Prostate-Specific Antigen testing in men between 40 and 70 years in Brazil: database from a check-up program

Prostate-Specific Antigen testing in men between 40 and

70 years in Brazil: database from a check-up program

_______________________________________________

João Paulo Zambon

_{,Fernando G. Almeida}

_{, Raquel Dilguerian O. Conceição}

_{, Viviane Arevalo}

Tabone

_{, Nea Miwa Kashiwagi}

_{, Christina L. Ross}

_{, José Antônio Maluf de Carvalho}

1_{Department of Urology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil;} 2_{Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein,}

SP, Brazil; 3_{Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA}

ABSTRACT

ARTICLE

INFO

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Objectives: To evaluate the PSA in a large population of Brazilian men undergone to check up, and correlate the PSA cutoffs with prostate size and urinary symptoms. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study performed with men between 40 and 70 years undergone to check-up. All men were undergone to urological evalu-ation, digital rectal examinevalu-ation, prostate-specific antigen, and ultrasonography The exclusion criteria were men who used testosterone in the last six months, or who were using 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors.

Results: A total of 5015 men with an average age of 49.0 years completed the study. Most men were white and asymptomatic. The PSA in the three different aging groups were 0.9 ± 0.7ng/dL for men between 40 and 50; 1.2 ± 0.5ng/dL for men between 50 and 60; and 1.7 ± 1.5ng/dL for men greater than 60 years (p=0.001). A total of 192 men had PSA between 2.5 and 4ng/ml. From these men 130 were undergone to prostate biopsy. The predictive positive value of biopsy was 25% (32/130). In the same way, 100 patients had PSA >4ng/mL. From these men, 80 were undergone to prostate biopsy. In this group, the predictive positive value of biopsy was 40% (32/100). The Gleason score was 6 in 19 men (60%), 7 in 10 men (31%) and 8 in 3 men (9%).

Conclusions: The PSA level of Brazilian men undergone to check up was low. There was a positive correlation with aging, IPSS and prostate size.

Key words:

screening; prostate cancer; PSA; IPSS; check up; prostate size

Int Braz J Urol. 2014; 40: 745-52

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Submitted for publication: October 28, 2013

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Accepted after revision: April 06, 2014

INTRODUCTION

Prostate cancer is the second most com-monly diagnosed type of cancer in the world, and the sixth leading cause of death in men worldwide. On a global level the incidence and prevalence of prostate cancer varies more than 25-fold worldwi-de, with highest incidence in developed countries of North America, Europe and Australia, and lo-wer incidence rates in underdeveloped countries. These differences may occur due to the increased

levels of screening and testing for prostate cancer in these developed countries (1-3).

such as digital rectal examination and/or ultrasono-graphy (4, 5).

With regards to screening accuracy, studies have demonstrated that a PSA cutoff of 4.0µg/L can detect many cases of prostate cancer; however, some will be missed. Using a lower cutoff level detects more cases, but at the cost of falsely labeling more men as potentially having cancer. Whether, for ins-tance, the PSA cutoff is decreased to 2.5µg/dL, more than double the number of men aged 40 to 69 years will be labeled as a false positive (6, 7). These false positive results are associated with negative psycho-logical effects. In addition, men who have a false positive result are more likely to have additional testing, including one or more biopsies in the year following diagnosis, as compared with those who have a negative test result. Almost one third of the-se biopsied patients experience pain, fever, bleeding, infection, transient urinary difficulties, and 1% even require hospitalization (8,9).

Theoretically, the early detection of prostate cancer in younger asymptomatic men could signifi-cantly reduce the mortality rates; however, in most cases those tumors will not progress or will progress so slowly that they would have remained asymp-tomatic during the lifetime of the patient. The term overdiagnosis is used to describe this situation. Lo-wer PSA cutoffs and screening tests performed in younger men increase the probability of overdiagno-sis (10). There is a high propensity for physicians to treat most cases of screen-detected cancer, given our current inability to distinguish indolent from aggres-sive tumors. Thus, many patients are being subjected to the harmful effects of prostate cancer treatment that will never become symptomatic (11,12).

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the PSA levels in a large population of young Brazilian men submitted to a health check up program. The second objective was to correlate the different PSA cutoffs with aging, prostate size, and urinary symptoms.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Data from the present study were collected from the check-up program performed between January and December 2011 at a private hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. This study was approved by

local ethics committee and all patients signed out an informed consent.

During the examination, a multidisciplina-ry team composed of general clinicians, urologists, ophthalmologists, dermatologists, nurses, nutritio-nists and physiotherapists evaluated the patients.

Men between the ages of 40 and 70 years old were submitted to a urological evaluation, which consisted of a clinical history, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) (13), digital rectal examina-tion (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), urinaly-sis, and abdominal ultrasonography. The prostate size was measured by abdominal ultrasonography despite the limitations of this method. The digital rectal exa-mination was performed in every patient over the age of 45 and/or over the age of 40 for those with a his-tory of prostate cancer in their family, or whose race was African-American.

The inclusion criteria were men between 40 and 70 years old, without previous history of prosta-te and/or bladder cancer. The exclusion criprosta-teria were any type of bladder or prostate surgery, men who used testosterone in the last six months, or those who were using 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors.

All patients received an orientation (which was sent by email or mail postal service) two weeks before the check-up. Blood was drawn before begin-ning the examination. With regards to PSA testing, men were instructed to avoid sexual activity 72h be-fore the exam. In cases where the PSA test was gre-ater than 4.0ng/dL, the blood draw was repeated to confirm the result. The PSA dosage was carried out using an ultra-sensible PSA assay with a detection limit of 0.003ng/dL.

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 15.0 for Windows. Pearson’s Chi--square test was used for comparison between non--numerical variables, while t-test and ANOVA was used for comparison between numeric variables. A p value of 0.05 was considered the cut off for statistical significance.

RESULTS

lis-ted above. Thus, a total of 5015 men with an average age of 49.0 +/- 4.0 years completed the study. Out of 5015 men, 3880 (77.3%) were white and only 90 (1.7%) were black. The overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus in our population was 3.9% (197/5015). The-se demographic data are preThe-sented in Table-1.

The average PSA was less than 2.5ng/mL for all age groups. Older men had higher values of PSA, prostate size and IPSS score.Table-2 presents the ave-rages of PSA, IPSS and prostate size of the 5015 men. Further analysis was performed in order to correlate different PSA cutoffs with aging, IPSS, and

prostate size. The first cutoff was 2.5ng/mL. Out of 5015 men included in this study, 4723 (94.17%) had PSA less than 2.5ng/mL, 192 (3.8%) had PSA betwe-en 2.5 and 4.0ng/mL, and 100 (1.9%) had PSA greater than 4.0ng/mL. The prevalence of PSA > 2.5ng/mL was higher in older men. Higher PSA levels correla-ted with higher IPSS and larger prostate size. These data are presented in Table-3.

A total of 192 men had PSA between 2.5 and 4ng/mL. Among these men 130 were sub-mitted to prostate biopsy. The predictive positi-ve value of prostate biopsy was 25% (32/130).

Table 1 - Demographic data of 5015 men.

40 - 49 years 50 - 59 years 60 - 70 years p

N 2813 (56%) 1726 (34.5%) 476 (9.5%) 0.001

Race

White 2700 (95.1%) 1650 (95.5%) 430 (90.3%) 0.01

Black 50 (1.7%) 30 (1.8%) 10 (2.2%) 0.02

Others 63 (2.2%) 46 (2.7%) 36 (7.5%) 0.04

Smoking 279 (9.9%) 189 (10.9%) 35 (7.3%) 0.03

Diabetes 54 (1.9%) 89 (5.1%) 54 (11.3%) 0.01

BMI (Kg/m2_{) 27.04 ± 4.9 27.6 ± 4.5 27.4 ± 5.3 0.59}

BMI: Body Mass Index

Table 2 - Averages of total PSA, IPSS and Prostate size of the 5015 men.

40-49 years 50-59 years 60-70 years p

Men 2813 (56%) 1726 (34.5%) 476 (9.5%) 0.01

Total PSA (ng/dL) 0.9 ± 0.7 1.2 ± 0.5 1.7 ± 1.5 0.01

IPSS ≤ 7 2797 (99.4%) 1642 (95.1%) 381 (80%) 0.03

IPSS > 7 16 (0.6%) 84 (4.9%) 95 (20%) 0.03

Prostate Size (grams) 25.2 ± 7.3 30.9 ± 11.2 38 ± 18.8 0.03

Suspicious DRE 17/2813 63/1726 50/476 0.02

The Gleason score was 6 in 24 men (75%), and 7 in 8 men (25%). In the same way, 100 patients had PSA ≥ 4ng/mL. From these men, 80 were submitted to prostate biopsy. In this group, the predictive positive value of prostate biopsy was 40% (32/100). The Gleason score was 6 in 19 men (60%), 7 in 10 men (31%) and 8 in 3 men (9%). Regarding the treatment option of each patient, we do not have the follow-up. These data are presented in Table-4.

The second cutoff point used for statistical analysis was 1.5ng/mL. Out of 5015 men, 3978 (79.3%) had PSA less than 1.5ng/mL. As well as for 2.5ng/mL cutoff, the prevalence of PSA > 1.5ng/mL also increased with age, and was quite similar in men between the ages of 50 and 59,

and greater than 60 years of age (38.6% and 36% respectively). These data are presented in Table-5.

DISCUSSION

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the PSA levels in a large population of young Brazilian men submitted to a health che-ck-up program. The second objective was to cor-relate the different PSA cutoff with age, prostate size, and urinary symptoms. The data was collec-ted in Sao Paulo, Brazil, from one of the largest check up program ever performed in a private hospital. This study was obtained from a databa-se of 5015 men between the ages of 40 and 70, with an average age of 49 years old. Most of the Table 3 - Prevalence of PSA less than 2.5, PSA between 2.5 and 4.0, and PSA greater than 4.0ng/dL in the different aging groups.

PSA< 2.5ng/dL PSA 2.5 to 4.0ng/dL PSA>4.0ng/dL p

Age

40-49 years 2763 (98.2%) 35 (1.2%) 15 (0.6%) 0.01

50-59 years 1575 (91.2%) 108 (6.2%) 43 (2.6%) 0.03

60-70 years 385 (80.8%) 49 (10.2%) 42 (9%) 0.04

IPSS

40-49 years 0.37 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.2 0.78 ± 0.4 0.01

50-59 years 1.01 ± 0.3 1.6± 0.5 2.4 ± 0.9 0.01

60-70 years 2.5 ± 0.7 2.4 ± 0.9 4.6 ± 1.9 0.01

Prostate Size

40-49 years 25 ± 2.3 27 ± 4 29 ± 7 0.01

50-59 years 28 ± 3 30.2 ± 5 35 ± 3 0.01

60-70 years 32.5 ± 2 38.5 ± 5 43.7 ± 7 0.01

Free PSA ng/dL

40-49 years 0.54 ± 0.2 0.69 ± 0.2 0.03

50-59 years 0.62 ± 0.15 0.77 ± 0.3 0.01

Table 4 - The prevalence of PSA greater or less than 1.5ng/dL and its correlation with IPSS and prostate size.

40-49 years 50-59 years 60-70 years p

N 2813 1726 476

PSA < 1.5ng/dL 2612 (92.8) 1061 (62.4%) 305 (64%) 0.02

PSA > 1.5ng/dL 201 (7.2%) 665 (38.6%) 171 (36%) 0.02

Avg IPSS

PSA < 1.5ng/dL 0.33 ± 0.1 0.95 ± 0.4 2.5 ± 1.3 0.03

PSA > 1.5ng/dL 0.64 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.7 3.8 ± 1.7 0.03

Avg Prostate Size

PSA < 1.5ng/dL 23.3 ± 3 30.1 ± 5 30 ± 7 0.02

PSA > 1.5ng/dL 27 ± 8 33 ± 7 35.9 ± 9 0.01

Avg: Average; IPSS: International Prostate Symptom Score

Table 5 - The prevalence of PSA greater or less than 1.5ng/dL and its correlation with IPSS and prostate size.

PSA < 1.5ng/dL PSA > 1.5ng/dL p

Age

40-49 years 2612 (92.8%) 201 (7.2%) 0.02

50-59 years 1061 (62,4%) 665 (38.6%) 0.02

60-70 years 305 (64%) 171 (36%) 0.02

IPSS

40-49 years 0.33 ± 0.1 0.64 ± 0.2 0.03

50-59 years 0.95 ± 0.4 1.6 ± 0.7 0.03

60-70 years 2.5 ± 1.3 3.8 ± 1.7 0.03

Prostate Size (grams)

40-49 years 23.3 ± 3 27 ± 8 0.01

50-59 years 30.1 ± 5 33 ± 7 0.02

60-70 years 30 ± 7 35.9 ± 9 0.01 subjects were white, non-smokers, without

co--morbidities such as diabetes, and have no uro-logical complaints. The averages of total PSA in the three different aging groups were 0.9ng/mL for men between the ages of 40 and 50; 1.2ng/

50; 8.8% between 50 and 60; and 11.1% after 60 years of age. Only 20.6% had a PSA level greater than 1.5ng/mL. The predictive positive value of prostate biopsy in men with PSA between 2.5 to 4ng/mL was 25% and all of them had Gleason score ≤ 7. In the same way, the predictive posi-tive value of prostate biopsy in men with PSA ≥ 4ng/mL was 40% and 91% of them had Gleason score ≤ 7.

The primary goal of prostate cancer scre-ening in this specific population of younger men is the early detection of prostate cancer. Re-garding prostate screening programs, men can potentially fall into 1 of 3 categories: 1) those whose cancer will result in death despite early diagnosis and treatment; 2) those who will have good outcomes in the absence of screening; and 3) those for whom early diagnosis and treatment improve survival.

There is convincing evidence that with or without screening the number of men who survi-ve prostate cancer after 10 to 14 years is, at best, very small (14, 15). In addition, the inevitabili-ty of overdiagnosis and overtreatment of pros-tate cancer as a result of screening means that many men will experience the adverse effects of diagnosis and treatment of a disease that would have remained asymptomatic throughout their lifetime. In accordance with the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) statement of re-commendations published in 2012, there is mo-derate certainty that the benefits of PSA-based screening for prostate cancer do not outweigh its harmful effects (3).

False positive PSA test results are com-mon and vary depending on the PSA cutoff and frequency of screening. After four PSA tests, men in the screening group of the PLCO trial had a 12.9% cumulative risk for at least 1 false posi-tive result, and a 5.5% risk for at least 1 biopsy due to a false positive result. A false positive re-sult has a negative impact on patient’s quality of life (4, 14). The ProtecT study found that 32% of men submitted to a prostate biopsy experienced pain; fever; blood in the urine, semen, or stool; infection; transient urinary difficulties; or other issues that they considered a moderate or major problem (9).

In the present study, the majority of men was white and less than 50 years old. According to recent data, the recommendation of PSA scre-ening in this specific population remains contro-versial. It is well established that age, race, and family history of prostate cancer increase the risk of developing and dying of the disease. Bla-ck men are approximately twice as likely to die of prostate cancer than other men, and the rea-son for this disparity is unknown (16). Prelimi-nary results from PIVOT (Prostate Cancer Inter-vention Versus Observation Trial), in which 30% of enrollees were black, found no difference in outcomes due to treatment of prostate cancer in these men compared with other races (17). Des-pite controversies, the 2013 American Urological Association Guidelines recognized that the PSA screening test might benefit certain subgroups of younger men with high risk of prostate can-cer. However, this report suggests that patients should be informed about the potential harmful effects of these tests as well as the benefits of screening at an earlier age. Physicians should be aware that there are no comparative data and the best approach for this specific group is not well established (18).

The PSA-based screening in men 50 to 74 years of age has been evaluated in 5 randomized, controlled trials with different cutoffs and scre-ening intervals. The PLCO trial found a nonsta-tistically significant increase in prostate cancer mortality in the annual screening group at 11.5 and 13 years post diagnosis (4, 14). The ERSPC trial demonstrated a mortality ratio (RR) of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.98) in screened men after a median follow up of 9 years, with similar findin-gs at 11 years (RR 0.79, CI 0.68 to 0.91) (5, 15). In the present study 2080 (41.4%) men were older than 50 years of age, 4723 (94.17%) had PSA less than 2.5ng/dL, and 3978 (79.3%) had PSA less than 1.5ng/dL.

detection rates, clinical and pathological findings in Brazilian men with serum PSA levels <4ng/ mL. In this study the predictive positive value of prostate biopsy in men with PSA between 2.5 and 3.9ng/mL was 31.1%. All patients had cli-nical stage I and 96.8% had Gleason score ≤ 7. After radical prostatectomy, 82.4% had patholo-gical stage T2 and 17.6% had patholopatholo-gical stage T3 (20). In our study we have found similar re-sults regarding prostate biopsy predictive positi-ve value. For patients with PSA between 2.5 and 3.9ng/mL, 25% had prostate cancer and all of them had Gleason score ≤ 7. On the other hand, the predictive positive value of prostate biopsy in patients with PSA ≥ 4ng/mL was 40% and 9% had Gleason score > 7.

The conventional PSA cutoff of 4.0ng/dL detects most cases of prostate cancer; however, some cases will be missed. Using a lower cuto-ff point detects more cases of cancer but at the cost of labeling more men as potentially having the disease. When the PSA cutoff decreases to 2.5ng/dL more than double the number of men aged 40 to 69, with abnormal results, show a fal-se positive result. This cutoff level also increafal-ses the likelihood of detection of indolent tumors with no clinical importance. Conversely, increa-sing the PSA cutoff to a level greater than 10ng/ dL would reduce a prostate cancer diagnosis in the number of men aged 50 to 69 with abnormal results from 1.2 million to roughly 352,000. It is important to note there is no PSA cutoff at which a man can be guaranteed to be free from prostate cancer (21, 22).

Despite the benefits of this large popu-lation sample of Brazilian men who underwent this urological examination, the limitations of this study must be recognized. First, it was per-formed with patients referred to a private hospi-tal, who have a good health insurance and a bet-ter medical care whether compared to the whole Brazilian population. Second, our database did not have patient family history information. Third, 60 cases with PSA between 2.5 and 2.9ng/ dL, and 20 cases with PSA > 4.0ng/dL were not submitted to prostate biopsies. This precludes accurate conclusions regarding prostate cancer incidence in this population.

The idea of prostate screening implies that most asymptomatic prostate cancers could become clinically important and lead to poor health outcomes, and that early treatment could effectively reduce prostate cancer specifically and thereby reduce mortality rates overall. Ho-wever, long-term, population based cohort stu-dies, and randomized treatment trials of conser-vatively managed men with localized prostate cancer do not support this hypothesis (6).

Our database showed that the PSA level in Brazilian men submitted to a health check-up program was low. In this context, it should be emphasized that lower PSA levels do not exclude prostate cancer. According to some population--based studies, approximately 25% of men with PSA < 4.0ng/dL will have prostate cancer with Gleason score higher than 6.

The PSA level had a positive correlation with age, prostate size and prostate symptoms. Despite some of the limitations, we believe that this study provides substantial information about PSA screening tests performed in youn-ger men from underdeveloped countries. To our knowledge this study represents the first urolo-gical Brazilian-database report carried out with this large number of patients.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Christina Ross, who participate on the ma-nuscript elaboration and english grammar review.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None declared.

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