• Nenhum resultado encontrado

On the materials issues for pefc applications

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2017

Share "On the materials issues for pefc applications"

Copied!
9
0
0

Texto

(1)

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²IOXRULQDWHG PHPEUDQHV FDQQRW EH XVHG LQ 3()& RSHUDWLQJ LQ WKLV UDQJH RI WHPSHUDWXUH EHFDXVH WKH\ ZLOO ORRVH WKHLU PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV DQG WKHLU VZHOOLQJ

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Š ∼ P² WR DW OHDVW RQH RUGHU RI PDJQLWXGH IRU 3()& DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ HOHFWULFDO YHKLFOHV ZKHUH DW OHDVW WR PVXUIDFH DUHD RI PHPEUDQH LV QHFHVVDU\ WR JHW ² N: SRZHU IRU D PLGGOH VL]H HOHFWULFDO FDU 7R DFKLHYH WKLV JRDO WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI 1HZ 0DWHULDOV LV WKH NH\ IDFWRU WR PHHW WKRVH UHTXLUHPHQWV 7KH DLP RI WKLV SDSHU LV WR SUHVHQW FKDOOHQJHV UHODWHG WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI PDWHULDOV IRU 3()& DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG SHUVSHFWLYHV UHODWHG WR PDWHULDOV GHYHORSPHQW DUH GLVFXVVHG

7+( 0(0%5$1( (/(&752'( $66(0%/<

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

/DERUDWRU\ RI 1HZ 0DWHULDOV IRU (OHFWURFKHPLFDO 6\VWHPV (FROH 3RO\WHFKQLTXH GH 0RQWUpDO &DQDGD

21 7+( 0$7(5,$/6 ,668(6 )25

3()& $33/,&$7,216

! ! " ! " ! # $ % !

& ' (

! " #

$ %& %

(2)

! " "#µ $ % &'( "## µ ) &'( * %+

,

- .

- '& / ) [0]* . % . % $ . % % % % & % 1(' 2 [3] % 2% [4] / Š ( 5

( .Š ( ) ["] / ) ( / 0 2 %$ '&/) % '- , ', $ 6 Š ', '&/) 00## 0### 7 $ 08"" µ / Š ( .Š ', $ / ) / %[0] 9 $% % 0# R) :% % * ' 1(' '/) % ); ( 0"#R) ); $ . % : % .

→ ²

! ²→ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" # →

$! %& '( ( %'&) %& *+) %,& %& ! +,- ./ .01 12 30 3# # 1 45 678 )579):* 6)((*8

(3)

1(' % - '/) + + $ ! % '* [8] [<00] [0] [0] ( . % % * 6 Š % :( / ) [80]/ = = >! % '/) [03] / 3 ( $ % ' '/)

'/)

% % ); '/) % % % $

9 % '/) ; : ;. '/) ! :+;'/) ² ? @0? ² A * A B) 8 ? ) >$ > ### ) ) CD $ CD >$ ! 1% ) 2$ $ 2$ / . (² . <## A 6:' ? * #34 >### @ #4 A B)8? @ #<4 1% @ 0" $[04]

. ;?? '/) / 4[ ; 5 ]

:+;'&/) &'( * 3## A AHT ; % A :. $ ; ; . R 0#²0#²(⋅² !

[-.] / 0 #Š- %!+ 1 23µ 4 " + ,35&. #6$ %!+ 1 -7µ 4 + 835&. #$ %!+ 1 87 µ 4 + -35& #' %!+ 1 83µ 4 + 975&

, :/; 0 [,]

: ( $! " ! + 0 ,. 835 !

(4)

" 0#) % 0# 0# ( / % ; * >$ ;; 4 *

;E 4E 4:F :; A#) F03 A ;8 6:

* ; A % A . *

;E :E F :; A#) F # A ;8 6:'

. G *

E :; F ; E :E A#) F# A ;8 6:'

& % . % . (* / & 6 ) H ! '/) . " A % I > % ( [0"] / [0] [08]

;

1 . . [03] ;?? .

2 ;?? $ % % % '/) % ) $ % % * % ; % . . . . 4 ( - % % . 3##4## A ; % % % % %

( . µ( <## A ; F "# µ( F 0 µ(

−F 0##µ([0<"] :,; ;?? :,; - . % % % . . ;?? - $% . $ ;?? ( . . / . % / 6 . % []

!

$QRGH FDWDO\VW

" #$% $& ²'( )HT% *** ) ;8 $+' ,-- +. / $0 #R#1*²²' , #R2 1*²²' 3*R. 4+ 5 + ** ) -6$ 5 /., " 0 6 / - 45 6 5 75 7[ 5 0 -5 +. " ., - [18] " 5 ' - - ., - 5 ' #9/* µ' ., " 8* : * : + " 1** .,

2 6$9$'2*2 21 7+( 0$7(5,$/6 ,668(6 )25 3()& &KHP ,QG

(5)

. " +. " < / .,5 $ ,$ [=] 7 6 4 ., 0 /- [3] 5 / ., 0 > 5 < ( +. . < < > " 0 6 ?4. " @ [;] . + /" . . 6 ! A . > + 6 $ ., ,0

! 5 ' 4+( ' 0 ( ' ( ' / . < ' ( ' ( ' ( ' ( ' . ( ' B ( ' 6/ // A

' ( ' ( ' > ( ' ( ' ( ' #=*/1* C D6B7' 0 # 9 C D6B7' . 5 # 5 5 ' 0 5 0 " 5 " " 5 # 1' " 0 */ 5 EE 7 +. [E1] ' 8* 33: ( ' 8 31 : + +.5 # ' # =9: '( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( " / +. -

! " " ., / #5 5 5 5 5 ' +. ! 5 0 #.,F ' " ., 1** 5 0 .,F " 0 / / 5

[] !! ! !

(6)

. ) [E] ** 7 1*.5 *9 4 .$,$5 E 9*: / 119 14 .$,$( / 0 + 5 0 ? 4 +. 6 ' 0( ' ., 0 # ., 9'( ' / 6 / +. " 1

? #?4+'#.$',' ' 0 4 ( ' ./. 0 ., 1 0 .,( ' ( ' / ( ' - ? ?4+ +.[EE5E8] ' ( ' ( ' 0 ?4+

" 5 15E/0 " #.$,'.$

5 0

" #.$,'#.$' 0 " 15E/0 #.$,'

/15E/05 0 5 5 6 ##.$,'.$''5 0 0 ##.$,'' ?4+

7 +. #?+.' " ?+. 7 /0 / [E9] " /0 0 0 # ' +/0 5 15E/0 *= = 5 /0 " 5 5 " /6 5 /- 15E/0 "

4 4

4

! " #$ % %

! &' ($ #

! $$ )) ) #%

! * &' '' '

! ∞ ( & #'

! ∞ ( ##

! ∞ ( %) #

! ∞ % &* #

+ , ,. (/. ,

4 4 !"#

! 001!2! !3 4 5 0456708 795 !6 :5 + 7. ' % '%;*) )

(7)

! " " " "

"

# !$!$ ! " " ! " ∆% &∆% ' %SW$ %PHWDO" %PHWDO ! ( &) *( " ! " ∆% + ! ! ! ! " , ! $ $% . " $/ ! / "! $ $% ! - ! ! &[01$0] ( / "! $% $ "

! $/

/! - /! - 0-1$/ [2] 3 , 4 " " ) * &) ( ! $/

! ! ! &% 5 6 !- " ! !

7"$ 3 !

! 4 ) 5 &3)5( "$ " [2] " ! " , #8 " 9 Š $ " " ! " -$% :5;$! " ! ) $ ; #8 :5; - " ! 2 " * ,² 1R5 ) 9 Š " :5;- $ " * ! 2 " * ,² " $ 9 Š / $ * ! 2 " 2 ,²&) ( 8 " " $%:5 &2 .²( / / " ! / ! $5;:5$ &2< .²(- " 3)5 $ % &

' '( !"# )*4 + "!,

- + .∆/

0 +1 2 34#5,

+1 2 4 5, ∆5 c

(8)

:5$ / " / " ! &* . ( $5;:5 &2< . ( &) (

&21&/86,21

& 1 = >:?.( )5 ? ! ! - ( 8 $$$ ! " ! ? . ?.- )5 @ ( : ! A ( /! : ( $ ! ! ? ! ! ! & 1µ( ! " - " ! ?! " " ! ! : ! ! ?! ? ? [2] " - " " ? , " & - - ( ! ? 5 " ! ? ? & " /! ( !-!- " " ! ! ! ?! "

)5 ? . ! @ ( ) "$ $ ! " ! /! ! )5 15A ( ) " ! " ! " A ( ) - " ! ? ! " " ? )5 - " ? - ! ! 9" 4 ?! 6 )- )5 B

5()(5(1&(6

[1] ! <. = 3 5--+ #**' )&

[2] > 2 + 7 4-+ #*&' **

[3] 1= >= 2+ 9 : $''& #*%%

[4] ?6 5@@ >: >0 . 9 )$')# #*' [5] A 3B +B 5/ 0 - #'$ + , +

5--+- - ² #**$ #*$

[6] 5 A A C 4 7+B 7 4. . A+B D:-. , + ' 17 D 4B = #(#% # $($

[7] ? 4@ . ! <. = 3 5--+ # #'&

[8] >2 2 . 2 6E. 9 : *#*'$ #*** [9] = > . 0 5 -B 9 : ))##

#**

[10] 05 -B 61 8 9 : %#' #**&

[11] 0 -B . = > 9 : &&$)' #**'

[12] ? 4@ . ! <. 5--+ 0- )$*

[13] ? 4@ . ! <. = 3 5--+ # #'&

[14] ! <. . ? F = 3 5--+ $)$

[15] 46 6+ . : + : 6< )%$

[16] 3 0(G . 4 -+ 3 #*'% )$#

[17] 2! =4 > . 6 < = 0 5--+ #**' #'&

[18] 6 G 2 8. 2 1 2 =: 1. = 3 5--+ #**' &

[19] ! <. . : ?-B = 5--+ - #**% $')

[20] ! <. . 0 5B = 5--+ - 9 : *')$ #**)

[21] ! <. . 0 5B = 5--+ - #**% #')$

[22] 0 5B ! <. . 0E-+ = 5--+ - #** #$%'

5.

! 001!2! !3 4 5 0456708 795 !6 :5 + 7. ' % '%;*) )

(9)

[23] ! <. . 5 5B = 5--+ - 8* #**)

[24] ! <. :-. 3 7 . = *(#$ #** ))

[25] ! <. 7 = . 5 #& [26] 6 =-+ C !B@B 4+ -- .

5 # %&(&

[27] 0 >B 4 C = >< = + :+ # $#'

[28] ! <. . =(: < 7

[29] 2 3+. H, . =B- = 5--+ - $ 5#

[30] 1 >B C> 1-B . 12 5 9 : )*'''$ #**#

[31] 1: 1< :8 0.-B 4 . = 6 = 0 5--+ ##

[32] 4+ F 6 2,. . : H 5--+ 0- $&)#

[33] -7 0OOHU HW DO - (OHFWURFKHP 6RF

[34] 1 .DPL\D ., 2WD (W DO $EVWUDFW ERRN RI WKH WK ,6( PHHWLQJ 'XVVHOGRUI S

[35] 2 6DYDGRJR DQG ; <DQJ - $SSO (OHFWURFKHP

[36] 2 6DYDGRJR DQG + &KDJQRQ LQ SUHSDUDWLRQ

[37] $ )LVFKHU 0 *|W] DQG + :HQGW LQ 6HFRQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP RQ 1HZ 0DWHULDOV IRU )XHO &HOO 6\VWHPV (GV 2 6DYDGRJR DQG 35 5REHUJH 0RQWUpDO &DQDGD -XO\ ² S

[38] 0 *|W] DQG + :HQGW (OHFWURFKLP $FWD [39] $ $UDPDWD DQG 0 1DNDPXUD LQ )LUVW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO

6\PSRVLXP RQ 1HZ 0DWHULDOV IRU )XHO 6\VWHPV (GV 2 6DYDGRJR 35 5REHUJH DQG 71 9H]LURJOX 0RQWUpDO &DQDGD -XO\ ² 3

[40] 65 1DUD\DQDQ ( 9DPRV 6 6XUDPSXGL + )UDQN * $OSHUW *. 6XU\D 3UDNDVK 0& 6PDUW 5 .QLHOHU DQG $ 2ODK - (OHFWURFKHP 6RF

[41] 2 6DYDGRJR DQG ) - 5RGULJH] 9DOHUD - 1HZ 0DW (OHFWURFKHPLFDO 6\VWHPV

[42] 2 6DYDGRJR - 3RZHU 6RXUFHV

(FROH 3RO\WHFKQLTXH GH 0RQWUpDO &$1$'$

(²PDLO RVDYDGRJRSRO\PWOFD ZZZQHZPDWHULDOVSRO\PWOFD

6FLHQFH 'RFWRUDWH LQ 3K\VLFDO 6FLHQFHV 'RFWHXU þV VFLHQFHV SK\VLTXHV DW ,QVWLWXWH RI 0DWHULDOV (Q JLQHHULQJ 6FKRRO RI (QJLQHHULQJ &DHQ 1DWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ )UDQFH

/DERUDWRU\ RI ,QWHUIDFLDO (OHFWURFKHPLVWU\ RI 1DWLRQDO 6FLHQFH 5HVHDUFK &HQWUH DW %HOOHYXH )UDQFH 3RVWGRFWRUDO )HOORZ ²

3K\VLFDO DQG 0DWHULDOV (QJLQHHULQJ 'HSDUWPHQW (FROH 3RO\WHFKQLTXH GH 0RQWUpDO &DQDGD 6HQLRU 6FLHQWLVW ² 3URIHVVRU ²

(GLWRU RI WKH

)RXQGHU DQG (GLWRU RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6FLHQWLILF -RXUQDO -RXUQDO RI 1HZ 0DWHULDOV IRU (OHFWUR FKHPLFDO 6\VWHPV

5HVHDUFK LQWHUHVWV

0DWHULDOV IRU HOHFWURFKHPLFDO V\VWHPV )XHO &HOOV (OHFWURFKHPLFDO 7HFKQRORJLHV ,QGXVWULDO (OHFWURFKHPLVWU\ (OHFWURFKHPLFDO (QHUJ\ 6RODU &HOOV %LRPDWHULDOV %DWWHULHV 6HQVRUV &RUURVLRQ

Referências

Documentos relacionados

)LJXUHV DQG VKRZ WKH VXUIDFH UHVSRQVH RI WKH JHUPLQDWLRQ DQG UDGLFOH SURWUXVLRQ YDULDEOHV RI WKH &amp; FDQHSKRUD VHHGV DIWHU IRXU PRQWKV RI VWRUDJH GULHG DW

7KH PROHFXODU EDVLV IRU WKH WUDQVSRUW RI PDQJDQHVH DFURVVPHPEUDQHVLQSODQWFHOOVLVSRRUO\XQGHUVWRRG,57 D PHPEHU RI WKH =,3 IDPLO\ LGHQWL¿HG LQ $ WKDOLDQD LV D EURDGUDQJH PHWDO

,W LV ZLWK JUHDW VDWLVIDFWLRQ WKDW ZH DQQRXQFH WKH LQGH[LQJ RIWKH 5HYLVWD%UDVLOHLUDGH3VLTXLDWULD 5%3%UD]LOLDQ-RXUQDO RI 3V\FKLDWU\ ERWK LQ WKH 6RFLDO 6FLHQFHV &amp;LWDWLRQ ,QGH[ RI

7KHRULJLQDO(QJOLVKODQJXDJHYHUVLRQKDVIDFHYDOXHDQGLV KLJKO\ UHOLDEOH 7KH FKRLFH RI WKH ('(7 LV MXVWLILHG EHFDXVH

IRUUDLVLQJWKHLPSRUWDQWTXHVWLRQDVWRZK\FKLOGUHQXQGHU WKH DJH RI DUH QRW LQWHUYLHZHG GLUHFWO\ DV SDUW RI WKH '$:%$ DVVHVVPHQW WKRXJK WKHLU SDUHQWV DUH 7KH\

7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI PLFURHQFDSVXODWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV RIIHUV WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI SURGXFWLQJ QRYHO SURGXFWV ZLWK PDQ\ DGYDQWDJHV FRPSDUHG WR WUDGLWLRQDO WH[WLOH SURGXFWV 7KH PLFURFDSVXOHV

&amp;RQVLGHULQJWKH IDFW WKDW WKH ELRV\VWHP IXQFWL RQV ZLWK WKH GLOXWLRQ UDWH KLJKHU WKDQ WKH VSHFLILF JURZWK UDWH WKH YROXPHWULF ELRSURFHVV SURGXFWLYLW\ LV LQFUHDVHG )XUWKHUPRUH

7KH VWXGLHV DLPHG WR HVWDEOLVK WKH EHKDYLRU RI WKH *&amp;0,3 UHVSRQVH WRZDUGV RUJDQRFKORULQH FRPSRXQGV