THE BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF INDUSTRY MARKET

(1)

D. Zukhba, PhD, MBA

Donetsk National Technical University, Donetsk

THE SPECIFICS OF THE VALUE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN THE INNOVATION ECONOMY

In the article there were identified peculiarities of the analysis methodology of innovation's value, which are adequate to the current state of the economic system and the level of development of science. There were proved that the peculiarities of the methodology are related with the use of evolutionary approach, taking into account the bifurcation process, synergies, depending on the path of development.

Keywords: ɿnnovation, cost, research methodology.

ɍȾɄ 339.13.017

Ⱥ. ɂɝɧɚɬɸɤ, ɞ-ɪɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰ. ɄɇɍɢɦɟɧɢɌɚɪɚɫɚɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨ, Ʉɢɟɜ

ǵǮǾǼǴǲǳǻǶǳ

Ƕ

ǾǮǵǰǶȀǶǳ

ȀǳǼǾǶǶ

ǼȀǾǮǿǹǳǰȉȃ

ǾȉǻǸǼǰ

ȼɫɬɚɬɶɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵɷɬɚɩɵɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɢɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɬɟɨɪɢɢɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɨɜɞɥɹɛɨɥɟɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ

-ɧɢɹɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯɰɟɥɟɣ, ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣɢɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣɟɟɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ, ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ "ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ-ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ-ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ", ɝɚɪɜɚɪɞɫɤɚɹ

ɲɤɨɥɚ, ɱɢɤɚɝɫɤɚɹɲɤɨɥɚ.

Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɏɏȱ ɫɬ. ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ, ɱɬɨ, ɨɞ-ɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-ɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɧɨ-ɝɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-ɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɟɣ, ɧɨ ɢ

ɱɚɫɬɵɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ,

ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ,

ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛ-ɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ

ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ

ɩɪɨ-ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɮɢɪɦ

ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ

ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ

ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɚɧɚɥɢɡɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢɛɟɪɟɬ

ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫ ɏɏ ɫɬ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ

ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ

-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ, ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ

ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢ-ɤɢɛɵɥɚɛɵɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɗɬɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɩɨ -ɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ "industrial organization", ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟ-ɜɨɞɨɦɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ "ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ", ɯɨɬɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ "ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ". ɏɨɬɹ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ-ɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ "ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ", "ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɬ-ɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ" ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ "ɨɪ-ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ".

Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ

ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɋ. Ⱥɜɞɚɲɟɜɚ, ȼ. Ȼɚɡɢ-ɥɟɜɢɱ, ɍ. Ȼɚɭɦɨɥɶ, Ⱦɠ. Ȼɟɣɧ, Ⱥ. ȼɭɪɨɫ, ȼ. ȼɢɫɤɭɡɢ, Ⱥ. Ⱦɢɤɫɢɬ, Ʌ. Ʉɚɛɪɚɥɶ, Ɋ. Ʉɟɣɜɡ, Ɋ. Ʉɨɭɡ, Ⱥ. Ʌɟɪɧɟɪ, Ⱦ. Ɇɨɪɪɢɫ, Ɇ. ɉɨɪɬɟɪ, ɇ. Ɋɨɡɚɧɨɜɚ, Ⱦɠ. Ɋɨɛɢɧɫɨɧ, Ⱦ. Ɋɨɫɫ, Ɇ. ɋɩɟɧɫ, Ⱦɠ. ɋɬɢɝɥɟɪ, ȼ. Ɍɪɟɬɹɤ, Ɉ. ɍɢɥɶɹɦ-ɫɨɧ, Ƚ. Ɏɢɥɸɤ, Ƚ. ɏɟɦɟɥ, Ⱦ. ɏɟɣ, Ʉ. ɏɢɬɟɪ, ɗ. ɑɟɦɛɟɪ-ɥɢɧ, Ⱥ. ɒɚɫɬɢɬɤɨ, Ɏ. ɒɟɪɟɪ, Ɋ. ɒɦɚɥɟɧɡɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ

ɮɭɧɤ-ɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ,

ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ

Ⱦ. ɏɟɹ ɢ Ⱦ. Ɇɨɪɪɢɫɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ [1]. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɞɚɧɧɵɣɚɧɚɥɢɡɟɫɬɶɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɦ.

ɐɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ

ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟ-ɧɢɹ ɢɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣɟɟɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ

ɦɟɡɨɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɩɨɜɟ

-ɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ

ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ

ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ

ɝɨɫɭ-ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ [2]. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ

ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɛɟɪɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ

ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨ-ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ. ȼ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ

ɪɚɡ-ɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ, ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨ

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.

ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɬ-ɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɩɨɥɢ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɚ XVIII – ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIX ɫɬ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ1. ɗɬɚɩɵɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɬɟɨɪɢɢɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɨɜ

ɗɬɚɩɵ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ

ȱ. ɄɨɧɟɰɏVȱȱȱ –

ɜɬɨɪɚɹɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚɏȱɏɫɬ.

Ɂɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɟɨɪɢɢɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɨɜɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɚɧɚ

-ɥɢɡɚɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ: ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɫɩɪɨɫɚ, ɩɪɟɞ

-ɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɥɢɝɨɩɨɥɢɢ. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɧɚɭɱɧɨ

-ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɨɫɧɨɜɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɩɪɢɪɨɞɵɮɢɪɦɵ.

Ⱥ. ɋɦɢɬ, ɉ. Ȼɭɚɝɢɥɶɛɟɪ,

Ʌ. ȼɚɥɶɪɚɫ, ȼ. ɉɚɪɟɬɨ, Ⱥ. Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɥ, Ⱥ. ɉɢɝɭ,

Ⱥ. Ʉɭɪɧɨ, ɀ. Ȼɟɪɬɪɚɧ

ȱȱ. Ʉɨɧɟɰɏȱɏ –

ɧɚɱɚɥɨɏɏɫɬ.

Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɞɜɭɯɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɨɜ: ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨ-ɞɟɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɢɷɦɩɢ

-ɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ.

Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨ-ɞɟɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ:

ȼ. Ⱦɠɟɜɨɧɫ, Ɏ. ɇɚɣɬ,

Ɏ.ɂ. ȿɞɠɭɨɪɬ, Ⱦɠ.Ȼ. Ʉɥɚɪɤ,

ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɧɚɩɪɜɥɟɧɢɟ:

Ⱥ. Ȼɟɪɥɢ, Ƚ. .Ɇɢɧɡ, ɉ. ɋɚɪɞɠɟɧɬɎɥɨɪɟɧɫ,

Ⱦɠ. Ⱥɥɥɟɧ, Ⱦ. ɉɢɯɧɨ,

ɉ. Ɏɨɦɢɧ, Ɇ. Ɍɭɝɚɧ-Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜɫɶɤɢɣ

ȱȱȱ. 20 – 70 ɝɝ. ɏɏɫɬ. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɞɜɭɯɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡ

-ɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɬɟɨɪɢɣɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɢɧɟɫɨɜɟɪ

-ɲɟɧɧɨɣɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ.

Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɟɨɪɢɢɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɨɜ, ɟɟɪɚɡɜɢ

-ɬɢɟɜɪɚɦɤɚɯɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɝɚɪ

-ɜɚɪɞɫɤɨɣ, ɱɢɤɚɝɫɤɨɣɲɤɨɥ.

ɉ. ɋɪɚɮɮɚ, ȿ. ɑɟɦɛɟɪɥɢɧ, Ⱦɠ. Ɋɨɛɢɧɫɨɧ,

Ⱥ. Ʌɟɪɧɟɪ, Ⱦɠ. Ȼɟɣɧ, ȿ. Ɇɟɣɫɨɧ, Ƚ. Ⱦɟɦɡɟɰ,

Ⱦɠ. ɋɬɢɝɥɟɪ, Ɋ. Ʉɨɭɡ, Ɉ. ɍɢɥɶɹɦɫɨɧ,

Ⱥ. ɏɚɪɛɟɪɝɟɪ, Ƀ. ɒɭɦɩɟɬɟɪ,

ȼ. Ɉɣɤɟɧ, Ⱦɠ. Ɇɚɤ-Ƚɢ

(2)

Ɂɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹɬɚɛɥ. 1

ɗɬɚɩɵ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ

ȱV. 70-ɵɟɝɝ. ɏɏɫɬ. –

ɏɏȱɫɬ.

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɟɨɪɢɢɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɨɜ:

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɮɢɪɦɵ, ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ,

ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɪɵɧɤɨɜ; ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ

ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ; ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɞɭɤ

-ɰɢɢ; ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɨɤɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ.

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɨɜ, ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢ

-ɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɢɨɥɢɝɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɣɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯɪɵɧɤɚɯɢɬ.ɞ.

Ɇ. ɋɩɟɧɫ, Ⱥ. Ⱦɢɤɫɢɬ,

ɍ.Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɭɦɨɥɶ, Ⱥ. ȼɨɥɢɧɫɤɢɣ,

Ɋ. ɒɦɚɥɟɧɡɢ, ɉ. Ɇɢɥɝɪɨɦ,

Ⱦɠ. Ɋɨɛɟɪɬɫ, Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɱɹɧ,

Ƚ.ɉ. Ɇɚɪɜɟɥ, Ɇ. ɍɨɬɟɪɫɨɧ,

Ɍ. Ʌɟɜɢɬɬ, ɉ. Ʉɪɭɝɦɚɧ, Ɇ. Ɇɟɥɢɰ

ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ

ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟɨɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ

ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚ-ɪɨɜ. Ȼɵɥɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧ-ɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ

ɷɮɮɟɤ-ɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢ-ɤɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɯ ɰɟɧ.

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɧɚ

ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥ

ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɜɨ

Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɉ. Ȼɭɚɝɢɥɶɛɟɪ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ

ɨɛɨɫɧɨ-ɜɚɥ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ Ⱥ. ɋɦɢɬ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ "ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ" [3]. Ʌ. ȼɚɥɶɪɚɫ

ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ

ɜɵ-ɞɜɢɧɭɥ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ ɩɪɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚ

-ɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ

ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫ-ɧɵɯ ɰɟɧ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ

ɬɟɨ-ɪɢɢ, ȼ. ɉɚɪɟɬɨɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ

ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɢ (ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦ ɉɚɪɟɬɨ),

ɭɬɜɟɪ-ɠɞɚɹ, ɱɬɨɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ

ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ

ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ȼ. ɉɚɪɟɬɨ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ Ʌ. ȼɚɥɶɪɚɫɚ, ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ

ɫɭɳɟɫɬ-ɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɪɵɧɤɨɜ.

Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ

ɨɬ-ɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɬɪɭɞɵ Ⱥ. Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɥɚ,

ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɧ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɨ-ɪɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ

ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ

ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ

ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ. ɇɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, Ⱥ. Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɥ

ɧɚ-ɱɚɥ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɧɨ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɡɨɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɨɬɪɚɫ-ɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ

ɪɵɧ-ɤɨɜ. Ⱥ. Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɥ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɥ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ "industrial organization", ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ

ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɮɢɪɦ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ.

ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɬ

-ɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ (ɤɨɧɟɰ XIX – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɏɏ ɫɬ.)

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɮɢɪɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɟ

-ɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ⱦɟɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ

ɧɚ-ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦɢɬɚɤɢɯɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɨɜ,

ɤɚɤ ȼ.ɋ. Ⱦɠɟɜɨɧɫ, Ɏ.ɂ. ɗɞɠɭɨɪɬ, Ⱦɠ.Ȼ. Ʉɥɚɪɤ, Ɏ. ɇɚɣɬ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɧɢ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɢ ɰɟɧɚɦ, ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɵ

-ɩɭɫɤɚ, ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ

ɪɟ-ɫɭɪɫɨɜɢɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ

ɩɪɚɤɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ

-ɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧ-ɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ

ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɪɦɵ

ɛɵɥɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ

ɦɨɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ, ɧɨ

ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬ-ɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɹɦ.

ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ

ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɮɢɪɦ,

ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨ-ɜɚɥɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɢ

ɮɢɪɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɥɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɦɩɢ-ɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚ-ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ Ⱥ. Ȼɟɪɥɢ, Ƚ.Ɇɢɧɡ, ɉ.

ɋɚɪɞ-ɠɟɧɬ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɫ, Ⱦɠ. Ⱥɥɥɟɧ, ɧɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ

ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɪɦ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɫ-ɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɞ-ɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ.

ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ

ɪɵɧ-ɤɨɜɜɷɬɨɬɠɟɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢ

-ɫɬɵ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XIX – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɏɏ ɜ. ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦɢ

ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶ

-ɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ

ɪɵɧ-ɤɨɜɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɚɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɥɚ ɜɧɢɦɚ

-ɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ Ⱦ.ɂ. ɉɢɯɧɨ [4],

Ɇ.ɂ. Ɍɭɝɚɧ-Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ [5], Ⱥ. Ɋɚɮɚɥɨɜɢɱɚ [6], ɋ.ɉ. Ɏɚɪɦɚɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ [7], ɇ.ɂ. ɇɚɡɚɪɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ [8], ɉ.ɂ. Ɏɨ-ɦɢɧɚ [9] ɢɞɪ. (ɛɨɥɟɟɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ [10]).

ɉɟɪɜɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɬɟɧ-ɞɟɧɰɢɣɧɚɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɚɯɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨɜɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, ɧɨ

ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ, ɫɬɚɥ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ

ɩɨ-ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ

Ⱦ.ɂ. ɉɢɯɧɨ. Ɉɧ ɩɢɫɚɥ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɪ-ɝɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɣ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢ-ɟɦ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɣ, ɤɚɪɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ, ɫɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɢ

ɬ.ɩ., ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ

ɜɵ-ɡɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭ-ɪɟ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ Ⱦ.ɂ. ɉɢɯɧɨ

ɡɚɧɢɦɚ-ɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɚɪɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ

ɨɥɢɝɨɩɨ-ɥɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥ ɧɚ: ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬ-ɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɰɟɧɵ; ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɱɤɢ, ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸ-ɳɢɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ [3, ɫ. 9-20].

ɍɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ

ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɮɢɪɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ

ɫɨɛɫɬ-ɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚ-ɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,

ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɪɬɟɥɢ, ɫɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɵ, ɬɪɟɫɬɵ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ Ɇ.ɂ. Ɍɭ-ɝɚɧ-Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ⱥ. Ɋɚɮɚɥɨɜɢɱ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɟ -ɩɟɧɶ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ

ɩɪɨ-ɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɯ

ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ

ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɮɢɪɦ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ

ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɢ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ

ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɪɵɧɤɚ.

Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɬ-ɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ (20-70 ɝɝ. ɏɏ ɫɬ.) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ

ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹɜɪɚɛɨɬɚɯɉ. ɋɪɚɮɮɵ. ȼ 1925 ɝɨɞɭɨɧɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥ

(3)

"ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ". ɇɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɩɪɢ -ɲɟɥ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɜ 1926 ɝ. ɫɬɚɬɶɢ "Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɷɮ-ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ" [11]. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ

ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ

ɫɬɚ-ɥɢɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɗ. ɑɟɦɛɟɪɥɢɧɚ "Ɍɟɨɪɢɹɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ" [12] ɢ Ⱦɠ. Ɋɨɛɢɧɫɨɧ "ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨ-ɪɢɹ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ" [13]. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɗ. ɑɟɦ-ɛɟɪɥɢɧɚ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ. Ȼɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɱɟɬɤɚɹ

ɤɥɚɫɫɢ-ɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ; ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ

ɦɟ-ɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ

ɪɟ-ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧ, ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɵ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ; ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɢ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ. ȿ.

ɑɟɦ-ɛɟɪɥɢɧ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɥɫɹ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ: ɤɚɤ

ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨ-ɜɚɬɶ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ

ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɧɨ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ

ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ

ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ

ɪɚɡ-ɜɢɬɢɟɬɟɨɪɢɢɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɨɜɜɞɜɭɯɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ,

ɩɟɪɜɨɟ – ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɥɢɝɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɩɨɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɹ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɮɢɪɦ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ 30-ɯ – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 40-ɯ ɝɝ. ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɪɭɞɵɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɨɜȽɚɪɜɚɪɞɫɤɨɝɨɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚɗ. Ɇɟɣ -ɫɨɧɚ ɢ Ⱦɠ. Ȼɟɣɧɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ

ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ɉɧɢ

ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ

ɨɬ-ɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ

ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ: ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ

ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɮɢɪɦɜɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯɢɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɜ

ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ

ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ.

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ

ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟ-ɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɝɚɪɜɚɪɞɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ

ɩɨɥɭɱɢ-ɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ

ɝɨɫɩɨɞ-ɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɨ 70-ɯ ɝɝ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɢ

ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɡɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ

ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵ-ɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ (ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ) ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ.

ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɱɢɤɚɝɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ

Ƚ. Ⱦɟɦɡɟɰ [14], Ⱦɠ. ɋɬɢɝɥɟɪ [15], Ɏ. ɇɚɣɬ [16] ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɤ-ɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɧɢ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢɰɟɧ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ.

Ɉɬɩɪɚɜ-ɧɨɣɬɨɱɤɨɣɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɛɵɥɢɧɟɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢ

-ɤɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ

ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɨɧ-ɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɟ

ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɥɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ

ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫ

-ɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ, ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɧɨɜɚɹɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɢɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɦɟɬɨɞɵ.

ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧ-ɤɨɜɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɫ 70-ɯɝɝ. Ɉɧɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ,

ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɢ

ɦɢɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɧɚ

ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. ɉɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ: ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ

ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬ-ɪɨɜ ɢɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɪɦ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ

-ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɟɠɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɪɚɜ-ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɟɪɟ-ɞɢɧɚ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɧɟɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ

ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ

ɪɟɝɭ-ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ.

ɇɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ

ɏɏ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɏɏI ɜ. ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ

ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɢɨ

-ɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ɍ. Ʌɟɜɢɬɬɚ "Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ" [17], ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɚɹɜ 1983 ɝ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɩɨɞɝɥɨ

-ɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɭɝɭɛɨ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ

ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ

ɩɪɨ-ɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɍ. Ʌɟɜɢɬɬ

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ

ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɌɇɄ, ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ

ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ

ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ

ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɫ-ɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɥɚɭɪɟɚɬɚ

ɇɨɛɟɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɦɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ 2008 ɝ.

ɉ. Ʉɪɭɝɦɚɧɚ [18]. ȿɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ

ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɫɨ

-ɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬ-ɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɢɪɦɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ ɫ ɨɥɢɝɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ "ɧɨɜɚɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ" [19]. ɇɨ

-ɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɢ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ

ɭɱɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢɨɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɢ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɤɨɧ

-ɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ

ɪɚɜ-ɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ

ɉ. Ʉɪɭɝɦɚɧɚ ɢ ȿ. ɏɟɥɩɦɚɧɚ "Ɋɵɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɦɟ-ɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ" (1985) [20]; ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɪɚɡɪɚ -ɛɨɬɤɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ

ɭɫɥɨ-ɜɢɹɯɨɥɢɝɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵɪɵɧɤɨɜɢɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢ

-ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɢɪɦɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ

ɩɪɟɞ-ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨɜɤɧɢɝɚɯ "ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɢ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ" (1986) ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɗ. ɏɟɥɩɦɚɧɨɦ "Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɚɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɢɫɬɪɭɤ -ɬɭɪɚ ɪɵɧɤɚ" (1989) [21].

Ⱦɨ 1990-ɯ ɝɝ. ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ

ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ. ȼ

ɞɚɥɶ-ɧɟɣɲɟɦ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɩɨ-ɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɨɪ-ɝɨɜɥɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ. ȼ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɉ. Ʉɪɭɝɦɚɧɚ

ɮɢɪɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨ

ɪɚɡɦɟ-ɪɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ

ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ

ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢ-ɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ

ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ, ɚ ɦɚɥɵɟ – ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɪɵɧɤɢ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɸ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ

ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɮɢɪɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣ-ɧɨɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɆ. Ɇɟɥɢɰ [22].

Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ

ɤɨɧ-ɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɮɢɪɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɧɚ

ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ

ɬɟɨɪɟ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤɢɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭ

-ɳɟɫɬɜ. ɇɨɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ

Ƚ. ɏɷɦɟɥɨɦ ɢ Ʉ. ɉɪɚɯɚɥɚɞɨɦ [23]. Ɉɧɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ

ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ,

ɫɥɢɜɚ-ɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ

-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨ-ɞɧɹɲɧɢɯ, ɚ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ. Ƚ. ɏɷɦɟɥ ɢ Ʉ. ɉɪɚɯɚɥɚɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ.

ȼɟɫɨɦɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɜɧɟ

-ɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɛɵɥɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ

(4)

ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ (Ⱦɠ. ɮɨɧ ɇɟɣɦɚɧ ɢ Ɉ. Ɇɨɪɝɟɧɲɬɟɪɧ); ɩɪɨ

-ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ,

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ-ɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ (Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɱɹɧ, Ƚ. Ⱦɟɦɡɟɰ); ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬ -ɜɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ-ɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ (Ɇ. Ɉɥɫɨɧ, Ƚ. Ȼɟɤɤɟɪ) [24]. ɉɨɤɚɡɚ -ɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ,

ɱɬɨ Ⱥ. ɍɢɥɶɹɦɫɨɧɭ ɜ 2009 ɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɠɞɟɧɚ ɇɨɛɟ -ɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɟɦɢɹ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɨɞɧɨɦɭ

ɢɡɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣɬɟɨɪɢɢɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɨɜ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧ-ɤɨɜɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɲɢɪɨɤɢɣɤɪɭɝɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ (ɪɢɫ.1).

Ɏɢɪɦɚɤɚɤɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ

ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɨɜ Ɋɵɧɨɱɧɚɹɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɪɵɧɤɨɜ

Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚɹɮɢɪɦɚ Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚɹɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ

Ɏɢɪɦɚɤɚɤɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɋɨɫɬɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɪɵɧɤɢ ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ_{ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ}ɬɟɨɪɢɹ

Ɏɢɪɦɚɤɚɤɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɫɞɟɥɨɤ Ɉɥɢɝɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ

ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ Ɍɟɨɪɢɹɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ

Ɏɢɪɦɚɤɚɤɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɰɟɥɟɣ

Ȼɚɪɶɟɪɵɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɧɚɪɵɧɤɢ ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɣɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚɹɚɧɚɥɢɡɬɟɨɪɢɹɤɚɤ Ɏɢɪɦɚɤɚɤ "ɱɟɪɧɵɣɹɳɢɤ"

Ɇɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ

Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɡɦɚ

ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ

Ɉɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɪɵɧɤɨɜ

ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ

Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɨɜ

ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ

ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɧɚ

ɨɬ-ɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ

ɷɜɨ-ɥɸɰɢɸ. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ

ɮɢɪɦɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɚɤ "ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɹɳɢɤ", ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ

ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ

ɤɚɤ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɮɢɪɦɵ

ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɟɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɞɪɭɝɭ, ɤɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɨɪɝɚ

-ɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɮɢɪɦɵ.

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨ

-ɪɢɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɮɢɪɦɭ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ

ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬɬɪɚɧɫɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ

ɬɪɚɧɫ-ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɪɦ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɪɵɧɨɱ

-ɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɩɭɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɮɢɪɦ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ

ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ

-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɰɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ

ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɪɵɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɟɟ

ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɯɢɳɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ

ɢɫ-ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɢɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɤɚɤɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.

ȼɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ

-ɧɨɲɟɧɢɣɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢɧɚ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢ

-ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɷɤɨ-ɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ

ɛɵɥ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɡɚɪɨɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɝɨɫɭ-ɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ

ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɢɪɦɚɦɢ. ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ

ɪɚɡ-ɜɢɬɢɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚɩɪɢ

-ɜɟɥɢɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ

-ɱɢɧ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ,

ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨ-ɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ,

ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɪɦ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɭ.

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɟ

ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ

ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɥɢɝɨɩɨɥɢɢ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧ-ɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɟ (ɀ. Ƚɚɛɠɟɜɢɱ, ɀ.-Ɏ Ɍɢɫɫ, Ɋ.ɒɦɚɥɟɧɡɢ, ɉ. Ɇɢɥɝɪɚɦ, Ⱦɠ. Ɋɨɛɟɪɬc, ɞɪ.); ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ

ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ

ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɥɢɝɨ

-ɩɨɥɢɢ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ Ⱥ. Ʉɭɪɧɨ ɢ Ⱦɠ. Ȼɟɪɬɪɚɧɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢɝɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ Ⱦɠ. ɇɟɣɦɚɧɨɦ

ɢ Ɉ. Ɇɨɪɝɟɧɲɬɟɪɧɨɦ; ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ

ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɢɪɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɢ (Ɇ. ɋɩɟɧɫ,

Ⱥ. Ⱦɢɤɫɢɬ, Ⱦ. Ʉɪɟɩɟ ɢ Ɋ.ɍɢɥɫɨɧ, Ⱥ. ȼɨɥɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ.). ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɏɏ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɏɏI ɜ. ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢɧɚ

ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɚɯ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɯɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ -ɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.

Ɍɪɟɬɶɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ

ɨɬɪɚɫ-ɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ –

ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭ-ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɰɟɥɢ, ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ

ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ

ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ "ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɵɧɤɚ" ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ

ɷɤɨɧɨ-ɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. Ɋɟɱɶ ɲɥɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨ

ɪɟɝɭɥɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ

ɪɵɧ-ɤɨɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɢ.

ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɢɞɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ

ɝɨ-ɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ,

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɷɬɚɩɚ [25, ɫ. 395-417]. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɥɟ-ɠɚɬ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ "ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɵɧɤɚ". Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ

ɫɧɚ-ɱɚɥɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ

ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (public interest theory), ɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ –

(5)

(normative analysis as a positive theory). Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬ-ɪɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ

ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɩɪɚ

-ɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɰɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚ -ɰɢɢ). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɷɬɨɣɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢɪɵɧɨɤɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɸ, ɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɬ-ɪɚɫɥɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ "ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɟ" ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟ-ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ

ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɢɪɦ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢɥɢ ɤ

ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɰɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ

ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ. ɉɭɬɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢ-ɚɥ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɹɜ-ɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.

ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɥɢ ɇɉɌ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ – ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ (Ɍɋ)

(capture theory). ȼɟɟɨɫɧɨɜɭɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚɢɞɟɹɨɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɨɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɮɚɤ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ,

ɪɟɝɭɥɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɚ

ɧɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.

Ⱦɠ. ɋɬɢɝɥɟɪɨɦɜɫɬɚɬɶɟ "Ɍɟɨɪɢɹɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɪɟ -ɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ" (1971 ɝ.) ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɪɟɝɭ -ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ-ɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɢ

ɨɩ-ɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ

ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ [26]. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ȿɌɊ) (economic theory of

regulation) ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ

ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩ

-ɩɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨ

-ɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ

ɫɜɨɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ

ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ

ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ, ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɹ ɝɨɫɭ-ɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.

ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɤɨ

-ɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ Ƚ. Ȼɟɤ -ɤɟɪɚ [27], ɝɞɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟ-ɧɢɸ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɫɢɥ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. Ƚ. Ȼɟɤɤɟɪ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɢ / ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɪɟɝɭ-ɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ "ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɡɜɟ-ɧɨɦ" ɞɥɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ƚ.

Ȼɟɤ-ɤɟɪɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹɫɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ

ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɫɚɦɵɯɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ

ɝɪɭɩɩ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɤɚɤ

ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ

ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɜ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ (ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ [25, ɫ.409]). ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ-ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ

ɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɫɥɟɞ

-ɫɬɜɢɟɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɬɨɨɛɴɟɦɪɟɝɭɥɹ -ɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧ-ɤɨɜ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵ-ɪɟ ɷɬɚɩɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨ-ɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦɭ

ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ

ɪɵɧɤɨɜɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɲɢɪɨɤɢɣɤɪɭɝɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ

ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ:

ɮɢɪɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ; ɪɵɧɨɱɧɚɹ

ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ; ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟ-ɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɯ ɪɵɧ-ɤɨɜ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ,

ɮɢɪ-ɦɵ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨ-ɦɢɤɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,

ɩɨ-ɫɬɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɟ

ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣɦɟɠɞɭɮɢɪɦɚɦɢɧɚɦɟɠɞɭɧɚ

-ɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢ

-ɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɦɟ-ɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ-ɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɬɢɦɭ-ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɪɦ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ

ɞɚɧɧɵ-ɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɯ

ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧ-ɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ.

ɋɩɢɫɨɤɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵɯɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ

1. ɏɷɣȾ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ: ȼ 2 ɬ. / ɉɟɪ. ɫɚɧɝɥ.

ɩɨɞɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ƚ.ɋɥɭɰɤɨɝɨ / Ⱦ. ɏɷɣ, Ⱦ. Ɇɨɪɪɢɫ. – Ɍ.1. – ɋɉɛ.: ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ

ɲɤɨɥɚ, 1999. – 384 ɫ.

2. ȱɝɧɚɬɸɤȺ.ȱ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿɹɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɢɯ

ɪɢɧɤɿɜ / Ⱥ.ȱ. ȱɝɧɚɬɸɤ // ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɚɬɟɨɪɿɹ. í 2009. íʋ 3. íɋ. 60í74. 3. ɋɦɢɬȺ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɨɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɢɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɯɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ / ɋɦɢɬȺ.; [ɩɟɪ. ɫɚɧɝɥ. ȼ.ɋ.Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ]. – Ɇ.: ɗɤɫɦɨ,2007. – 957 ɫ.

4. ɉɢɯɧɨȾ.ɂ. Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟɫɬɚɱɤɢ / Ⱦ.ɂ. ɉɢɯɧɨ. – Ʉ.,

1885. – 100 ɫ.

5. Ɍɭɝɚɧ-ȻɚɪɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣɆ.ɂ. Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɜɩɪɨɲɥɨɦɢɧɚɫɬɨɹ

-ɳɟɦ: ɂɫɬ.-ɷɤɨɧ. ɢɫɫɥɟɞ. / Ɇ.ɂ. Ɍɭɝɚɧ-Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ. – Ɍ.1: ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ

ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣɮɚɛɪɢɤɢɜɏȱɏɜɟɤɟ / Ɇ.ɂ. Ɍɭɝɚɧ-Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ. – ɋɉɛ.,

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6. ɊɚɮɚɥɨɜɢɱȺ. ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟɫɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɵɡɚɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣɢɜɊɨɫ

-ɫɢɢ. ɂɯɽɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ / Ⱥ. Ɋɚɮɚɥɨɜɢɱ. – ɋɉɛ.:

ɌɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɆ.Ɇ. ɋɬɚɫɸɥɟɜɢɱɚ, 1904. – 67 ɫ.

7. Ɏɚɪɦɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣɋ.ɉ. ɋɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɫɤɢɟɷɬɸɞɵ / ɋ.ɉ. Ɏɚɪɦɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ. –

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8. ɇɚɡɚɪɟɜɫɤɢɣ Ɇ.ɂ. Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɩɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ

-ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ: ɫɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɵ, ɬɪɟɫɬɵɢɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ

ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ / Ɇ.ɂ. ɇɚɡɚɪɟɜɫɤɢɣ. – Ɇ.: [ɛ. ɢ.]. Ɍ. 1, ɑ. 1: Ɉɱɟɪɤɢɩɨɢɫɬɨ

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ɂɡ-ɜɨ "ɋɨɸɡ" ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɝɨɫɨɸɡɚɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ, 1919. – 110 ɫ.

10. Ɏɟɳɟɧɤɨȼ. Ɇ. Ⱦɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɬɚɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ

ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɜɩɪɚɰɹɯ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɫɬɿɜɍɤɪɚʀɧɢɞɪɭɝɨʀɩɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɏȱɏ – ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭɏɏɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɹ: [ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɿɹ] [ɬɟɤɫɬ]. – Ʉ.: Ʉɇȿɍ, 2003. – 187 ɫ.

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12. ɑɟɦɛɟɪɥɢɧɗ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ: Ɋɟɨɪɢ

-ɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɬɟɨɪɢɢɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬ / ɗ. ɑɟɦɛɟɪɥɢɧ; [ɩɟɪ. ɫɚɧɝɥ. ɗ.Ƚ. Ʌɟɣɤɢɧɚ,

Ʌ.ə. Ɋɨɡɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ; ɉɨɞɪɟɞ. [ɢɫɜɫɬɭɩ. ɫɬ., ɋ. 5-28] Ɉ.ə. Ɉɥɶɫɟɜɢɱɚ]. – Ɇ.:

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13. Ɋɨɛɢɧɫɨɧ Ⱦ.ȼ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭ

-ɪɟɧɰɢɢ / Ⱦɠ. Ɋɨɛɢɧɫɨɧ; ȼɫɬɭɩ. ɫɬ. ɢɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. ɂ. Ɇ. Ɉɫɚɞɱɟɣ. – Ɇ.:

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Ⱥ. ȱɝɧɚɬɸɤ, ɞ-ɪɟɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰ.

ɄɇɍɿɦɟɧɿɌɚɪɚɫɚɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɚ, Ʉɢʀɜ

ɁȺɊɈȾɀȿɇɇəɌȺɊɈɁȼɂɌɈɄɌȿɈɊȱȲȽȺɅɍɁȿȼɂɏɊɂɇɄȱȼ

ɍɫɬɚɬɬɿɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿɟɬɚɩɢɡɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹɬɚɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭɬɟɨɪɿʀɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɢɯɪɢɧɤɿɜɡɦɟɬɨɸɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɜɧɨɝɨɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹɳɨɞɨʀʀɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɰɿɥɟɣ, ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶɬɚɧɚɩɪɹɦɿɜɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ.

Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɿɫɥɨɜɚ: ɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɿɪɢɧɤɢ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿɹ, ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ "ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ-ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɚ-ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ", ɝɚɪɜɚɪɞɫɶɤɚɲɤɨɥɚ, ɱɢɤɚɡɶɤɚɲɤɨɥɚ.

Ⱥ. Ignatyuk, Doctor of Sciences (Economics) Taras Shevchenko Natoinal University of Kyiv, Kyiv

THE BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF INDUSTRY MARKET

In this article the stages of the birth and development of the industry markets theory were defined in order to have a full picture of its current goals, objectives and areas of study.

Keywords: industry markets, competition, paradigm "Structure – Conduct – Performance approach" SCP, Harvard School of Economics, Chi-cago School of Economics.

ɍȾɄ 330.341:330.837

Ɉ. Ʉɚɬɢɝɪɨɛɨɜɚ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɟɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɚɫɢɫɬ. ɄɇɍɿɦɟɧɿɌɚɪɚɫɚɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɚ, Ʉɢʀɜ

ǾǼǵǰǶȀǼǸ

ȀǳǼǾǥǦ

ǥǻǻǼǰǮȄǥǷ

ǰ

ǸǼǻȀǳǸǿȀǥ

ǥǻǿȀǶȀȁȄǥǼǻǮǹǥǵǺȁ

ɍɫɬɚɬɬɿɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶɬɟɨɪɿʀɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ, ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɨɧɚɩɪɹɦɢʀʀɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɨɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿɟɜɨ

-ɥɸɰɿʀɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɨʀɬɟɨɪɿʀɜɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɿɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦɭɬɚɪɨɡɤɪɢɬɨʀʀɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɜɩɨɫɬɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɚɥɶɧɿɣɬɟɨɪɿʀ.

Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɿɫɥɨɜɚ: ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿʀ, ɬɟɨɪɿɹɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ, ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɢɣɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦ, ɧɟɨɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦ, ɧɚɭɤɚ,

ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɡɧɚɧɧɹ, ɬɟɨɪɿɹɩɨɫɬɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ.

ȱɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɢɣɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɞɨɫɹɝɚɽɬɶɫɹɬɚɜɢ -ɦɿɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɿɫɬɸ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɢɯɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ, ɭɩɟɪɲɭɱɟɪɝɭ, ɭɧɚɭ -ɤɨɦɿɫɬɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɹɯ, ɳɨ ɽ ɡɚɪɨɞ-ɤɨɦɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɭ. Ɋɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɿɫɬɶɧɚɭɤɢ, ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɧɢɯ ɿ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɧɨɜɿ-ɬɧɿɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɫɬɿɣɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ. ȼ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɿ ɞɨɫɿ ɬɪɢɜɚɽ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɽ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɡɚɫɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ. ɋɬɚɧɨ-ɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɮɨɪ-ɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ. Ɉɫɤɿ-ɥɶɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣ ɜ ɠɢɬɬɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɽ, ɬɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɬɟɨɪɿɹ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ ɜɢɪɿɲɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɦɿ-ɪɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞ ɜɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦɭ. ɉɨɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿʀ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɡɭɦɨ-ɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɸ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɿɜ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɜ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ. ȱɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɪɢ-ɬɟɪɿʀ ɛɚɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ-ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɬɿɽʀ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɧɚɫɥɿɞɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣ, ɿɞɟɣ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ-ɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɰɿɧɧɿɫɧɢɯ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɶ.

əɤɹɤɿɫɧɨɧɨɜɢɣɧɚɩɪɹɦɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀɞɭɦɤɢɿɧ

-ɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦ ɭɜɿɛɪɚɜ ɭ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɿ

ɿɞɟɣɧɨ-ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿɬɚɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯɲɤɿɥ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ. Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɝɭɸɱɢɫɶ ɜɿɞ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ

ɫɢɥ, ɧɟɨɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɧɟ ɡɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚɬɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɹɜɢɳɭ ɩɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɪɿɜɧɨɦɿɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱ-ɧɨɝɨɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭɪɿɡɧɢɯɤɪɚʀɧɫɜɿɬɭɜɭɦɨɜɚɯ, ɤɨɥɢɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ – ɧɚɭɤɨɜɿ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ – ɽɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɦɢ. Ɋɚɡɨɦɡɬɢɦ, ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɟɮɟɤɬɢ -ɜɧɢɯ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɿɜ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɩɟɪɟɞɭɫɿɦ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɨʀ ɫɢɫ-ɬɟɦɢɩɪɚɜɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɿɞɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɨɸɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿɽɸɦɿɠ ɬɨ

-ɜɚɪɨɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɽ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɨɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɭɦɨɜɨɸ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ

ɧɟɨɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɨʀɦɨɞɟɥɿɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ.

Ⱦɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɸ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ ɭ ɪɿ-ɡɧɿ ɱɚɫɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɹɱɟɧɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɶ ɿ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɿɜ, ɨɛ'ɽɞɧɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɬɟɨɪɿɸ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ. ɍ ɪɨɛɨɬɚɯ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɱɟɧɢɯ ɘ.Ȼɚɠɚɥɚ, ȼ.Ƚɟɣɰɹ, ȼ.ɋɢɡɨɧɟɧɤɚ, ɉ. ɋɨɥɨɦ'ɹ-ɧɸɤɚ, Ʌ.Ɏɟɞɭɥɨɜɨʀ, ȱ.ɒɨɜɤɭɧ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɿɜ

ɜɢɫɜɿɬ-ɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɟɬɚɩɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ. Ⱦɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ, ɳɨ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɹɤɿ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ

ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿʀ ɹɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɢɯ

ɞɠɟɪɟɥ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɡɚɜɬɪɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟ-ɤɨɧɥɢɜɿɲɿ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɿ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ, ɩɪɨ -ɦɢɫɥɨɜɨʀ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɫɿʀ ɧɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɚɪɟɧɿ ɬɚ ɡɧɚɱ-ɧɨ ɩɨɫɢɥɹɬɶ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɿ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ.

Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ

ɿɧ-ɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɦɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɫɬɚɦɢ.

ɐɢɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɩɪɢɫɜɹɱɟɧɿ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɿ ɩɪɚɰɿ ȼ. Ȼɚɡɢɥɟ-ɜɢɱɚ, Ɍ.Ƚɚɣɞɚɣ, Ⱥ.Ɇɚɫɥɨɜɚ, ȼ.Ɉɫɟɰɶɤɨɝɨ, Ⱥ.ɑɭɯɧɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍɜɚɝɭ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɿɜ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɿ ɿɧɫɬɢ-ɬɭɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ʀʀ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ, ɞɢɫɤɭɬɭ-ɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧ-ɬɿɜ ʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɧɨʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɟɮɟɤ-ɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɬɨɦɭ ɿ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɭ ɡɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɭɦɤɢ ɜ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿɣ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ.

Ɇɟɬɨɸ ɫɬɚɬɬɿ ɽ ɭɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɿɜ ɳɨ-ɞɨ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɿ

ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀʀ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɚɞ ɜ

ɩɨɫɬɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ.

Ɍɟɨɪɿɹɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ – ɰɟɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶɡɧɚɧɶɩɪɨɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɭ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɩɿɞ-ɯɨɞɢ ɞɨɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɨʀɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɿɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ʀʀ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɶ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɿɬɟɯɧɿɤɢɭɧɨɜɢɣɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ, ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɪɿɡɧɨɝɨɯɚ -ɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɧɚ ɜɫɿɯ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ.

ɇɚɦɢɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨɫɟɪɟɞɭɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɸɸɱɢɯɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀɜ

ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɧɨ ʀʀ ɯɚ-ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɹɤ: ɨɛ'ɽɤɬ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɩɨ -ɪɹɞɨɤ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɹɜɢ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ ɬɚ ʀɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ

ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɭ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ

ɩɟɪɟɥɿɱɟɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ, ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɽɦɨ ɲɿɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹ-ɦɿɜ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ: ɜɢɩɚɞɤɨɜɿ "ɞɨɲɭɦɩɟɬɟɪɨɜɫɶɤɿ" ɬɟɨ-ɪɿʀ, ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɿ ɬɟɨɬɟɨ-ɪɿʀ, ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɬɟɨɪɿʀ

ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɿɜ, ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ,

ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ (ɬɚɛɥ.1).