Vol-7, Special Issue3-April, 2016, pp345-351 http://www.bipublication.com
Research Article
Reorganization plan in the maintenance and sustainability of forests and
natural resources (the Jafroud, Guilan)
1
Nabiollah Ashoori Vanghah, 1Iraj Hasanzadeh Navroudi
and 2Kambiz Taheri Abkenari
1
M.A of Natural Resources and Watershed of Guilan
2
Faculty member of Natural Resources University of Guilan University
ABSTRACT
The main problem in northern forests is related to socio-economic issues of forest villages. Guilan forests that is an important part of northern forests is a field of livestock and ranchers and numerous and scattered foresters that are living in very simple and traditional style. With the present of livestock and forest dwellers farmer the principles of continuous production and the survival or regeneration of forest is at risk and serious destruction in the province. The study area called the Series 7 (Ourma) is located in the Jafroud Watershed of Rezvanshahr (West Guilan). The series known as the series Nesaeyeh is bond from the north to series 17, from the south to the Jafroud River, at the West with the valley Lily and in the East with Village Roudbarsara. Series 7 Jafroud in terms of jurisdiction is under the control of Department of Natural Resources at Rezvanshahr and supervision of Shafaroud plans. The total area of Series 7 Jafroud is 1569 hectares. Related research was carried out in a systematic random sample design. For this purpose, out of the 31 villages of the studied area, 18 villages were randomly selected both in organized and not organized levels. Bifurcation rate less than the height 1.30 in not-organized sector is more than the not-organized area. By distancing from the villages' centers the amount bifurcation is reducing, but bifurcation higher than 1.30 has no particular order. Percentage of non- regeneration and bad and undesirable in not-organized sector is much higher than the other. Meanwhile, by distancing from the center village of both areas the amount of non-regeneration and undesirable regeneration is reduced. The more canopy of organized area is semi-massive and massive, but other canopy is thinning. This situation shows that organized area series 7 has found a good opportunity for healing canopy and organization could have a positive impact on forest canopy density. Its reasons are elimination of some factors including prune, crown cutting, girdling and traditionaluncontrolled exploitation.
Keywords: Organizing, Preserve forests and natural resources, Guilan
INTRODUCTION
Each forest survival depends on the success and health of its regeneration. Factors or solutions that ensure this critical phenomenon in natural areas will be an interesting subject. Reorganization plan that enforced as one of the five basic plans of respective organizations in four areas of the northern forests of Guilan, Noshahr, Golestan and Sari has surprisingly capable and reflections that in addition to development of national ownership of resources, strengthen the protection of forests and prevent forest degradation can play
was studied on ecological restoration of natural forests of Caledonian, Scotland evaluated positive and successful the possible growth of plants, especially trees seed seedling away from livestock and forest dwellers farmer.
Office of the World Conservation Republic of Vietnam (1994) studied the contrary of the presence of livestock susceptible to the forest regeneration phenomenon as a social problem in coastal Bank shall Vietnam. Dr. Mohammad Taher Nezami and Mr. Reza Saleh (2001) believe that unfortunate consequence of traditional and indiscriminate exploitation of forest dwellers farmer destroyed natural resources capital and poverty of forest regeneration. Therefore, the implementation of the reorganization plan for the protection and conservation of forest regeneration is the only way to save forests. Dr. Shamekhi (1991) considered the reorganization plan as the best way to save forest regeneration and release it. Dr. Shaeri (2000) takes into account the people's participation in the cooperation with this plan as the basic requirements.
In the initial instructions and reforms instructions of reorganization plan of the Technical Office of Forests, Rangeland and Watershed Management (1993-2003) remembered the integration of scattered households' forest dwellers and livestock out of the woods with the goal of liberalization and promotion of qualitative and quantitative northern forests that to be enforced in accordance with the realities of forest dwellers life in the form of a particular model based on legal norms. According to Mr. Naser Qoli Safari, this project aims to save the forest from the factors that are preventing forest regeneration as well as providing facilities for the stop and prevent further damage.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Location, extent and general condition of the research area
The study area called the Series 7 (Ourma) is located in the watershed of Jafroud of Rezvanshahr (West Gilan). The series known as the series Nesaeyeh is bond from the north to
series 17, from the south to the Jafroud River, at the West with the valley Lily and in the East with Village Roudbarsara. Series 7 Jafroud in terms of jurisdiction is under the control of Department of Natural Resources at Rezvanshahr and supervision of Shafaroud plans. The total area Jafroud series 7 is 1569 ha; from this amount 1394.66 hectares of the series (about 89%) constitute the workable forest areas. The series is divided into 29 compartments that are located in the local situation of different village. The number of villages scattered in the series is 31 villages. Road 200 is one of the main roads into the area were from the East and after passing total series connects the villages and the central compartment to each other.
interference and forest landscapes changed in the effect of these interventions and empty spaces and housing in most areas allocated significant levels and forest become as half-destroyed since the area is considered as winter resorts for foresters and ranchers. Series various types in order of frequency are: Mixed hardwood, Hornbeam ironwood, hornbeam date plum, mix hornbeam and Hornbeam oak. Some of the famous trees and shrubs include: Hornbeam, iron wood, maple, alder, date plum, ash, linden, oak, elm, boxwood, wild cherry, beech, Siberian elm, hackberry, cradles, bastard tamarind, Caucasian walnut, willow, mulberry, fig, apple, pear, Persian walnut, pine, medlar, wild tomato, holly, cherry-laurel, blueberries, service tree, pomegranate and golden apple.
Research Methodology
After library study, the research forest area and its range were identified by the help of local guide and using forestry and topographic maps and forest circulation or field activities had been began until the relevant research carried out in a systematic random sample design. For this purpose, among the area of 31 villages, a total of 18 villages were randomly divided equally into two organized and not organized levels. The main directions performed by the azimuth relative to magnetic north at the beginning of the middle line of every village from the north to the south on the ground and then went around the villages. In fact, per 80 m on main lines and separate subdirectories for each 720 m, a sampled plot was measured. So, each plot in a circular pattern with dimensions of 100m2 representing 5.5 hectares and the inventory intensity was approximately 2%. Statistical profile, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the regeneration elements such as the number of seedlings, plant health, the type and number of species, plant height, diameter at breast height diameter in three diameter classes and one height classes along with the percentage of forest canopy, the height of slop of the areas above sea level were measured and recorded. One completion task of inventory was removing navigation paths, local
relief, forest type, openness, and agricultural lands, herbaceous characteristic and forest special effects which were used to describe. Finally, with regard to quantitative and qualitative guidelines and quantitative and qualitative criteria, regeneration basis in different diameter classes or different vegetative stages including "shell" with a diameter at breast height (0 to 2.5 cm), "mole", with a basis with diameter (2.5 to7.5 cm), "tip" with a diameter at height (7.5 to12.5 cm) with a height classes (seedlings with heights of less than 1.30 meters) called seedlings in terms of species and number per hectare, quantity and quality situation, percentage and degree of regeneration, forest canopy density, plant health, areas conditions in terms of slope, geographical directions and regional divisions were evaluated.
RESULTS
in these forests little forage to feed livestock is available, inevitably, animal feeding will be from stripling seedlings that are the main guarantor of forest revitalization as well as shoot. This behavior makes the most elite species such as linden, elm, maple, ash, oak and alder around resorts places are extremely bad form or be destroyed. Statistics show that more than 40% of the basic fodder and destruction revitalization of northern Guilan is related to livestock and dairy farmers, as 32.2 percent of the forest seedlings degradation and writing attributed to Shafaroud Company. In the series 7 Jafroud both the feeding and the destruction of seedlings is 20.6 percent to the total area of the relevant areas. Since the area of research, particularly because of the heights overlooking the coastal plain, a fairly uniform regime governing the seasonal rainfall and provide enough water all year round forest cover, more quickly succeeded in implementing reforestation projects can obtained with the elimination of local damage. In addition, if the forest is sparse and destroyed for any reason, in terms of precipitation volume of 80 to 160 mm in 24 hours, flooding potential in the basin rises sharply and creates destructive floods. General landscape of the forests regions, before implementation of the reorganization plan in the effect of limitless and excessive use of forest animal and animal husbandry modified in such a way that the open spaces, residential areas, agricultural lands and, colonial orchards allocated significant levels and almost half the forest had been destroyed. But after implementing the plan, currently given to considerable repair of cover districts in different organized regions and reduce the human population and livestock in different parts of the series have been met with the hopeful increasing quantitative and qualitative on the reconstruction and regeneration of forest. In fact, we can say that organization plan of forest animals and gathering of forest dwellers households as a protection, rehabilitation and development strategy aiming to free up the village and upgrade the quality and quantity of natural resources enter into
this species away from the village centers is declining. Trends of species date plum, hornbeam and ironwood that the majority in abundance in both regions, by distance from the
village centers is declining. The results indicate that these species in future away from the livestock and forest dwellers farmer will reduce.
Table1: the regeneration in terms of vegetation in organized village
Diameter at breast height (cm)
Less than height
1m and 30 cm 0.-2.5cm 2.5-7.5cm 7.5-12.5cm Total Diameter
Vegetation stage seedling Shell spot Tip Total
No/ha 1213 1492 738 203 3646
% 33.3 40.9 20.2 5.6 100
Table2: the regeneration in terms of vegetation in no-organized village
Diameter at breast height (cm)
Less than height
1m and 30 cm 0.-2.5cm 2.5-7.5cm 7.5-12.5cm
Total Diameter
Vegetation stage seedling Shell spot Tip Total
No/ha 744 468 288 87 1587
% 46.9 29.4 18.2 5.5 100
Table3. Regeneration statistical parameters on the basis of vegetation stages
with degrees of freedom df = (18-1) 17
Parameter Region SDs
Sx Wrong of criteria
Sx Error
E percentage
error E% considerations
organized 6.09
2.06 3.14
8.60 Acceptable
no-organized 2.03
0.68 1.57
9.88 Acceptable
Based on the instructions of Forest Technical Office, Forest regeneration was divided into four vegetation stage, seedling, shell, spot and tip. According to Table 1 and 2, total frequency of regeneration base in different vegetation stage of organized and no-organized section is 3646 and1587 trees, respectively. The studied area regeneration structure in different stage, from seedlings to tip in no-organized area is decreasing. But in organized area, at first is increasing in the shell and then is decreasing. The rate of shell in the organized area is 41% but in the no-organized area is 29.4%. The ceiling of seedlings, spot and tip in the organized area is 33.3%, 20.2% and 5.6%, respectively. But in the no-organized area is 46.9%, 18.2% and 5.5%, respectively.
The results of X test or chi-square tests and t-student test to measure significant of differences in vegetation stage of regeneration in these two areas is as follows: 5.185T=95.85X= Since the K and t calculated at a 99% probability is larger than K and t table, there is significant differences or logical relationship between the two communities of organized and no-organized area in the number in vegetative stage. This means that seedlings vegetation stage is a function of regulating forest area. To study the quantitative and qualitative changes of regeneration by distancing from the center of the village area, plot located in the center of villages called middle row plots and plots of the first row in two directions of right and left close to the center of villages considered as first row plots, as well as the second row plot and third row plot from two mentioned side called second and third row plot.
Table4: The regeneration in terms of vegetation in the middle row of organized village
Diameter at breast height
(cm)
Less than height 1m and
30 cm
0.-2.5cm 2.5-7.5cm 7.5-12.5cm Total
Diameter
Vegetation
stage seedling Shell spot Tip
Total
No/ha 433 844 178 100 1555
Table5: The regeneration in terms of vegetation in the middle row of no-organized village
Diameter at breast height
(cm)
Less than height 1m and
30 cm
0.-2.5cm 2.5-7.5cm 7.5-12.5cm Total
Diameter
Vegetation
stage seedling Shell spot Tip
Total
No/ha 411 189 66 44 710
% 57.1 26.5 9.4 6.3 100
Table6: The regeneration in terms of vegetation in the first row of organized village
Diameter at breast height
(cm)
Less than height 1m and
30 cm 0.-2.5cm 2.5-7.5cm 7.5-12.5cm
Total Diameter
Vegetation
stage seedling Shell spot Tip
Total
No/ha 977 1111 518 100 2706
% 36.1 41.1 19.1 3.7 100
Table7: The regeneration in terms of vegetation in the first row of no-organized village
Diameter at breast height
(cm)
Less than height 1m and
30 cm
0.-2.5cm 2.5-7.5cm 7.5-12.5cm Total
Diameter
Vegetation
stage seedling Shell spot Tip
Total
No/ha 661 455 228 55 1399
% 47.2 32.5 16.3 4 100
Table8: The regeneration in terms of vegetation in the second row of organized village
Diameter at breast height
(cm)
Less than height 1m and
30 cm
0.-2.5cm 2.5-7.5cm 7.5-12.5cm Total
Diameter
Vegetation
stage seedling Shell spot Tip
Total
No/ha 1053 1541 905 194 3693
% 28.5 41.7 24.5 5.3 100
Table9: The regeneration in terms of vegetation in the second row of no-organized village
Diameter at breast height
(cm)
Less than height 1m and
30 cm
0.-2.5cm 2.5-7.5cm 7.5-12.5cm Total
Diameter
Vegetation
stage seedling Shell spot Tip
Total
No/ha 753 400 182 105 1440
% 52.2 27.8 12.7 7.3 100
Table10: The regeneration in terms of vegetation in the third row of organized village
Diameter at breast height
(cm)
Less than height 1m and
30 cm
0.-2.5cm 2.5-7.5cm 7.5-12.5cm Total
Diameter
Vegetation
stage seedling Shell spot Tip
Total
No/ha 1356 1819 825 287 4287
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Forest regeneration released from livestock and forest dwellers farmer should be primarily began with quick and bump afforestation of resorts and villages evacuated and other exceptions and their possessions to bring natural regeneration and serious and legitimacy avoiding from reestablish of villages or animal homes without entering livestock and the year's cultivation areas also be noted. It is necessary that after implementation of the reorganization plan, the natural resources units in the city and subsidiary stations and monitoring plans must prevented from login cattle ranchers and camp into the released forest in spring and autumn travel season and also overcome the problem of neighboring villages breach animals to become stronger the impact of plan on forest regeneration. In order to ensure good seeds and seedlings from native tree seeds with good quality, can be used appropriate regional elite species. In species selection, seedlings compatibility factors with environment must be considered. And the establishment of plantations must be avoided with unknown species. Among the hardwood forest area comprising basic types, maple, ash, oak, linden, wild cherry and from conifers, forest pine with very low percentage (about 5%) around the critical points near the resorts are more appropriate. Of course, the development of alder and hornbeam from natural regeneration sites provided.
It is better to cover the surrounding beech trees and the planting place for oak on the low slope edge and shades that have soil with heavy texture and other species in the middle of villages and valleys margin where the moisture content is high is determine. In addition, try to initially moved pine in higher elevations of 200 meters. Unfortunately, this mistake was repeated in the past in the widespread levels and sometimes still ongoing. So that sometimes it comes to altitude above LOWLAND and MIDLAND. And in some cases sow in higher than 2000 meters (if different from 200 and 2000). In any case, experts and the custodians of natural resources believe that to save the forest, especially in terms of forest regeneration of the province, the reorganization plan must be implemented serious and pervasive to be successful breeding and protection of natural resources management. This universal fact should not be overlooked that today, most of woodlands, shrub lands and shrublands
compared with the day that livestock had not entered the field suffered from ill-health, production defect and low efficiency. But always out of reach of grazing, it is possible that plants, especially seed seedling trees flourish in more fresh perspectives, until we will faced with the improvement of our own nature in our vision of a bright future. And say what the difference is manifest in the natural resources freed of the social problems of livestock and farmer.
REFERENCES
1. Department of Natural Resources Guilan Province, (1978), the proposed regularization of livestock from the forests, forest dwellers and concentration of dispersed families in Guilan province, page 31.
2. Forest Service Organization, Rangeland and Watershed Management, woods Technical assistance (1985), Preliminary Master Plan forests north of the country, 10 pages 3. Forest Service Organization, Rangeland and
Watershed Management, woods Technical assistance (2002), Amendment to the instructions of the north of the country and organizing the implementation of forest animals Woodman, 40 pages.
4. Nezami, Mohammad Taher, Moghadam Mohammad Hossein (2001), Guilan forests, Volume II, the second edition of "Gilan book" pages 171 to 216.
5. Saleh, Reza (2001), Guilan forest dwellers, Guilan book, Volume II (lead of Eslah Arabani), Publishing group of Iranian researchers, pages 369 to 425.
6. Shaeri, Mohammad Ali (2000), Adoption of reorganization plan designed to promote the participation of the livestock from the forests north of the country, PhD thesis, University of Tehran Research Unit
