Vol-7, Special Issue3-April, 2016, pp2026-2038 http://www.bipublication.com
Case Report
Studying Solutions for Increasing Public Partnership on Improvement
of Urban Decay Texture by Focusing on Enablement
(Case-Study of Islamabad-Karaj)
Ali Salimi
Master of Urban Planning degree from the Faculty of Arts University of Tehran, Farabi campus, [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Informal inhabitances as part of urban decay texture are regarded as one of the most important urban challenges of Iran and have caused disorder in the urban space from viewpoint of construction and function; which requires serious attention of urban management for organizing with different approaches and public partnership. One of the suitable approaches for intervention in these textures is enablement that involves increase of using inner potentials of urban societies for administering public and social affairs; which leads to stability of process of development. Enablement is mainly in the way of spatial organizing of informal textures and actions beyond frame aspects; which requires partnership of all deprived classes of society for obtaining to trustworthiness, creating institution and potentials for local associations. Attracting the trust of people is necessary issue for developing partnership and partnership offers ability of promotion, education of low-income classes of society and connects them to society. Using the method of partnership for enabling such inhabitances involves people in the process of design, utilization and execution. The present research through defining different aspects of partnership, examines the solutions for increasing public partnership of inhabitants of Islamabad area of Karaj in compliance with enablement approach and thus, upon determining the operational model of research that consists of items of partnership and enablement, the level of partnership of people in the area of our study is examined. Research findings reveal that level of partnership of inhabitants is very low; thus, in the way of solving the problem of informal inhabitances of Islamabad, first of all by using suitable methods, it is necessary for improving the enablement of people at different levels and then to except the level of partnership of inhabitants may be increased.
Keywords: Enablement, Partnership, Informal Inhabitances, Islam Abad Karaj
1- INTRODUCTION:
Informal inhabitances as part of urban decay texture are regarded as one of the most important urban challenges of Iran and have caused disorder in the urban space from viewpoint of construction and function; which requires serious attention of urban management for organizing with different approaches and public partnership. Improving the status of informal inhabitances and urban decay texture was always the main challenges of all persons in charge and experts and has made them to benefit from different methods and techniques. The issue that shall be considered is that intervention at informal urban decay structure is a
strategy, it is recommended to the governments to select suitable policies including: financial and technical support for persons working at informal section. Enablement involves increase in benefiting from inner capacities of urban societies for administering the public and social affairs; which leads to stability of development process and finally leads to improving life quality (Kamanroudi 2007). Therefore, enablement is improving vital force of a living society for dynamism and continuing life of related society and the specific properties of enablement plan are considered for solving the urban poverty crisis (Kalhornia 2008, 37). Generally, enablement is in the way of spatial organizing informal textures and activities beyond the frame aspects; which requires partnership of all deprived classes of society for obtaining to trust, creating institute and potential in local associations. Creating trust is necessary for development of partnership and development of partnership is obtained through showing future perspective of investment and offering high quality service (Aeini 2007). Thus, citizenship partnership legitimates and offers institution for the urban plans (Gholipour 2001, 145). In the approach of enablement, the issue of partnership has high importance from viewpoint of social, economic and political aspect and the main advantage of partnership from social point of view, is to increase activity, responsibility taking, social morale, sense of cooperation and trust of members of society (Neilson 1997). Research institute of UN has defined "partnership" as: "organized attempts for increasing control over resources and institutes offering discipline in specific social conditions on behalf of some groups and movements that were deprived from applying such control (Ghaffari 2001). Based on this definition, enabling deprived groups and entering them into the process of partnership in decision making and supervision over related affairs has great importance. Karaj city as countryside area and due to specific geographical and climate condition and being close to Tehran, has always been at center of attention of many
immigrants and on the other hand, due to communication means, this city has many historical works and everyday many people immigrate to this city and most of the immigrants reside in unsuitable places that leads to establishing unsuitable place or frame; which requires enablement. The area in our study is Islamabad that is regarded as one of these unsuitable textures. Islamabad in divisions of Karaj city is located at North East of Karaj within territory of district.1 of municipality by having 86.1 hectare urban decay texture and this urban decay texture is located inside of territory of Karaj; which has created many problems including: living in suburb areas, having large number of rural immigrants, many small cities and excess inner city immigration and moreover, this city is host for high level of poverty in the area of city and is center for establishment of informal inhabitances. This area was constructed since the year 1970 on top hill with high level of slope by having organic, small grain and non-infiltration property (Khodavand consultant engineers company, 2008, 46). Whereas, this area is located at top part of 1400m altitude that is under destruction and in compliance with many strong and weak points, one of the main weak points of this area is lack of partnership of people in the process of destructing and transferring people from this neighborhood, that has caused dissatisfaction of people. The lower part of hill is swap that is not covered within 72 hectares subject for destruction and in compliance with its texture, it required enablement; which, obtaining this issue depends on serious partnership of people and urban managers. This area due to being established without any specific rules and regulations shall be entitled for intervention plan with the purpose of enabling and amendment of general structure.
2- LITERATURE REVIEW
1-2- Definition of Concept of Enablement
elements of revision on its concept. In fact, enablement means creation of legal power or making investment for improving legal power for enabling and delegating power to people and the main purpose of enablement, is to combat powerless factors. Not only powerless leads to creation of poverty, but also it are it's the main and direct product. Some of the main properties of being powerless are including:
Lack of having financial afford that is financial poverty
Lack of having decision making ability that is political poverty
Lack of having ability of selection that is cultural poverty or unawareness
Therefore, enablement means confronting with powerless status of people and this process from economic aspect refers to elimination of poverty, from political point of view refers to releasing people from sovereignty of powerful authorities, from cultural point of view refers to obtaining mechanisms for increasing right of selection for people and finally attempts to improve the life environment of people (ZahediMazandarni, 2009, 271). The concept of enabling is at center of new concept of developing change paradigm and improving strategies for elimination of poverty. Report of human development refers that development shall be available around the people and development shall improve abilities and delegating power to different people and groups instead of weakening them and the purpose of enablement is improving ability of facing people with newly established unknown conditions, abnormal social environment and increasing ability of people for determining values and priorities related to improving life condition of people. As Addi has insisted, improving the individual abilities of people does not happen in empty place, rather any attempt for enabling people is faced with limitations related to social life and physical elements and these limitations shall be considered. On this basis, the limitations of enabling may be found in economic, social, political and environmental aspects (same 279,
summon for partnership of global society and local governments for preparing the new agenda for inhabitances with approach of enablement, efficient urban management, role of government for offering facilities, partnership planning, removing central potentials for development of human resources, delegating power to local officials and urban development as new solutions (Athari and Javaheripour 2004).
2-2- Goals of People's Partnership:
People's partnership has main supreme goals including: amending the quality of decision making or granting opportunity to single citizens for explaining their demands within a political system. Generally, the goals of using people's partnership are including:
Decision makers be aware of demands and requirements of people and as a result of this awareness, they are able to reflect comments of people into the decisions
Improving decisions through cooperation of people having good local information in relation to different problems
Improving equity and justice in society and legitimacy of decisions
Creation of new ideas, evaluation of ideas, determining methods of behavior, publishing information and informing to people
Achievements of people's partnership in the process of planning are similar to achievements of people in the process of political decision making in a society. People's partnership is among fundamental values and necessary part of real and
efficient democracy. One of the principles of democratic planning is granting power to the citizens for being influential in their surround environment. Often the democratic societies maintain this right for their citizens to be aware that they shall consult with other people under any condition and to express their beliefs in relation to influential topics. One of the related topics is partnership ladder of Sherry Arnshtein that was introduced in late 1960's. In this pattern, different degrees of people's partnership on planning are shown within a ladder having 8 stairs (for showing the political nature of planning process). The first 2 stairs (manipulation and therapy) are defined as depravity from partnership. These degrees enable the owner of power for education or improvement of participants. The third stair (information) and fourth stair (consultation) create a level of symbolic behavior and in these steps, the participants are authorized for offering comment; nevertheless, their comments are neglected. The fifth stair (placation) shows higher level of symbolic behavior; which, recommends participants; nevertheless, owners of power have right of decision making. The sixth stair (partnership) offers ability of negotiation with owners of traditional power. The seventh stair (delegated power) and eighth stair (citizen control) refers to partnership of majority of status of decision makers or ability of complete management. The aforesaid 3 stairs, refer to degree of power of citizenship and some forms of enablement.
3-2-: Research Background
Since the late 1970's there were many different interpretations of concept of partnership on development including: involvement of people in the decision making process, execution of plans, partnership in benefits obtained from development plans and their involvement in the process of assessment, organized attempts for increasing control of resources and institutes adjusting specific social situations by groups and movements not having record of such controls. In past most of the under-developed and developing countries due to structure of central government did not permit their citizens for partnership at economic and social activities. Meanwhile, at the present time the governments through revising their policies have concluded that without partnership of people, it is impossible for being successful and obtaining advancement of their countries; thus, governments have applied the strategy of partnership society. Moreover, in order to improve partnership of people who were separated from government and economic structure for several years, people should receive specific education that enablement strategy focuses on this issue. Partnership of citizens may be defined as enabling the deprived classes of society and this theory is based on recognizing difference of groups and different classes of society due to their political and economic power (Clinton, OkliPerat 2004). From viewpoint of record, the issue of enablement focuses on economic and social potentials of inhabitants for partnership with the purpose of organizing projects (Consultant of plan, 2007, 32). The enablement approach for all societies (developed or under-developed) is important and necessary and reduces the social costs. Assigning governmental tasks to people (partnership) is regarded as executing small plans by the government and the governments through reducing their domain have delegated some of their tasks to the people (removing central issues, privatization, delegating some affairs to people);
for improving and renewal in compliance with different aspects of life of citizens are all in the way of urban development and the reconstruction of historical texture depends on having multilateral approach that its final result may be offered through theory of permanent urban development.
Falamaki in the year 2007 studied the issue of urban renewal and improvement and the result of this research leaded to offering some recommendations for amending the available status of frame of Tehran. Mirmoghtadaei and Talebi in the year 2006 studied the frame identity of Tehran and concluded that it is required for preparing a plan for repairing the texture and history city centers.
Rahnama in the year 2007 studied the texture of Mashhad and influence of executing renewal plan on neighborhoods at downtown and concluded that in case of continuing the present process and similar resistance of inhabitants, according to 10 years physical progress and according to the available documents, nearly this project has 11% progress and executing this plan may lasting for 90 years and this plan may be completed in the year 2094. Moreover, in relation to enablement of urban decay texture and informal inhabitances in the year 2003 and 2008 several books and articles were published by different scholars including: Eskandari, Bahadori, Piran and Rafieian and also John Ebot, Ben CiArima in the year 2002 and 2010 examined this issue and focused on necessity of renewal and improving efficiency of urban decay texture.
The importance of partnership of citizens on administering the urban affairs and creating suitable grounds for obtaining this task as one of the indices for social development, the researchers, policy makers and managers are faced with several questions related to reason and status of partnership of citizens and related damages. Alshoki 2004 and Abdolahpour and et al 2013 have also examined the status of partnership of citizens on administering the urban affairs.
3- Research Methodology:
samples with specific distances and creating equal chance for all classes of society
Operational Model of Research:
4- DATA ANALYSIS 1-4- Social Item
This item is one of the 5 items of conceptual model of status of inhabitants, method of residence and security. According to the information of census in this area in the year 2006, the total population of Islamabad city in Karaj is 44128 that consist of 3.2% total population of Karaj city. The index of literacy shows the highest percentage of literate persons during 6 years i.e. the literacy index of Islamabad is 82.54% and the literacy index of Karaj in the year 2006 was 88.33% and in the area of Islamabad 48% of respondents only had literacy of reading and writing, 32% had high school diploma, 11% had university education and 9% were illiterate. As it is obvious in the following diagram,43% of people are Turk tribe and 9% are Fars tribe and there is also other tribes and dialects. Whereas this area is was established informally, the problem of houses without having official title deed still remains and
whereas title deed for lands of this area belongs to municipality, nowadays the municipality shall only determine price for building site of properties. The finally issue that is examined is level of outbreak of drug addiction in Islamabad and according to the result of study and analyzing the comment of inhabitants, 60% of inhabitants in this area believe that outbreak of drug addiction in this city is high and very high
2-4- Economic Item
Neighborhood Price of Land Price of House Main Job of Inhabitants Unsuitable Jobs
Islamabad 600,000 to 1,200,000 800,000 to 1,200,000 Worker Yes
Generally, the main workforce in low income making neighborhood due to low level of specialty (simple workforces) is occupied by informal sectors and building construction workers. According to field research in the area of Islamabad, mainly workers are residing in this neighborhood and moreover some unsuitable and informal jobs including: retailers and collecting rubbish is also visible in this area. According to job status of inhabitants, the average income is very lower than poverty limit and persons living in this area due to having low prestige jobs, lack of accessing to cultural, recreational and sport facilities, have low level of life affording. The classification of job of inhabitants in this area is: 39% simple worker, 27% self-employed, 7% governmental employee, 12% unemployed, 3% make income without working and the monthly cost of 64% of families is less than Toman 350,000 and 17% of families is between Toman 350,000 to Toman 500,000 and 11% of families is between Toman 500,000 to Toman 700,000 and only 6% of families have monthly cost of more than Toman 700,000
3-4- Frame Item
This item is examined at the level of house and texture. From viewpoint of house the issues that
are considered are including: reinforcement of building, quality of building, small grains, status of having services and infrastructures, level of benefiting from health facilities, status of application, status of ownership and compression and from viewpoint of texture the issue of stability and efficiency of system is examined. The age of buildings in compliance with time of construction and prevention of construction in previous decade and completion of tissue goes back to 1980's and mainly the buildings were constructed between 20 or 30 years ago, except some buildings that while widening the Shariati Street were reconstructed and some illegal buildings that were constructed at suburban areas. The main building materials applied for construction are brick, cement block and the structures are constructed by using bearing wall. In this neighborhood more than 75% of buildings have residential application with area less than 80meters and the average infrastructure area is 63.2meters; meanwhile, the average residential lots is 88.2meters i.e. the level of occupying land in this area is very higher than standards that is unsuitable condition. Compression of family in residential units is 1.1 and it is required for planning to reduce this amount.
Building materials for constructing buildings of this neighborhood Indices showing the residence pattern in Islamabad
Percentage of residential units with area less than 70meters 72%
Compression of families in residential units 1.1%
Average infrastructure area 86%
Average residential lots 88.2%
According to the status of buildings in this area and related studies, it is concluded that 164 units
among other buildings having structure, a few buildings are constructed based on standard rules and regulations and in fact, most of the buildings are constructed with poor quality and unsuitable building materials, without observing standards of building construction including: cross brace or non-standard joints. 60% of lands are allocated to residential application and the residential structure has covered all of the neighborhoods with coherent and small grain structure; in which, having access to main road or high level of road bends following from land unevenness and more than 26.44% of lands have high level of road bends and small grains. The trading application is
in form of trading axis that is established adjacent to the main roads and sometimes is scattered in residential texture. The large lots of land have educational application that are scattered in neighborhood on balanced basis. There is high level of therapy application allocated to large lots that are available in eastern part of neighborhood. Park and green space is only limited in small suburb of northern part that may not be applied by people of neighborhood. There are many futile lands in this area that are mainly located in suburb areas and thus supplying required services in compliance with shortage of land is a difficult task.
Type of application area Percentage Type of application area Percentage
Residential 589689 60.10 Urban facilities 295 0.03
Trading 36405 3.71 Network of roads 259426 26.44
Educational 24930 2.54 Destroyed buildings 3871 0.39
Religious 5534 0.56 Futile land 10663 1.09
Therapy 44209 4.51 Area of organizing 629208
Administrative-disciplinary 360 0.04 Park and green space 3861 0.39
Industrial-workshop 11038 3.13 Sum 1610330 100
The shape of Islamabad hill from geometrical point of view is completely irregular and mainly the central and northern part are more regular, so that through moving from west to top of Islamabad, this irregular process is increased by having narrow, short and irregular alleys. The main reason of this geometrical irregularity is due to environmental properties, having high slope at central areas, lack of having suitable quality of land for residential applications has lead to formation of irregular residential texture in this area, so that through moving from Barghan street toward top of the Moradab hill, this irregularity is increased. However, the interesting point is establishing roads based on land topography; for example Bahar, Barghan, Shariati and Shahid Givehkesh streets are completely parallel with altitude balance line of land that consists of main structure of Islamabad area. Results of studying strategic-structural plan of Karaj-Shahriyar urban area reveals that within domain of Islamabad there is eastern-western pressure fault that passes from central part of this area and other 2 main faults located at north west and south east. The
following diagram shows there is very low level of self-confidence of inhabitants and only 10% of inhabitants play influential role in this area.
5- CONCLUSION:
rescue team for saving the damaged people. Another problem is lack of enough strength and stability of buildings; in which, the buildings are very poor against earthquake and in case of not reinforcing the building and through causing earthquake, it may lead to significant disasters. On the other hand, due to having high share of residential application and roads, this area is faced with shortage of service applications and studies in relation to economic factors reveal that there are many inhabitants with low income members or informal income making resources that their houses are very cheap in compliance with other houses due to not having official title deed and such houses were purchased only through letter of intent
Solutions, Strategies & Recommendations:
Studying level of vulnerability of residential units and related damages for estimating cost of enablement, level of readiness and equipping while rising crisis
Amending access roads for rescue operation while rising crisis including: earthquake especially urban decay texture with difficult access roads including: Islamabad
Increasing quality of main and subsidiary sidewalk at informal inhabitant neighborhoods including: Islamabad and taking duly action for enabling their texture
Organizing the texture of informal inhabitants by reducing frame and population frame in the way of reducing vulnerability of frame
Preparing temporary plans with arrangement of all institutes for enabling informal inhabitant areas in compliance with properties of each neighborhood
Increasing awareness of people and inhabitants of this texture in compliance with being exposed to different natural and social crisis for children and teenagers
Increasing awareness of inhabitants through urban management activities, increasing responsiveness of these institutes against their
activities for increasing and attracting partnership of people in enablement plan Granting bonus compression in the way of
renewal and enablement of residential units Applying discount for building construction for
collection of units and their renewal in relation to informal and urban decay texture
Holding groups of social activists for cooperating with authorities and managers in charge of organizing informal texture
Holding periodical session with activists, coworker groups for making arrangement for enablement plans
Granting power to coworker social groups and increasing their role for urban management plans and enablement plan at urban decay texture including: Islamabad
Improving status of health of urban decay texture including: Organizing the status of sewage system of Islamabad
Elimination of harmful applications causing air pollution from residential texture and establishing security for Islamabad neighborhood and other urban decay textures Establishing social security through repeated
police patrol at vulnerable neighborhoods including: Islamabad
Establishing recreational and tourism applications for attracting juveniles and teenagers and prevention from street fights in Islamabad and similar neighborhoods
Continuous supervision over municipality for prevention from unauthorized building construction in Islamabad and similar neighborhoods
Improving public services and infrastructures in neighborhood for beginning the operation for enablement in Islamabad and similar neighborhoods
Increasing per capita of green space in neighborhood and using unused lands for green space and beautification of Islamabad neighborhood
Communication between different local and governmental groups, visiting active local organizations and groups and supplying budget of these institutes
Studying and recognizing requirements of vulnerable population among urban decay texture like Islamabad
Financial and intellectual support of persons working in their home, teachers and other local groups in the way of attracting partnership for enabling the residential units
Studying and recognizing low income making persons, allocation of budget to such families in the way of their enablement
Increasing welfare service, solving the shortages in urban decay texture in compliance with requirements of people
Anticipating low interest loans in compliance with economic status of family at urban decay texture and encouraging them for enabling their residential unit
Offering loan and facilities on behalf of the municipality including official title deed for construction and renewal of old decay buildings and coping with crisis
Holding educational classes for illiterate persons, different classes for housewife women and making them familiar with living in big cities in the way of improving social status of families
Using managerial institutes from sense of attachment of inhabitants in compliance with large number of residence in neighborhood and attracting partnership for enablement of neighborhood
Using unused lands of neighborhood for creating job opportunity in small workshops for women and girls of this neighborhood
Using free lands in neighborhood for constructing symbols and elements for neighborhood and total city of Karaj
Attracting investors for partnership in enablement of Islamabad neighborhood
Official recognition of Islamabad neighborhood as old neighborhood in Karaj that shall be completely enabled and all of its problems shall be solved
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