❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛
❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❙❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛ ❝♦♠
❇❛s❡ ❡♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s
❊r✐❝ ❲✐❧✐❛♥ ▲❛❣❡ ●♦♥③❛❣❛
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ à ❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡✲ s✐❣♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦❧❡❣✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡✲ r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ●♦♥t✐❥♦ ❈❛rr❛♥♦
❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ▼❛❝✐❡❧ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛
❘❡s✉♠♦
◆❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ❛s ♠é❞✐❛s ❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ❝♦♠ sér✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ s✉❛s ✈✐❛s ✉r❜❛♥❛s✳ ❊ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛❧❤❛ ✈✐ár✐❛ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♠✐♥❡♥t❡✳ P♦ré♠✱ ✐ss♦ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ é ✈✐á✈❡❧✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦r ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ q✉❡ ❞ê s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣rát✐❝❛s✱ rá♣✐❞❛s ❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s s❡ t♦r♥❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✱ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛ s❡ ♠♦str❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡✱ ✈✐st♦ s❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦✳ ❉✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❜✉s❝❛♠ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♥♦s tr❡❝❤♦s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ❞❡❧❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ✉♠ ❣❛r❣❛❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❛❧t♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ❡ss❡s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ✐♠♣❡❞❡♠ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❡r❛♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♥♦ tr❡❝❤♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ tr❛③✐❛ ❞ú✈✐❞❛s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✢✉①♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛r ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❛✳ ❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❡ss❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r ❞✉❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s✱ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛s ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞❛s ❡ r♦❜✉st❛s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ q✉❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡♠ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❣❛st♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s tr❡❝❤♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s t❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♠♦♥♦ ❡ ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ tr❡❝❤♦s r❡❛✐s ❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛r❛♠ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
◆♦✇❛❞❛②s ❧❛r❣❡ ❝✐t✐❡s ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ s❡r✐♦✉s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐♥ tr❛✣❝ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤♦s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ✉r❣❡♥t ❡①♣❛♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r♦❛❞ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✉s✉❛❧❧② ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ s♣❛❝❡ ♦r ❞✉❡ t♦ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦sts ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ❛ tr❛✣❝ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ t❤❛t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❢❛st ❛♥❞ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ str❛t❡❣✐❡s✱ t❤❡ tr❛✣❝ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛r✐s❡s ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ❝❤♦✐❝❡✱ s✐♥❝❡ ✐t ✐s ❛♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✇✲❝♦st s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t♦ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡ t❤❡ tr❛✣❝ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❜② ♠❛①✐♠✐③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ s♣❡❡❞ ♦❢ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡s ♦♥ r♦❛❞ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♠❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✇♦r❦s ✉s❡ tr❛✣❝ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦rs t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ t♦ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❚❤❡s❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦rs r❡q✉✐r❡ ❤✐❣❤ r✉♥t✐♠❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r❡✈❡♥ts t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ tr❛✣❝ ❧✐❣❤t t✐♠❡ ✐♥ r❡❛❧ t✐♠❡✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡ ✢♦✇ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛✉s❡s ❞♦✉❜ts ❛❜♦✉t ✐ts ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ ✇♦r❧❞✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡ ✢♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✈❛r✐❡s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② ❛❧♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❛② ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ ❞❛② t♦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r✳ ❇❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s✱ t❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✐s t♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t✇♦ ♥❡✇ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ r♦❜✉st ❛♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ tr❛✣❝ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✐♥ r❡❛❧ t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❛✐♠ t♦ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s♣❡♥t ❜② ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡s t♦ tr❛✈❡❧ ♦♥ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ♠♦♥♦ ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐✲♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r r❡❛❧ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ❛♥❞ t❤❡② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s ❢♦r t❤✐s ♣✉r♣♦s❡✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
●♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❙❡♥❤♦r ❏❡s✉s ❈r✐st♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❛ s❛❧✈❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❝✉✐❞❛r ❞❡ ♠✐♠✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❆❞r✐❛♥❛✱ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❲✐❧✐❛♥ ❡ ❛♦ ❞❡♠❛✐s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛♠❛r❛♠✱ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r❛♠ ❡ t❛♥t♦ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛té ❛q✉✐✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ❡ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ♣♦r ❡st❛r❡♠ ❝♦♠✐❣♦ ❡ t♦r♥❛r❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❈❛rr❛♥♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡✉ ❡st❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠❡ s✉♣♦rt♦✉ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s ❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞♦✉ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❝♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r P❛✉❧♦ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ár❡❛ ❡ ♠❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❛♠ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❛té ❤♦❥❡✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❝rô♥✐♠♦s ①✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✶✳✶ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛s ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✶✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✶✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❊✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✶✳✹ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❙❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❙❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛ ✾
✷✳✶ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❱❡í❝✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✸ ●r❛✉ ❞❡ ❙❛t✉r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✹ ❆tr❛s♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❦ç❡❧✐❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❲❡❜st❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✹✳✸ ❆tr❛s♦ ❚♦t❛❧ ♥♦ ❚r❡❝❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ✶✼
✸✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❊✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ▼♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✶✳✷ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❙✇❛r♠ ❖t♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❊✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✷✳✶ ◆♦♥❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❙♦rt✐♥❣ ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✸ ▼❡t❛❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛ ▲♦❝❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❙❡❛r❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✹ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡str✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ✈
✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s Pr♦♣♦st❛s ✸✾
✹✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✷ ❈♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❈❛♥❞✐❞❛t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✸ ❘❡str✐çõ❡s ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✹ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❘♦❜✉st❡③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✺ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ■♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✻ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✻✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✻✳✷ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❙✇❛r♠ ❖t♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✻✳✸ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✻✳✹ ◆♦♥✲❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❙♦rt✐♥❣ ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✻✳✺ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦♦r❤♦♦❞ ❙❡❛r❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✹✽
✺✳✶ ❉❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❚r❡❝❤♦s ❊s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❚❡st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✶✳✸ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❊✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❚r❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❚r❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✺✳✸ ❚❡st❡s ❞❡ P❡♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❚r❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❚r❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❚r❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✸✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✹ ❚❡st❡s ❞❡ ❘♦❜✉st❡③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✹✳✶ ❚❡st❡s ▼♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✹✳✷ ❚❡st❡s ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✹✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✺ ❚❡st❡ ❞♦s ❆❥✉st❡s ❞❛s Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s ❙❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✺✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❖❜t✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✺✳✷ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✼✻
✻✳✶ Pr♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✻✳✷ Pr♦❞✉çã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✼✾
❆ ▼❡❧❤♦r❡s Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s ❙❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛s ❖❜t✐❞❛s ♥♦s ❚❡st❡s ❞❡ P❡♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✾✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡①tr❛í❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱
✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❙❯❙✱ ❡①tr❛í❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❈❛rr❛♥♦✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✉t❛çã♦ ❋❧✐♣ ❡♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❝♦♠ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜✐♥ár✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❋r♦♥t❡✐r❛ P❛r❡t♦✲ót✐♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✻ ❍✐♣❡r✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❋r♦♥t❡✐r❛ P❛r❡t♦✲ót✐♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❋❛st ◆♦♥❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❙♦rt✱ ❡①tr❛í❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❈❛rr❛♥♦✱
✷✵✵✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❈r♦✇❞✐♥❣ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❆ss✐❣♥♠❡♥t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉st❡s ❞❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❝♦♠ ✷ ❝✐❝❧♦s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠ ✹ s❡♠á❢♦r♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s ❞♦ ❱◆❙ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✱ t❡♥❞♦
✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❞❡ ✸ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❡ ∆max = 1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✺✳✶ ❚r❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s ✭❡①tr❛í❞♦ ❞♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ▼❛♣s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✷ ❚r❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■ ✲ ❊♥tr❡ ❛s ♣r❛ç❛s ❙❡t❡ ❡ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s ✭❡①tr❛í❞♦ ❞♦
●♦♦❣❧❡ ▼❛♣s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✸ ❚r❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■■ ✲ Pr❛ç❛ ❙❡t❡ ❛ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥t♦r♥♦ ✭❡①tr❛í❞♦ ❞♦
●♦♦❣❧❡ ▼❛♣s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛
❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✺ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛
❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✺✳✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛
❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✼ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛
❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✺✳✽ ❈✐❝❧♦s q✉❡ s♦❢r❡r❛♠ ♣❡♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ tr❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✾ ❈✐❝❧♦s q✉❡ s♦❢r❡r❛♠ ♣❡♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✶✵ ❈✐❝❧♦s q✉❡ s♦❢r❡r❛♠ ♣❡♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ✈✐✐
✺✳✶✶ ❆❥✉st❡ ❞❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✶✷ ❆❥✉st❡ ❞❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛
❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✶✸ ❆❥✉st❡ ❞❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✺✳✶ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❚r❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✷ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❚r❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✸ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❚r❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✹ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠♦♥♦ ❡
♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✺ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ P❙❖ ✰ ❱◆❙ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❆● ✰ ❱◆❙ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❉❊ ✰ ❱◆❙ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✾ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✺✳✶✵ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ P❙❖ ✰ ❱◆❙ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✺✳✶✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❆● ✰ ❱◆❙ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✺✳✶✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❉❊ ✰ ❱◆❙ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✺✳✶✸ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✶✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ♣❡♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✶✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ♣❡♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✶✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ♣❡♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ■■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✶✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ♠♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s✱
❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❦ç❡❧✐❦ ✭✶✾✾✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✶✽ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ♠♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧
❙♦❛r❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❦ç❡❧✐❦ ✭✶✾✾✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✶✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ♠♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧ ❙♦❛r❡s✱
❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❲❡❜st❡r ✭❉❊◆❆❚❘❆◆✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✷✵ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ♠♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ Pr❛ç❛ ❘❛✉❧
❙♦❛r❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❲❡❜st❡r ✭❉❊◆❆❚❘❆◆✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✷✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ♠♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s
■✱ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❦ç❡❧✐❦ ✭✶✾✾✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✷✷ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ♠♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛✲
③♦♥❛s ■✱ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❦ç❡❧✐❦ ✭✶✾✾✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✷✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ♠♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s
■✱ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❲❡❜st❡r ✭❉❊◆❆❚❘❆◆✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✷✹ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ♠♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛✲
③♦♥❛s ■✱ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❲❡❜st❡r ✭❉❊◆❆❚❘❆◆✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✷✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ♠♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s
■■✱ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❦ç❡❧✐❦ ✭✶✾✾✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙ ✐①
✺✳✷✻ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ♠♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛✲ ③♦♥❛s ■■✱ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❦ç❡❧✐❦ ✭✶✾✾✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✷✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ♠♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s
■■✱ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❲❡❜st❡r ✭❉❊◆❆❚❘❆◆✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✷✽ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ♠♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❆✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❆♠❛✲
③♦♥❛s ■■✱ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❲❡❜st❡r ✭❉❊◆❆❚❘❆◆✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✷✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s P❛r❡t♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✸✵ ❋❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♥❛s ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s P❛r❡t♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❤✐♣❡r✈♦❧✉♠❡s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s
✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❊✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❙✇❛r♠ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✹ P❙❖ ✲ ▼✉t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✺ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✻ ❉❊ ✲ ▼✉t❛çã♦ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✼ ◆❙●❆✲■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✽ ◆❙●❆✲■■ ✲ ❋❛st ◆♦♥❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❙♦rt ✭❡①tr❛í❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❈❛rr❛♥♦✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✾ ◆❙●❆✲■■ ✲ ❈r♦✇❞✐♥❣ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❆ss✐❣♥♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✶✵ ❇❡st ■♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✶✶ ❋✐rst ■♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✶✷ ❱◆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✶✸ ❱◆❙ ✲ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❈❤❛♥❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✶✹ ●❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✶✺ ❚❡st❡ ❞♦s ❆❥✉st❡s ❞❛s Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s ❙❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❝rô♥✐♠♦s
❆❊✿ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❊✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❆●✿ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦
❇❍❚❘❆◆❙✿ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❡ ❚râ♥s✐t♦ ❞❡ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ❙✴❆ ❈❉❆✿ ❈r♦✇❞✐♥❣ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❆ss✐❣♥♠❡♥t
❈❊❚✲❙P✿ ❈♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❉❊✿ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥
❉❊◆❆❚❘❆◆✿ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❚râ♥s✐t♦❀ ❋◆❙✿ ❋❛st ◆♦♥❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❙♦rt✐♥❣
●■❙❙■▼✿ ●■❙ ❚r❛✣❝ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ●■❙❙■▼✲❚▲✿ ●■❙❙■▼ ✲ ❚r❛✣❝ ▲✐❣❤ts ●P❯✿ ●r❛♣❤✐❝s Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❯♥✐ts
◆❙●❆✿ ◆♦♥❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❙♦rt✐♥❣ ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ P❙❖✿ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❙✇❛r♠ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥
❘❲❙✿ ❘♦✉❧❡tt❡ ❲❤❡❡❧ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥
❙❯▼❖✿ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❯r❜❛♥ ▼♦❜✐❧✐t② ❙❯❙✿ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❙❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ ❱◆❙✿ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❙❡❛r❝❤
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✷✵ ❛♥♦s✱ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ✐♠♣♦st♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✈❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❛✉t♦♠♦t♦r❡s ✭❉♦✇♥✐❡✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❤♦✉✈❡ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❢r♦t❛ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞♦ ♣❛ís ❡ ❛s ♠é❞✐❛s ❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ❝♦♠ sér✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ s✉❛s ✈✐❛s ✉r❜❛♥❛s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ❤♦rár✐♦s ❞❡ ♣✐❝♦✳
P❛r❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ✉♠ r❡❧❛tór✐♦ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❈♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✭❈❊❚✲❙P✮ ✭❈❊❚✲❙P✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ✐♥❞✐❝♦✉ q✉❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❝r❡s❝❡✉ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✹✵✪ ❡♥tr❡ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✾✾✼ ❡ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♥♦ ❤♦rár✐♦ ❞❡ ♣✐❝♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐✉ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✸✸✪✱ ❝❛✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✼✱✺ ❦♠✴❤ ♣❛r❛ ✶✶✱✼ ❦♠✴❤✳ ❱❛❧❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ t❡✈❡ ✉♠ ❛❝rés❝✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✽✪ ♥❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✳
❊♠ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✱ ♦ r❡❧❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ▼♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❯r❜❛♥❛ ✭❇❍❚❘❆◆❙✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❡ ❚râ♥s✐t♦ ❞❡ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ✭❇❍❚❘❆◆❙✮✱ ❛♣♦♥t♦✉ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❢r♦t❛ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✳ ❊♥tr❡ ✶✾✾✾ ❡ ✷✵✶✵✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠ó✈❡✐s ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ❞❡ ✹✾✶✳✸✸✷✱ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ✾✸✼✳✽✶✾✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✾✶✪✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠♦t♦❝✐❝❧❡t❛s ❝r❡s❝❡✉ ✷✻✻✪✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✹✹✳✻✸✹ ♣❛r❛ ✶✻✸✳✹✽✾ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❘❡❧❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❋r♦t❛ ❞❡ ❆✉t♦♠ó✈❡✐s ❡ ▼♦t♦s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭■◆❈❚✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ❝♦♥st❛t♦✉ q✉❡ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ❢♦✐ ❛ ♠❡tró♣♦❧❡ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ q✉❡ r❡❣✐str♦✉ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❛✉t♦♠♦t✐✈♦s ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✷✵✵✶ ❡ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❆ ❢r♦t❛ t♦t❛❧ ♥❛ ♠❡tró♣♦❧❡ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ❞❡ ✽✹✶✳✵✻✵ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❛✉t♦♠♦t✐✈♦s ♣❛ss♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ✶✳✽✽✵✳✻✵✽✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✸✱✻✪✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✷
◆♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❤❛✈✐❛ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✶ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✸✹✱✾ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷ ❛ ❢r♦t❛ t♦t❛❧ ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ♠❛r❝❛ ❞❡ ✼✻✱✶ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ✭■◆❈❚✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ✭✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✶✶✽✪✮✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❝❡♥s♦s ❞❡♠♦❣rá✜❝♦s ✭✷✵✵✵ ❡ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ✶✷✱✸✪ ✭■❇●❊✱ ✷✵✵✵✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ s❡ ❛❣r❛✈❛♠ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✳ ❖ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡ ♣❡❞❡str❡s r❡❢♦rç❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛❧❤❛ ✈✐ár✐❛✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ✐ss♦ é ✐♥✈✐á✈❡❧✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦r ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ q✉❡ ❞ê s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣rát✐❝❛s✱ rá♣✐❞❛s ❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s s❡ t♦r♥❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧✳ P❛r❛ t❛❧✱ ♦s ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❢r♦t❛ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡✱ ❞❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ✢✉✐❞❡③ ❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛♦ trá❢❡❣♦✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛s✱ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ✭❈♦st❛✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ❡ ❥á é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ✉r❜❛♥♦ ✭❱✐❧❛♥♦✈❛✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❊❧❛ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥✢✐t❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛s ✜❧❛s✳
❖s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✈❛♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡✲ t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❲❡❜st❡r ✭✶✾✺✽✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦s ❡♠ ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❢♦✐ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠❛♥✉❛✐s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝♦s ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❉❊◆❆❚❘❆◆ ✭✶✾✽✹✮✱ ❚❘❇ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❡ ❈❖◆❚❘❆◆ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ❢❛❧❤♦s ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♠á❢♦r♦s ✭❆❧❧s♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❈❤❛r❧❡s✇♦rt❤✱ ✶✾✼✼✮✱ q✉❡ é ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♣r❡❞♦✲ ♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✱ ♣❡r❞❡r❛♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦s✱ q✉❡ ❡r❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s tr❡❝❤♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s t❛♠❜é♠ tr♦✉①❡r❛♠ ♥♦✈❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✭❙❤❡✣ ❛♥❞ P♦✇❡❧❧✱ ✶✾✽✸❀ ❙❛❦❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✻✮✳
◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❜✉s❝♦✉ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s✳ P❛r❛ t❛❧✱ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛r t❡♠♣♦s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛❝♦♣❧❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❖♣❡♥❏❯▼P ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❈♦st❛ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❡st❡♥❞❡✉ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✉ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ❙❡✉ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❡r❛ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❛ s✉❛ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❢♦ss❡♠ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞❛s ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ tr❡❝❤♦✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✸
P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ❡r❛ ✐♥✈✐á✈❡❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❡r❛♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♥♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ tr❛③✐❛ ❞ú✈✐❞❛s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ♥♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡r ❡rr♦s ❡ ✈❛r✐❛r ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❛✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❡ss❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r ❞✉❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s✱ q✉❡ ✈♦❧t❛♠ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛s ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞❛s ❡ r♦❜✉st❛s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ q✉❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡♠ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❣❛st♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✈❡í❝✉✲ ❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s tr❡❝❤♦s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s sã♦ t❡st❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s r❡❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♠♦♥♦ ❡ ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳
✶✳✶ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡
◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ q✉❡ ❧✐❞❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛✳ ❊st❡s ❢♦r❛♠ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
✶✳✶✳✶ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛s ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s
❖s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛✱ ❞❛t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✺✵✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✈❛♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦s ót✐♠♦s ❡♠ ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ❲❡❜st❡r ✭✶✾✺✽✮ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣✐♦♥❡✐r♦s ❛♦ ♣r♦♣♦r ♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞♦ ●r❛✉ ❞❡ ❙❛t✉r❛çã♦ ▼á①✐♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r t❡♠♣♦s ót✐♠♦s ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❢♦✐ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠❛♥✉❛✐s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✭❚❘❇✱ ✶✾✻✺✱ ✷✵✵✵✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ❈❖◆❚❘❆◆✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡♠ ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✭❙❤❡✣ ❛♥❞ P♦✇❡❧❧✱ ✶✾✽✸❀ ❱✐❧❛♥♦✈❛✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ●✉❜❡r✐♥✐❝ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❑❡s✉r✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❈❡r✈❛♥t❡s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✹
✭✶✾✾✶✮✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♦s ♥♦✈♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s ❛ t❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s r❡❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s✉❛s ❡✜❝á❝✐❛s✳
❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦s tr♦✉①❡r❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s ❡ t❡ór✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣♦ss✉í❛♠ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡r❛ ❛ ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❡ ✭❲❡❜st❡r✱ ✶✾✺✽✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡❧❡s tr❛t❛✈❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ❡ ❡r❛♠ ✐♥✈✐á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♠á❢♦r♦s✱ s✐t✉❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡✲ ❞♦♠✐♥❛ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛❥✉st❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦s s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭❆❧❧s♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❈❤❛r❧❡s✇♦rt❤✱ ✶✾✼✼✮✳
✶✳✶✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s
❉❡✈✐❞♦ às ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦s ❡ ♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛✳ ❘♦❜❡rts♦♥ ✭✶✾✻✾✮ ❝r✐♦✉ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❚❘❆◆❙❨❚✱ q✉❡ t✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦s ❝✐❝❧♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ✭❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♠✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛r ♦s s❡♠á❢♦r♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ tr❡❝❤♦✳ ❆ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❡r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤✐❧❧✲❝❧✐♠❜✐♥❣ ❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ❡ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❞❛s✳
❆❧❧s♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❈❤❛r❧❡s✇♦rt❤ ✭✶✾✼✼✮ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r❛♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❡♠ tr❡❝❤♦s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡✈❡ ❝❛rát❡r ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✈❛✲s❡ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ❡ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s✳ P♦ré♠✱ só ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜t❡r ❜♦♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♣♦rt❡✳
❙❤❡✣ ❛♥❞ P♦✇❡❧❧ ✭✶✾✽✸✮ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝✉❥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❡ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❣❡♠✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ P❛r❛ t❛❧✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✈❡t♦r ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ só ❡r❛ ✈✐á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s r❡❞❡s✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✺
▼✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t❡s ♦✉ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❏♦❣♦s✿ ✭❇❛③❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ P♦r❝❤❡ ❛♥❞ ▲❛❢♦rt✉♥❡✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ❘♦♦③❡♠♦♥❞✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❈❤♦② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❑♦s♦♥❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❇❛③③❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❈❤❡♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❙r✐♥✐✈❛s❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❈❤♦②✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❆❧✈❛r❡③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ▲ä♠♠❡r ❛♥❞ ❍❡❧❜✐♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❙❤❛♠s❤✐r✲ ❜❛♥❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❳✐❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮❀
❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s✿ ✭❙♣❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❈❤✐♥✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❍❡♥r② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ▲ó♣❡③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❙❛✐t♦ ❛♥❞ ❋❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❇✐♥❣❤❛♠✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ●✉♦❥✐❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❨♦✉①✐❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❈❤♦② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❙r✐♥✐✈❛s❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❙❤❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❑♦♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✾✮❀
▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❋✉③③②✿ ✭❈❤✐✉ ❛♥❞ ❈❤❛♥❞✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ❑✐♠✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❍♦♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ▲❡❡ ❛♥❞ ▲❡❡✲❑✇❛♥❣✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❚r❛❜✐❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❈❤♦✉ ❛♥❞ ❚❡♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ▼✉r❛t ❛♥❞ ●❡❞✐③❧✐♦❣❧✉✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❩❛r❛♥❞✐ ❛♥❞ ❘❡③❛♣♦✉r✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❆③✐♠✐r❛❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ●♦❦✉❧❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❙r✐♥✐✈❛s❛♥✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ▼❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮❀ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❇♦✉♥❞✿ ✭P✐❧❧❛✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ❨❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮❀
❙✇❛r♠ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✿ ✭❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❛♥❞ ❇❛③③❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❘❡♥❢r❡✇ ❛♥❞ ❨✉✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❡ss❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❉❘❆❈❯▲❆ ✭■❚❙✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✱ ❖♣❡♥❏❯▼P ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ❆■▼❙❯◆ ✭❚❙❙✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ❡ ❙❯▼❖ ✭■❚❙✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❊ss❡s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ✈❡í✲ ❝✉❧♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦✳ ❙❡✉s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❡r♠✐✲ t❡♠ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s r❡❛✐s ❞❡ trâ♥s✐t♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ❞♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♥♦ tr❡❝❤♦ s♦❜ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ss❛ é ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ r❡q✉❡r ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦✳
✶✳✶✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❊✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✻
❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ❱♦❣❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❡ ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦ ✭❆●✮✳ ❙❡✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ t❡✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡r❛ q✉❡ ♦s s❡✲ ♠á❢♦r♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ s♦❢r❡r ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ r❡❛t✐✈♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✢✉①♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❤♦rár✐♦s✳ ❖ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈♦❧ô♥✐❛ ❞❡ ❋♦r♠✐❣❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✭❩❡❝❤♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ✭❉✬❆❝✐❡r♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ✭❍❡ ❛♥❞ ❍♦✉✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ❡ ✭P✉t❤❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳
▼❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ◆❡t♦ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ●■❙❙■▼✱ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❖♣❡♥❏❯▼P ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐❝❛ ❞❡ trâ♥s✐t♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✱ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❝r✐♦✉ ♦ ●■❙❙■▼✲❚▲✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛✈❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ t❡st❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❆● ❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❝❧♦♥❛❧✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❈♦st❛ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉✲ ❧❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❖ ❛✉t♦r ♣r♦♣ôs ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✿ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s✳ P❛r❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ◆❙●❆✲■■✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛✳
✶✳✶✳✹ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❙❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❘❡❛❧
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r❡♠ ❜♦♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❡ ❞❡ ❈♦st❛ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❣❛s✲ t❛✈❛♠ ❤♦r❛s✱ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❞✐❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡t♦r♥❛r ❜♦❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❛s✳ ■ss♦ ✐♠♣❡❞✐❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ✈ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛✲ ❧❤♦s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❡❧❛ ❥á t❡♠ s✐❞♦ t❡st❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ✭P▼❱✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ▼❛♥✉❛❧ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❙✐♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❚râ♥s✐t♦ ✭❉❊◆❆❚❘❆◆✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ❥á ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❡ ♠♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✼
❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ❞❛s r♦t❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛✲s❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡ ♦❜t❡r❡♠ ❜♦♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛s ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞❛s ❡ r♦❜✉st❛s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❣❛st♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r❡♠ ♦s tr❡❝❤♦s s♦❜ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳
P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✿
• Pr♦♣♦r ❞✉❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦
s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛✱ ♦♥❞❡✿
✕ ❖ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ s❡❥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♥♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ tr❡❝❤♦✳
✕ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❛s s❡❥❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❆❦ç❡❧✐❦ ✭✶✾✾✶✮ ❡ ❲❡❜st❡r ✭❉❊◆❆❚❘❆◆✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ s❡ t♦r♥❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦✳
✕ ❆s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ♥♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥✲ t♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❜✉s❝❛✲s❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦s ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s ❝❛✉s❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛s ❡ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ✢✉①♦s ❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s s❡♠❛❢ór✐❝❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛s s❡❥❛♠ r♦❜✉st❛s✳
• ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ três ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♠♦♥♦✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ✉♠
♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦❀
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✽
