Como sugestões para trabalhos futuros destacam-se alguns estudos como: • Desenvolver um simulador para estabelecer as condições iniciais em tubulações,
principalmente em simulações verticais multifásicas ;
• Avaliar outras correlações para o modelo drift-flux que considerem o padrão de escoamento;
• Aplicar outros modelos cinemáticos em alternativa ao modelo de mistura drift-flux, como o de dois fluidos;
• Implementar modelos de escoamento bifásico água-óleo e trifásico água-óleo-gás.
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APÊNDICE A -- Modelagem Termodinâmica
Neste apêndice serão apresentadas algumas equações de estado, escritas na forma generalizada, e o cálculo das propriedades de um fluido a partir de uma dessas equações. Além disso, serão discutidas a análise de estabilidade e o cálculo do flash termodinâmico adotados no presente trabalho.
A.1 Equação de Estado Volumétrica
As equações de estado volumétricas são aquelas capazes de relacionar a pressão, a temperatura e o volume molar de um fluido. Uma das equações de estado utilizada para essa finalidade é a equação do gás ideal. Esta representa melhor os gases a bai-xas pressões e temperaturas moderadas, porém a altas pressões e a baibai-xas tempe-raturas torna-se imprecisa. Dessa forma, equações de estados mais representativas tem sido estudadas desde o século XIX.
De acordo com Peng e Robinson (1976) as equações de estados semi-empíricas geralmente expressam a pressão como a soma de dois termos: um positivo, represen-tando a pressão de atração, e outro negativo, represenrepresen-tando a pressão de repulsão. O termo repulsivo foi desenvolvido por Waals (1873) e é frequentemente utilizado por ou-tras equações. Como a maioria dessas equações modificam apenas o termo atrativo, é possível escrevê-las de forma genérica por:
P = RT
v − b− ∆ (A.1)
onde o primeiro termo do lado direito representa o termo repulsivo; e ∆, o termo atrativo. A variável P representa a pressão; T , a temperatura; v, o volume molar; R, a constante universal dos gases perfeitos; e b, uma constante proposta por Waals (1873).
diferentes autores. Esse termo é função dos parâmetros a, b e c e da função θ que depende da temperatura e que podem ser determinados utilizando-se as restrições do ponto crítico dadas por:
∂P ∂v T =TC = 0, ∂2P ∂v2 T =TC = 0, v = vC = ZCRTC PC (A.2)
onde Z representa o fator de compressibilidade do fluido e o subscrito C denota que