mata Estrela – RPPN Mata Estrela (Lourenço 187 – JPB). The loss of habitat due to Atlantic Forest fragmentation on the state, associated with its occurrence only in wooded and shaded areas, can lead to a significant reduction of their populations. Even if it is found in other areas, its occurrence is still restricted and there’s a high threat as described below.
EOO 0.000 km2 e AOO 4.000 km2
IUCN risk assessment: Critically Endangered – CR B1 a, b (iii) + B2 a, b (ii).
4. Borreria latifolia (Aubl.) K.Schum., Schumann, K., Fl. bras., 6(6): 61. 1888.
The species occurs from Mexico to South America and, in Brazil is widely distributed (Cabral and Salas 2015). Occurs generally associated to crop areas and roadsides, in abundant populations (Dessein 2003, Cabral et al. 2011). In Rio Grande do Norte, it was found in deciduous and semi- deciduous seasonal forests, restinga and cerrado enclaves. Although there are a few records for
the study area, a high number of populations were observed and, given its widespread occurrence in Brazil and reproductive success, occupying various types of vegetation including open and crop areas, the species is classified as out of danger.
EOO 15.057 km2 e AOO 12.000 km2 IUCN risk assessment: Least Concern – LC.
5. Borreria ocymifolia (Roem. & Schult.) Bacigalupo & E.L.Cabral, Opera Bot. Belg., 7: 307, 1996.
It is distributed from Central America to South America and in Brazil, can be found in almost all vegetation types, often associated with riparian forests (Cabral et al. 2011). In Rio Grande do Norte, was found in Caatinga in seasonal forest mountainous inland, and in the Atlantic Forest in seasonal forest and restinga near waterways. Although the species is widely distributed, in the study area it occurs in a few locations and specific microclimate as described above. Therefore, its populations are threatened due to habitat reduction by fragmentation, agriculture and cattle in the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga, respectively. Moreover, none of the species records are within protected areas.
EOO 10,280.575 km2 e AOO 12.000 km2
IUCN risk assessment: Vunerable – VU B1 a, b (ii, iii).
6. Borreria scabiosoides Cham. & Schltdl., Linnaea 3: 318. 1828.
It is widely distributed in South America, often associated with partial or permanently flooded areas (Cabral et al. 2011), and occurs in almost all phytogeographic domains of Brazil (Cabral and Salas 2015). In the study area, the species was found in seasonally flooded areas and near lakes, rivers and water reservoirs in Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. Although the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) indicates the possible threat as Endangered (EN), the species is widely distributed and thus, its conservation status is Least Concern (LC).
EOO 45,293.308 km2 e AOO 108.000 km2 IUCN risk assessment: Least Concern – LC.
Widely distributed in America, occurs from Mexico to Argentina in altered areas as forest edges, roadsides and field crops (Cabral et al. 2012). In Rio Grande do Norte, was found in local roads, forest edges, trails and glades on seasonal forest and caatinga, and ruderal environments.