Chemiluminescence as an analytical tool: from the mechanism to applications of the reaction of luminol in kinetic based methods.

(1)

K",)+R/I! RF!:..:.::!/../

eL [2R(5R

% +$+;$+&(E&+%0$07..%$&,%%&%;1,+%0$%&+($0%%;+%'2(% .%'/00;$+&0;$$=,00(+&=,+0(%&V;+(

A7%A*.B

* (G(! (5 !F:I;!:.$.5

-E:Z;Z.:_:/Z;Z./

7*@* 00 0 0@P*0@@L>E770 *0--@*0* >7E0* >@* @* U* *D0"7"RE 5 #55 & #&&( # ( 5 5& 5 5 # ' C R0 #( & # C 55 #& ( 5(Q #& ( RUC ( 4&( 55 C ( & 4 5# # & C 55 & 5 & #'C ! (& Q CR* 5(&'C ( 4&&( #( &((4R

NYaL (_ &( _ ' C R

+$+;$+&(E&+% "

" 4(! #V = (! 2(( 9! ! ! 5 ( 5 # (# R:FF!7RD! 5 <=%( (!5((#M #2(!

(%<=5_/!5(2(( 9:_R5

5 4 ( ##!

/!;!I#!:$5E Q '/_R05

( ! :! T 4(( 4( 2(( 9 9!#?

=(2(B(5 2( A_{R" 5}

! <O 2(( 9 B ( 5 (<= (<=( 5 2( # 2(( 9R0 5 %5# ! ( ( (! (4! (! )/!;!F#,! 54 (# 55 ( <O 2(( ( #M( =5 >4(:;!I_R

+$+;$+&(E&+% 1$+%%&%;1,+% 05 = 1 =# 54 R 714 #< ! J R %! 2(( 9 5 5 45R

G(( 95(<=<=( 4)( ((#&,5(<= 2(RG( <=5( 2( 5 (4 (! &

( 9;_R

5 2(2(( 9 <=! 5 4 !4 (#54<=(5%

!2( #(5(%

F_{R 5%# !5(<=}

! 1!5 #94 % # 5 ( ( 5 55!

( =<=F_{R- 2( <O}

2(( = 1 G(!4! ( ! #<=4 !5( 1 !

#92( 5<=$_R

(2)

:..; >E K",)

(4 ):,R0(<5 %5 # ( 4 !5(! <O 5 (# !57!5#

=!5 %4(I_R

0 =5<=! #94<=( ( %)%5 52(,#(M#!2(5

( 2(5( =:!_R

0 = =#( 5 5 ! 5 5( 5 ( 5 # (1 (5 = =(

%I_{R %5! 5 2( 5}

=1%<=2((

()

% =,;:I..!

(!#( :_R

=5 <=!15# 52(#2(2(

5(B<=# I_R

0 55 <O 2(( 2( 5 5<= = % <= 2( 5 < 5

(<= 154 I_R

<O ( ! 5 & <O 5#2(1 1R

0 <O 2(( !2( =# % 2(( 9! 141 # !( 9 (#<=!2((( 5& E EC4&! ( 5 5! ( = Z(

R@ <=#):.:I_,=

=( 2(( 94( 1 B1 # :/. ( I_R

0 <O 2(( 5# 4 # M 2( R0 55 <O # 4 B1 ( =2( 2(V M% 49 =( 5<=V

#_{R4#4 !1}

<O 2(( B1# 5<= 5 R -! 4(T #:._{! # 2(} 5 5 5 5 5<= 2(( 9!2( =2( R

(<=!2(( 95 541 5<O 5<= 1 ! 4 !( ! ( 49 4

# I!:._{R" #}

5 5 5 !5

4 ! 5 ::₅

5M:/_{! =%5 2(54}

5R

<=2(( 45 %<=(#!( 5 5 1 5( 4(!5 <0-(5<= 5 < 5 !

#<=1 ( :._R(

<=! 5 !# %

<=(:_R

%.%'/0 +$+;$+&(&,0;$+&0; " :/! & 5 <= (!

5(50&:;_R0%<=(57

//

#5<=2(( ( 5 5 ( ( &BR+1 55 5 <=B1#5 4( 5 B1 =2(

5 ;!I!:_{RE !! 5 =}

( ! #<= % 2(! <O 2(( ! = = ( B5

2( 59 ;!:I_{R0 5 239}

=95 = 4 B1 5( ( 5( 4( 5 <=R

+1 5 2( B14( & 5 5

<=(4( 4 % !_/7_/_/R

# 4( 5 1 R0 ! ( ( <O 2(( )5 %5! % , 9 &

2(( 9$_{R 5}

5 #5 50 ;_!

5 >4(/R

55 ! 5 5 = ( 9 1 4 5 # %

#FFR5 5 14J

, FS

% = %<= ( #

% =),

64( ;:

" (#M% I./

"# ;

0 I..

&#( ;F

/"$06"9 D_6A5

?"""""6A"9 "A5OH_Q7

(3)

:..I 0G(( 9>0

EN,G

<O !57!<= 4

5 <=5=R5(#<=FH5 #

( 9(5?%<=A 5

%FF( 9R715 5

1 ! #<= 2(L 5

(#<=7_/_/G!2( <O

5 #<= 1

5M%FI!(B5 <=5((=2(( 9R

5%<=!5 4( 4# 1 5 <=2(( (R

!

.! C :I//_<

4( 5 <=!( M 5( R>#

# 4( 1 !2(L5

(<=( 95#%FF!5

<= _/z_{# 5 M M%}

:F_{R0 ! (}

z z :$

5 1 #<=5 <=

5M%FI! (FU &%

&5M%FT!>4(R

- !5957 # 55<=( 5 )1 1 ,((

9!# ( 55 :/._R0

!45(#545 4<= % 95 <=15M% (FI/:_R

0 =<=5<=%<=( 1

4 J #<= 5( %FF! 2(

#55 <=5M%FIR4(

55 &/_{! 5 <= 5M%}_FI

2(4<=_{1 %49 5!5}

(=#5(%R 5(% !5 !=&15 (#5 ( !%@ (5! >4(;R- !5 (52( & #<=5(%= %5 (!4(!4 & R-&(?(A & !J# <=5(%!#4>4(IR

-!15M%=#R * 5 B( #5( (5 5 <=!2( (<=R

( 5 4( & 2(!(!5=(J(<=

5<=R 8 !C :I

<4 < (<= 5 ! ( O ( 5 &5( #8$""":IR 4( ( !5 %<=5 ( 5 L), & 2(155!

#&%&5M%FT_),5

<= 1)#( >4(F,R05 5 4# 5 5 <= !57! <O 4 !( 4 % !5 <=5=5 <2( 2(( 52(# <O R-(! 5 <=&%&5M%FT555

57:I_{R0>4(F5 ( 2(}

55 <=%<=(:I_!

/"+!"%A5?""

"I7?0%;6<'0$\%8% 0+"01;6<'CN;EE

/" 2(" ?"% ;6<'0% V S; "80$"""6" A5%"'2"%"' 00

/"1("?"%"";

(4)

:..F >E K",)

4 #( 5 & 2(J #<= 1_&%&5M%FT_{! 5 1}

5 5(<= 2(( 9R ] 4 59 5<= <=!< <O 2( (5 <O 2( = J

2(( 9:I_R0/

2( R

-55 >4(F!!(

FJ%5( 55(!%!#

(FU2( (2( ( 5

5FMR 5% 5 2(2( 5 2(

5 ?A(! (FUFM!

7z_!

/z/!1 <=1

( 5% ! # 5 R0

#<= (FU55 <=%!

5 5(R 5 <=! ( 5 5

2(( 9:I_R55(

FU5<= (55M%!_/Nz_!4

5<=FU_/R0 !<=!

( 9_/Nz_{& J#<=}

2(L!2( (#<= ( 5

:I_R05#95&2(#1

&%&5M%FT 145),<=

/ !(B5 <##<= (55M%_(

),5<=7_/_/!2((

<= 7_/₂₍_L_{R0 ! <=} 5& (55M%(M57!/!

<=# FU

FMR-(!<=5&2(

L45<=7_/_/<=( (M#

5 R0 ! <=7_/_/# (#

5 5 (55M%! 2(L

2( &%&5M%FT 5

57:I_R

0 5<O <=51 1 <=) )**,!&!!0 !0)***,!)**,!-)**,!D)***,! )***,!>)**,!>)***,! )***,!)**,!()**,!b)**,!-)**,!04)*,! 0()***,!74)**,!)*+,!)+*,!)***,!b)*+,!+)***,!)**,!

)**,,I_{2( 5 <=}

<=!5# 4#2(52( <O 1 5<=!2(

! 5 :!/;!/I_R

(! 5 2( <=&1 55 1 <=R

K /;_{55( 2( 1 1}

54( ( 1 2( 7_/_/!(B5 <=5( 7z_{R0 !} ( 5 55 5# 1 L), <=55(<= 7_/_//F!/$_{_),#} <=&%&5M%FT_Z(),5 <=

&%&5M%FT/;_{R ( 55 B#(} ( 5 !5% <=1 &%5! 2( 5 & C

:I//_{!# (<= =(5<=}

! 4(5KR

55 ),K ! 1

( 5% (5 <=7_/_/!5

( 7z_{2( ( ( (}

1 R(!I.\ <O 7z₅

(5 2(=J5(<= 5FT:I_!2(

55 ( 2(( 9R -! =

2(5 <=7_/_/#( !

(55M%!_/Nz_{!(B<=( 5}

FM #<= FT ! 23! J

2(( 9R

55 ),!(<= 1 J#<=FT

2(!555 C !!5 4( 1 5#((5:

(FJ(FU?#

2(L (B <=7_/_#_FT_{J 2((} 9R

055 ),! (42(5 <=FT

5 1 1 !2(=55

5C :I_{!2( 5}

%( #57:I_R

%! (5 <=?A 1 5 ( 2(!B12( (5(<= 7_/_/2(5(<= 1 FULS

/"4!?""68""'A5" 6 63 6 C 3 & 6 <8 / ) 3 ?9 ) 6 5 6&E

,HS+ 2(>4(

F

+ E#9

'_% $!:%:. _@: : _:!:

/'_:)%aFU, :!%:. _@: : _// /'_/)%aFM, I!.%:. _@: : _// '_/)%a_/, I!I%:./ _@: : _:

' /!%:. _@: : _:

'_; I!.%:.$ _@: : _:

'_I /!I%:.I : _:

'_F :!I%:. : _:

'₍)"a7_, _;!.%:.F _@: : _: '₍)"a7_/, .!;I @: : _: '₍)"a7_/_/, :!:%:./ _@: : _: '₍)"aFJ, :!%:.; _@: : _:

U /%:. _@: _:

(5)

:..$ 0G(( 9>0

EN,G

(52(<=<= 1 1 5( <O 4# ( 9 5(! 5 (5 2( # & <= 1 & 5<=<=!

5 #<=:_R(!

#<= <= ( !5%5! ( ( (<O 5 5 R

]#2(5 < /_Dd_<=55

(( 9 !5 5 5

5 <=R0<= 7z

(54( 5( !(FUR

7z_{54(d5 <O}

1=5(&%&5M%FT2((

9R 5 < /_D_{! 7}z₌

Nz_(Dz_!2(4

(!5((FU#5(

<=( 9/;_{R# 14 # (}

5<=2(( 9(5 <=1 M!2((# <=/!/_R

- (2(!5 (5 )#<= (4 <=,595(<= 4 !

( 2( !J 2( !5/;_R

! <= ( 14J 5 <=J#55<= ( 4 !B12(% 1 # 2(# <O 5 5 1 5 ( <=2(( 9R

0 54(#<= & ! <= 2(( ( 5 4 5 5 5<O R * 5 # 548& 5( 8 ! #5 239R

%\!4_

0 5<O <=2(( (G( 05 55<= <=R5<O !( 52( 55 <= ( 4! ? A ( #RS15<O !4<= ( ( 5 2(55<=(! ( # <= ( <O ( !4( 5<=( R " 5<O ! (<=<=

<=7_/_/5(5%<= 5

5 R ! ! ! 54 ! 4! # MR #B1

( % ! 1 ._!

:_{!<8 " 0}/_R

5<O ! <O ) <=, <O )5 4 <=, 5<O 5 % <=R

<=5 # <= %<=(!5!4( ! ( 4( 1 <=R 5B1#

1 & I!$_{R . 1 (}

<=! 2(<=54( &4 :.::_@:_{R 5 4 2(! 4! (}

( 9<=!9 ( 2( 55 5<= 5 R0

#<O 4( B1 ( ;$/_R

0 ! 1 ( ( 5 4 5 <=!<= ( !

(# 1!5 $_!

2( (R

! 5 # ( 8 5<O (!5 > 4($R0 #<O 5 239# ( 41# VTD> * $;_{! 4( 5 & L ?(} )C ,AR

0 5 5(<O <= (55:FI!55 ( ( S5=! 0!& 5&! 8& &5 2( R

0 <= 2(( 9 51 4 R0 5(<O 55 2( 41#!# ( 2( 2( (2(( 9 ( = 1 5B<=#(%!( 4! 5<=)4# 2(#9!4#2(!4#4 # , ( R" & ! 2(5 F\ R( 2(5 = 1 2(( 9! 2(( 9!5 >4(R

+ 5 ( 2( <O 2(( R0 & 5( 5 #( M4 ! &( !%<O )( , 4()5 4(,!9#

4 4 /_!I_R

%!# 2(<= 2(( 9 <= ( 5 5&51 5 4 !1 5 !554M

/"50AZA5?""""

(6)

:.. >E K",)

,US04( 5<O <=2(( (

0

5 5 @<=e 0 E#9

d)**, :54 ;

* d)**, :._@: _5O _I

& d)**, :.::_@: _#& _F

0 d)**,!(d)**, :.:._@: _>

RF7/ $

. d)***,!d)*+, :._@: _14(#

d)***,!7_/_/! :.F_4@:

< >d)**,!d)**,!(d)**, :.F_@: _;.

& bd)**,!d)**, :.$_@: _;:

+ D _;54 _;/

_$!I_4@: ₁₄₍ _;

0 7_/_/ # ;;

( 7_/_/ :.F_@: _;I

7 /_:.;_@: ₁₄₍ _$/

-_; _.!I _{" 0} _;$

6 !;&%M /!$:.$_@: _;

6 M :_:.:/_@: _{( #(} _;

61 .!I@: _I.

6 _:._@: _?&55A _I:

61 :!I:.F_@: _I/

68 :!$5 I

6 % :.F_@: _$

0 6 #M .!.:g@: _I;

. 6 4 & 7 :._@: _(<O _II

0 : IF

< 55 .!.$g@: _I$

& F:.:._@: _I

+ .!F I

:._@: _F.

0 ;5 I

( .!_@: _F:

" :.;_@: ₄₍ _F/

:/_4@: _& _F

5 F;

!7_/_/ :.$_@: _FI

!@# c:._@: _FF

75M%# # $ 4 F$

75M% # # :.5 5 F

75M% # #5 @: ₅ _F

- /g4@: _$.

- :!/:.$_@: _I/

- :._@: _$:

4 c:.F_@: _$/

(7)

:.. 0G(( 9>0

EN,G

4!54 B1 4 R

-(! (8(& (<= <= 2(( ( 1 5(55<= !!5 %5! B & &

M/!/!$I$_{R <=}

5 5 1 ! ( (& ( 5 5 ( !2( 5 55 2( R

2((<= 1 & 5( 5#(5 R

$=,00(+&=,+0(%&V;+(

" = (< # !2( # 2( ( (<=2(!2( ( 2(R

( !5 4(( 4O L (4=!2(<= <=! 1 ( 4= 2(! 2( 5 42(R0 4O 5 4 555<=R 1 1 !2(( !4!( ( ! =5 J <O 2( 5 ( 4 2(R !2( <= #<O !2( <O 4 5( =

! 2(<=B2(/I_{R 2(}

<=(<=2( 5 <= ( = R

0 4 4 1 ! <= 2(! =5 5<=

(8(<O !15 2( !%( R05 !!&( 95 <= 1 !J #< 1 J5% 5 %5 R0(! ( =55( %5 ( 5 5<=! 2(55(<= 5( (5(2(2(( =( #( 5

%5 /I_R

( 5 #1 !5 #9 ! 51 #5(<=R0 ! <O !( 1 !5 <= = % 2( # ( ! 4# 2( #9 5 5 <=VR

= 542( 1 5 5 51 R05( ( <O 2(# <O 5(!57!#<V!

5 <= (4 :_R-!(<4

( 5 ( #12( B( # ( 5 5<O R

_

8 (KK! 5 2( <= !B( 1 !&5 55 !( ! 1 R* 5 #5(85( <O #2(!# (

41# TD>* $_!

4( 5 &L?)'' ,)C ,AR

" :;I!# 4 :I..5( <O )4 ! ( , 5<O <O #9 ? AR 55(<=5(! (41 1 = ! .! 5 %5 5 5(<O

# dG(0:_R

1 ! B<=#(%!#( %( 4!#(( 5<O 1 1 !

1 ! 8 (KK/I_R

0 5(<O ( 1 ! 4#5:;I! 1%::!2( .& #5( R " $.! ;. & 1 =5( 5R

] (<=55 4 & 1 R 5(<O 5 5 R0:.! ! ==! 5&0&5 85(<O R # (KK! ( 5& 85(<O &!#< &5( 5 G(0R05 :.!( < 5<= !55S5=!&*=R

0 #<= 4 & 5( 5 % ( 1 /" 7 6AZ 9 A5 ?"" "

(8)

:.:. >E K",)

!2(5 ( <=R- D !!4( ( 5 5 2( !2(((5 55(<=R (<=5 # 1 J # %(<= ! 2( # ( 55(<=R

0(! 1 (5<=% R5 <= 2(! 1 9 55( 5 ( 5!5 =!5 1 !(<=8# #5

(<=/I_{R0 !2( = J}

2( 5 ! 1 ! 5#5 1 (

( 2( = $!._R

" :;I! 5<O 1 ! 5& < M4 R" 8 (KK! 5 (1G(0& (5 ( 5<O ( R0 5 5 5 M4 !M

# !(&:_{9 5}

( 1 !2(5 ( L

z ( ( (<= 4! ( B! <O 1 55(_

z (<= ( _ z #

_

z 54 5 <= _

z <O 5 (5 _ z %5 = 5<O <=

z 5<= 5%<O 51 5 5 5 5R

0&;(/0

0<=2(( (5 55 ( 5 5<O %5 ! :F.R-!&1 5( & 54 <= 1 R <= 1 5 5 2( ( ( 5 (5<= !<=(R 71 & # ! <= 2( #< 5 (5<=#1 1 !2( 5 & ! 5 5 ( #M R

%! 1 <O 2(( 5 5 !5 5 5%( <=R 5 <=5 5 B ( &!2(5(<=# 5R

% .%+$&,0(

o >(<= 05 J - 2( = -(! >0--!55#5 &)FZ.:$I.Z ...//I,R0 -#R "R0R -R &4 5 ( ( 5 (4 O R

.7.E&+%(

:R 5! 0R UR_""I 06 66

$+! 7Q@RL&& !:R

/R E Q '!DR_$"*FLKK!CB!$.R

R Td!R_ 0+e"FLLL?SD!;;FR

;R 0! ER_0 ! R0R R_ D ! R @R_ E|5'! R_ '! -R R_

& !0RRR_!R+R_(!*RR_P(!SR_D!TRSR_K"

,)FGGL!EC!$$/R

IR E !UR_T #!-RSR_ " FGGH!EGG!:;$R

FR C!0R@R-R_D!TRSR_K",)HIIF!ED!F/FR

$R @! SR_ ! R SR_ 7( ! "R R ""

$"_!RSR_7( !"RR_@!SR! R_-(

- L QP'!:$!5R:R

R (! UR "R_ 5! >R_"" /

"+54+4LD!:$R

R U!ER_!SRR_!R_T!7RR_ +"+I

66)'! "+"+!TC+7

+47LT&!:R

:.R T #!-RSR_ " FGGH!EGG!:;IR

::R S!0RR_ !RSR_) "FGGK!ET!/:R

:/R !RSR_S!0RR_) "HIII!SB!:IR

:R !7R0R_ 6 8 + "+!S&TCY

L QP'!:R

:;R 0&!d7RR_g0+"FGHL!CB!$.R

:IR C!R_@!SR_' !RR_#$"""FGGI!N!IR

:FR ' !RR_@!SR_C!R_#" +&CFGLF!

TT!/:/IR

:$R @B(44!R_C!R_@!SR_# "" FGLU!CBN!$FF/R

:R C!R_@!SR_' !RR_#0+"FGLT!UU!//.R

:R C!R_@!SR_' !RR_# "" FGLM!CBU!$$:FR

/.R C!R_@!SR_' !RR_#0+"FGGI!MD!$;R

/:R @!SR_C!R_' !RR_# "" FGLU!CBN!$FIIR

//R C!R_@!SR_N_+"6""+_{!D(5 !}

7(4!:R

/R &!SR_0"0FGKK!EN!:;:R

/;R K!RDR_U4!"RTR_-!"R0R_T Q '!"RSR_ "

HIII!DCN!/.R

/IR -D!"R_!R_ +"+!

7Q@L&& !:R

/FR !0R_!R0R_C!0R7R_#FGGU!UD!F$R

/$R b&(!7R_&!PR>R_T4!SRPR_&!KR_XP(4R@R_(!R@R_

#FGGL!CTG!/:R

/R >!RR_E !0R+R_"ES₅

$K9"!-< !D !/...R

/R >! R R_(A5 ! (

5 !D !/..:R

.R -( &##! >R_ 5&!R_T!R_ &(! UR_ &! UR 7R_

" FGGU!EUB!:IR

:R '!PR_(('!R_'(&!R_C!R_U(!*R_ "

FGGU!EUB!:$R

/R !PRKR_b&4!PRR_!SRUR_&4!TRDR_ " FGGU!

EUE!FIR

R U!R_* &'Q!0R_T!7R_0!R_$" #6

FGGU!GG!FIIR

;R D(4(!SR@R_Q !0R_#!R_ " FGLI!CCD!

/:R

IR '!7R_>(BQ!R_P!R_U((!R_ "

FGLG!EEC!/;R

FR S !-R_T !R_!@R_ " FGLG!ECT!:I$R

$R P!DR_@Q !RTR_T #!-RSR_@ !SRR_&B!0R_

" FGGF!ENB!:;IR

R T !R_S !-R_!@R_#"FGLG!DUE!F:R

R P!DR_T #!-RSR_E !UR_ +FGGF!CCG!://$R

;.R U5#!@R@R_ !R0R_ "FGLU!NN!:..R

;:R D(4(!SR@R_D(4(!R_Q !0R_ " FGLF!CET!

:R

;/R &'!*RR0R_>(&!0RR_ +FGLG!CCD!I:R

;R E! "R_ ! R_ -D! "R_ "

FGGI!EEU!:/R

;;R !0R_T #!-RSR_#" 0FGLK!M!I$IR

;IR !R0R_+ '!RDR_ 5!0R-R__*R"R_4!0R

R_ FGLG!EE!/.$R

;FR U( !-RER_(&!RER_ FGLK!EB!:R

;$R UQ '!7R_!UR_4Q!SR_7 4Q!PR_P('!7R_ $"

(9)

:.:: 0G(( 9>0

EN,G

;R (! 7R_ S4! 7R_ 4! ER_ 7! R_ b&! 7R_ 6 6

FGGG!CM!$$R

;R 0Q&!0R0R_ +FGGU!CCU!FR

I.R D( &!R_- !SR_& "FGGH!CC!/.R

I:R (!7R_@!GR_4!ER_b&!7R_7!R_ " FGGL!SGE!

:I:R

I/R 'Q!0R_!R_-D!"R_ +FGGT!CCM!::R

IR >4!R@R_7(4!PRTR_b&4!bRSR_ " FGGK!NN!.FR

I;R "!0R R_!SR0RR_ "FGGT!GG!R

IIR &'!*RR0R_>(&!0RR_ +FGGI?CCN!FR

IFR T #!-RSR_P!DR_ " FGGF!EDG!;;$R

I$R K4! bR_ DC !TR ER R_+T'! R_ ' !0R R_

' &!UR_#0"$" FGGJ!CS!;/IR

IR b&4!RKR_7(4!SRR_b&4!bRSR_0Q!RR_ "

FGGL!STD!:.IR

IR U(!7R_!0R_ " FGGK!SNS!;IR

F.R D(!@RSR_-!SRR_(!-RER_ FGLK!EB!:$R

F:R - !DR0R_7 !R7R_E('!SR_ FGLM!CM!F;R

F/R - !DR0R_ FGLG!EE!R

FR -(& !ER_@(%!@R_!ERR_# FGGF!NG!:.$R

F;R T #!-RSR_>C!SR_&(!RR_ " FGLT!CGD!

:.R

FIR 0@#!RR_((!RR_ " FGLG!EEC!::R

FFR *4 &!R_7!TR@R_ " FGLG!EEN!:;$R

F$R CQ!R_P (!UR_>(B!UR_ FGLK!EB!:IR

FR CQ!R_'!ER_*!7R_#$"""FGLG!D!;$IR

FR CQ!R_ >(B! UR_ 'Q! R_$" "FGGI!D!

::R

$.R 05!0RR_b!@R@R_C(!SRR_#0"$"

FGGG!EC!::R

$:R 0Q&!0R0R_0&!R0R_0'!0R0R_ " FGGU!

EUE!:FR

$/R U!R0R_ !R0R_ "FGLM!NU!::FR

$R U!R_U(C!*R_T!7R_"FGGU!CE!/.;R

$;R &5LZZQ# R#5 5R! ((/..:R

$IR @!R+R_4! R R_# "FGGJ!NB!:.:$R

$FR >!RR_E !0R+R_"ED₅

$K9"!-< !D !/..:R

$$R >!RR_E !0R+R_E&Q!SRSRER_"ED₅

$K9"!-< !D !/..:R

$R >!RR_E !0R+R_&=5(R

$R K!PR_DD!SRSR_E E !R0_ " FGGM!

SEC!$IR

.R (!SRR"R_E !0R+R_-55!ERSRR"1 +HIIF

NN:/IR