[]
[] !!" # $ % % & '(& & & & [&"]
) & ) $ * + []
, - - [.] / 0+ 1 0 21 0 1 & ) 0 1 0 1 - ) 0 0 3 -1 []
!"
7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI PLFURHQFDSVXODWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV RIIHUV WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI SURGXFWLQJ QRYHO SURGXFWV ZLWK PDQ\ DGYDQWDJHV FRPSDUHG WR WUDGLWLRQDO WH[WLOH SURGXFWV 7KH PLFURFDSVXOHV FDQ LQWURGXFH LPSRUWDQW QHZ TXDOLWLHV WR JDUPHQWV DQG IDEULFV VXFK DV HQKDQFHG VWDELOLW\ DQG WKH FRQWUROOHG UHOHDVH RI DFWLYH FRPSRXQGV $OWKRXJK PLFURHQFDSVXODWLRQ KDV IRXQG DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ RWKHU EXVLQHVV VHFWRUV GXULQJ WKH ODVW IHZ GHFDGHV IRRG FRVPHWLFV SKDUPDFHXWLFDOV D VLJQLILFDQW QXPEHU RI PLFURFDSVXOH²EDVHG FRPPHUFLDO SURGXFWV DSSHDUHG LQ WKH WH[WLOH LQGXVWU\ GXULQJ WKH V ZKLOH PDQ\ SRWHQWLDO QHZ SURGXFWV DUH VWLOO LQ WKH UHVHDUFK DQG GHYHORSPHQW VWDJH 7KH PRVW DWWUDFWLYH H[DPSOHV DUH IDEULFV ZLWK GXUDEOH IUDJUDQFHV 7²VKLUWV ZLWK 89²UD\ DEVRUELQJ PLFURFDSVXOHV 7²VKLUWV ZLWK WKHUPR²FKDQJHDEOH G\HV PLOLWDU\ XQLIRUPV ZLWK PLFURHQFDSVXODWHG LQVHFWLFLGH WKHUPR²UHJXODWLRQ YHKLFOH VHDWV VNL VXLWV DQG JORYHV ,Q VSLWH RI LPSRUWDQW VXFFHVV LQ GHYHORSLQJ QHZ SURGXFWV WKHUH LV D ORW RI VSDFH IRU IXUWKHU UHVHDUFK HVSHFLDOO\ LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH WKH PHFKDQLFDO VWUHQJWK RI WKH REWDLQHG PLFURFDSVXOHV DQG WKH NLQHWLFV DQG WKH PHFKDQLVP RI WKH UHOHDVH RI DFWLYH FRPSRXQGV 7KHUHIRUH QXPHURXV UHVHDUFK KDV IRFXVHG RQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI QHZ PHWKRGV RI DSSO\QJ RI PLFURFDSVXOHV RQ WH[WLOH QHZ LPPRELOL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV DQG PDWHULDOV DUH XQGHUZD\
.H\ ZRUGV 0LFURFDSVXOH 7H[WLOH 0HGLFLQH
6 äLOHU 0DULQNRYLþ )DFXOW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\ DQG 0HWDOOXUJ\ .DUQHJLMHYD %HOJUDGH 6HUELD DQG 0RQWHQHJUR 3DSHU UHFHLYHG 1RYHPEHU
! " # ! ! $% $% & ' (
) ! $
! "#$
* !
" + ,! # -. ! . +/-0 '+ / - 0( " ! ,! / ,! " 1 " " [2] #$ %& '
0 / '0/* ( !" ' ( ! # 33 '0/* ( ! 1 ! " [4]
,#1# 0 '* /0* ( " 5 ! ! " ! "
) [7]
- ! 0 /
0
' 890
* -( 6" - ::
$&%& #&!( #&!#&
+! ';<=( " ) > '$63"2$3 ( ;< '( ! '2$3"7$3 ( ;<# '( . ;< !" ;< " '1/( 6 -
1/ # '7% !" [?*0] 4% !)( ! ) ;< - ;< - 1/ - "1/
# / 1 - 1 0 + 1 0 ! ) ! $3
+
)#* ! 890 * - < + " )#*70 " $$3R0 " +
'%% %% %%#$
; # / ! ! ;< ;< - ;< "
- ' ( * [] " [4]
## %%#$
' ( ! # ! ! α" 3"6% # " / $ [$2]
! ! " " ! " " [2A]
) "3µ "$3µ / " $"3 µ "$3µ 3"$3µ 3"7 µ " "3 µ "$3 µ 3$"23µ 3"4 µ[2]
! " ! ! * !
!
#
!%#! +#&!#,
* [6] ) B $ * ) ) ! # ' ( ' ( !) ' ( #
" ' !( = ; = = , C ;1#
- #!#&
, ! / " ' ( ' 5 ( * ! 1
" [$3"$$]
# ! ! ; ! ;1# 8 > +
- ! ! ' (
? ' ( ' ! ( ' /0* ( ' "" " ( # ! ) ! !
5()(5(1&(6
[1] <* *== "> .">
, > 8%?::9 %+&@%)%
[2] A #> 0"" $ "> B> , < ! $ 8'(('9 ))@&'
[3] 0 1 > 1 $ C C$ D
$ D , D # > > > " >> " " >$ 5 ! ?%E?'( 8%??(9
[4] C C$ C> 1$ >
> C$ C 1F $ $ C =$ "> G> >$ B > $ ">> 5 ! )'+'E&? 8%??+9
[5] >>$
> 5 ! &'?%:(+ 8'((%9
[6] < H $ / !>F ! * I
$"> > "> $ 5 ! &'(EE+: 8'((%9
[7] / $> < < />> > F > " 5 ! )')'+:E 8%??+9
[8] / $> < < />> ,> " 5 ! )%?:':E 8%??+9
[9] 0 0 F 0 * # $ ">
" >>> ""> B " >> 4 8%??:9 %'@''
[10] A . > "> B>
4 0 8'((9 &%@&
[11] #> . I * 0F C 1= 4 @>
"$ > '&&E: 8%?:%9
[12] FFF$ ">$ 85" '(('9
[13] FFFB$ 85" '((+9
[14] FFF$ $"$ 85" '((+9
[15] FFF $F 85" '((9
[16] * 0 >F < A > 0 * F> B ""> $ $ >>$> / ! 4 8%??&9 %@:
[17] D ! $ > $ ">>
>>> = 4$ !> 8%???9 %':@%+%
[18] / I$> # * 4 # 0@$ >
> > > >> " >> $ >$ 5 ! &%+?&&? 8'(((9
[19] 4 > " >>$ $> > > 5 ! ':&)?' 8%?:%9
[20] # H 0 $>
" > B $ > 4$ 8%??E9 %'&@%'?
[21] A / , 2 $
-= / * "> ">" "" $ !$ * 8'(('9 ':)@'?E
[22] A / , 2 $
-= / * ! $ " F $ "> $$$ ">" B !$ * 8'(()9 %(&@%%+
.)
*-D=?-,D#/1;E#0-8+ ; +D1-E,?8 -,B;1=-8-', (
1 F * G B5 ) / F G H "H D5 7 333
/ 5 H )5 ) H ) 5 / 55 H5 5 H - 5 5 5 H ' @ ) 5( 5 ) 5 I 555 63" H H 5 ) 5 ) I5 )5 ,5 5 J 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 ;< ) 5 5 H 5H @ 5 - 5 )5 ) 5 ) 5 I5 5 5H5 5 5 H5