❙❆❇❘■◆❆ ❉❊ ❆❩❊❱❊❉❖ ❙■▲❱❊■❘❆
❊◆❩❨▼❆P✿ ❊❳P▲❖❘❆◆❉❖ ▼❊❚❆❉❆❉❖❙
P❘❖❚➱■❈❖❙ P❆❘❆ ▼❖❉❊▲❆●❊▼ ❊ P❘❊❱■❙➹❖
❉❊ ▼❯❉❆◆➬❆❙ ❉❊ ❆◆❖❚❆➬➹❖ ◆❖
❯◆■P❘❖❚✴❙❲■❙❙✲P❘❖❚
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❊◆❩❨▼❆P✿ ❊❳P▲❖❘❆◆❉❖ ▼❊❚❆❉❆❉❖❙
P❘❖❚➱■❈❖❙ P❆❘❆ ▼❖❉❊▲❆●❊▼ ❊ P❘❊❱■❙➹❖
❉❊ ▼❯❉❆◆➬❆❙ ❉❊ ❆◆❖❚❆➬➹❖ ◆❖
❯◆■P❘❖❚✴❙❲■❙❙✲P❘❖❚
❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ Pós✲ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✲ ✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✳
❙❆❇❘■◆❆ ❉❊ ❆❩❊❱❊❉❖ ❙■▲❱❊■❘❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ▼■◆❆❙ ●❊❘❆■❙
❊◆❩❨▼❆P✿ ❊①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ♣r♦té✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠
❡ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❯♥✐Pr♦t✴❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t
❙❆❇❘■◆❆ ❉❊ ❆❩❊❱❊❉❖ ❙■▲❱❊■❘❆
P❤✳ ❉✳ ❲❛❣♥❡r ▼❡✐r❛ ❏r ✕ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
P❤✳ ❉✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❡✐r❛ ✕ ❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ■t❛❥✉❜á
P❤✳ ❉✳ ❘❛q✉❡❧ ❈❛r❞♦s♦ ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦✲▼✐♥❛r❞✐ ✕ ❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
❘❡s✉♠♦ ❊st❡♥❞✐❞♦
❆ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✉ ✉♠ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ú❧✲ t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✳ ❋❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐❛✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s às ♥♦✈❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❉◆❆✱ ♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❡ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❞❡❧❡s ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐✲ ❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❊ss❛s ❜❛s❡s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t♦s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛✱ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ❡ s❡✉ ❣❡♥❡ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛♥t❡✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦✳
◆❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❡ ♣r❡✈❡r ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❊◆❩❨♠❛t✐❝ ▼❡t❛❞❛t❛ ❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ Pr❡❞✐❝t♦r ✭❊◆❩❨▼❆P✮✳ ▼❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❛♠♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣r❡✈❡r ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❞♦ r❡♣♦s✐tó✲ r✐♦ ❯♥✐Pr♦t✴❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t✳ ❊ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ s✉❣❡r✐r ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❛❥✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❥á ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♥♦✈♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝❛❞❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❤á ✉♠ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❛✲ ❞♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛í ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♥✜á✈✐❡s✳
❋♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ❡ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❊♥③②♠❡ ❈♦♠✐ss✐♦♥ ✭❊❈✮ ♥✉♠❜❡r✳ ❊ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡✉ ♦r✐❣❡♠ à ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❆❉❱■❙❡ ❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ■❊❊❊ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❉❛t❛ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✭❇✐♦❱✐s✮✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ◆❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦r❛♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡♥tr❛❞❛s q✉❡ s♦❢r❡r❛♠ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❊❈ ❞❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❝✉❥❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ s❡ ♠❛♥t❡✈❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳ ▼❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞♦s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t ❡ s❡r✈✐r❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥s✉♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦✳
P❛r❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❡ ♣r❡✈❡r ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❊❈✱ três ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✿ ❉❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss❡✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛r ❡♥tr❛❞❛s q✉❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ♥♦ ❊❈
♥✉♠❜❡r ❞❛q✉❡❧❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡✉ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡❀ Pr❡✈✐s✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss❡ ♥♦s ✐♥❞✐❝♦✉ q✉❡ ♣r❡✈❡r ❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❊❈ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♠✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡s❝❛ss♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧❀ Pr❡✈✐s✐✈♦ ❖r✐❣❡♠ ❈♦♠✉♠✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❢❛③❡r ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❊❈ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✳
❆s ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❊◆❩❨▼❆P ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s às ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❡❧♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❉❊❚❊❈❚✱ q✉❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛ ✉♠ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r à s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛✱ ❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t✳ ❖ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈✐✲ sõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❊◆❩❨▼❆P q✉❡ ❡stá ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t é ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❊❚❊❈❚ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s q✉❛tr♦ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❊❈✳
❆❜str❛❝t
■♥ r❡❝❡♥t ❞❡❝❛❞❡s t❤❡r❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛ s✉r❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ◆❡✇ ❉◆❆ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛❧❧② ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♥✉♠✲ ❜❡r ♦❢ ❧❛r❣❡ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❧❡❞ t♦ ❛♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ❉◆❆ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ❞❛t❛✳ ❆❧s♦✱ ✈❛st ❛♠♦✉♥ts ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ s✉❝❤ ❛s ♣r♦t❡✐♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ str✉❝t✉r❡s✱ ❣❡♥❡✲❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♠❡✲ ❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✱ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♣❤❡♥♦t②♣❡ st✉❞✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞✳ ▼✉❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t♦ t❤❡ s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ✐♥ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐❡s ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❚❤❡s❡ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐❡s st♦r❡ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❛✇ ❞❛t❛ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s✉❝❤ ❛s ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✱ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❣❡♥❡✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛✱ ❛❧s♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥✳
■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❞✐❝t ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞❛t❛✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ t❡r♠ ❊◆❩❨♠❛t✐❝ ▼❡t❛❞❛t❛ ❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ Pr❡❞✐❝t♦r ✭❊◆❩❨▼❆P✮✳ ▼♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧②✱ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✐♥ ♣r❡❞✐❝t ❡♥③②♠❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥✲ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❯♥✐Pr♦t✴❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t ❡♥tr② ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ❛❧❧♦✇s ✉s t♦ s✉❣❣❡st ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥s t♦ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ♠❛♥♥❡r t♦ ♦t❤❡r ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ r❡❛❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛✳ ❖✉r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✉s❡s ❞❛t❛ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡ t❤❡ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ♥❡✇ ❡①♣❡♥s✐✈❡ ❜❡♥❝❤ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❤✉❣❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧②✱ ❤❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳
❲❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❡①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ ❡♥③②♠❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✇❡r❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❡❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♥③②♠❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❊♥③②♠❡ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥ ✭❊❈✮ ♥✉♠❜❡r✳ ❚❤✐s st❡♣ ❧❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡✲ r❛❝t✐✈❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❆❉❱■❙❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ t♦ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✐♥ ■❊❊❊ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❉❛t❛ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✭❇✐♦❱✐s✮✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❚❤❡♥ s♦♠❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t ✇❡r❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t❡ ❡♥tr✐❡s t❤❛t ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❊❈ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ t②♣❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t✳ ❖❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ s✉❝❤ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s s❡r✈❡❞ ❛s ✐♥♣✉t ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳
❲❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ t❤r❡❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts t♦ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❞✐❝t ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r ❝❤❛♥❣❡s✿ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ t❤❛t s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ ✇❡r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞✐s❝r✐✲ ♠✐♥❛t❡ ❡♥tr✐❡s t❤❛t ✉♥❞❡r❣♦♥❡ ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥
r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❀ Pr❡❞✐❝t✐✈❡ ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t❤❛t ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♦❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❊❈ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ t②♣❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♠✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡r ✇✐t❤ ❛ s❝❛r❝❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❛s ♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡❀ Pr❡❞✐❝t✐✈❡ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❙♦✉r❝❡✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ t❤❛t ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❊❈ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ t②♣❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❡❞ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡rs ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❡✈❡♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s❝❛r❝❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s✳
❲❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥s ♠❛❞❡ ❜② ❊◆❩❨▼❆P t♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥s ♠❛❞❡ ❜② ❉❊❚❊❈❚✱ ❛ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡ ❛♥ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r t♦ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❡s✬ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣r♦t❡✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❜♦t❤ ✇❡r❡ ❝❤❡❝❦❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥st ❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥s ♠❛❞❡ ❜② ♦✉r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t❤❛t ✐s ✐♥ ❛❝❝♦r❞❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t ✐s ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡ ❢♦r ❉❊❚❊❈❚ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❢♦✉r ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ ❊❈ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥✳
✏❉❡ t✉❞♦ ✜❝❛r❛♠ três ❝♦✐s❛s✿ ❛ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❡st❛✈❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♥❞♦✱ ❛ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ❡ ❛ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡r✐❛ ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛r✳ ❋❛③❡r ❞❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♥♦✈♦✳ ❋❛③❡r ❞❛ q✉❡❞❛ ✉♠ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❛♥ç❛✱ ❞♦ ♠❡❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❞❛✱ ❞♦ s♦♥♦ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♥t❡✱ ❞❛ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ✉♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦✳✑
❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❙❛❜✐♥♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣❡❧❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❢é q✉❡ ♠❡ s✉st❡♥t❛ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✳ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❏❛✐❧❞♦ ❡ ❇ár❜❛r❛✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❤✉♠✐❧❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♦r❛çõ❡s✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♠❛r✐❞♦ ❘♦♥❛♥ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ♠❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛r ❛♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳ ❘♦♥❛♥✱ ✈♦❝ê ✈❛✐ ❞✐r❡t♦ ♣r♦ ❝é✉✱ ❡ s❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛✦
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❲❛❣♥❡r ▼❡✐r❛ ❏r✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❞❡ss❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❈❛r❧♦s ❙✐❧✈❡✐r❛✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♠❡s♠♦ à ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡✉ ❡st❛✈❛ ♥♦ ▼é①✐❝♦✱ ❡ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ à ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠á✲ t✐❝❛✳ ❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ▼❛t♦s ❙❛♥t♦r♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❇✐♦q✉í♠✐❝❛✳
❉❡✐①♦ ✉♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ à ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❘❛q✉❡❧ ▼✐♥❛r❞✐✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ s❡✉ t❛❧❡♥t♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞♦✉ ✐♠❡♥s❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❣❡♥❡r♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❞❡ ♣❡rt♦ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❙✉❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐✈❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ✭▲❇❙✮ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥tr❛çã♦ q✉❡ t♦r✲ ♥❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s s✉❛✈❡✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ❉♦✉❣❧❛s q✉❡ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❡③❡s ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣❡✉ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r✳ ➚ ❱❛❧❞❡t❡ ❡ à ◆✐❧♠❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢♦rt♦✳ ❆♦ ❙❛♥❞r♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❡✐❥ã♦ ❞❛ s♦rt❡✳ ➚ ❊❧✐s❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ✐♠♣❡❝á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞♦✉ ♥❡ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ✜♥❛❧✳ ❆♦ ❈♦✉t✐♥❤♦ q✉❡ ❢❡③ ❛ ❍②❞r❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ♣❛r❛ ❡✉ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♠❡✉s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳
P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ✜❧❤❛ ▲❛ís ♣❡❧♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠♦r✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ✐♥♦❝❡♥t❡✳ ▲❛ís✱ ❛ ✈♦❝ê✱ q✉❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ♣❛ss♦✉ ✐♥t❡r♠✐♥á✈❡✐s ❤♦r❛s ♠♦♥t❛♥❞♦ ▲❡❣♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ❢❛③❡r ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s ✭❚Ps✮ ❞❡ ❆❊❉❙ ■■■✱ ♠❡✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ♣♦✉❝♦✳ ❱♦❝ê é r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❛♥❣❡❧✐t♦✦
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ❆♥♦t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸ ❯♥✐Pr♦t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✹ ❊♥③✐♠❛s ❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❊❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✶✳✺ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✺✳✶ ❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✶✳✺✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✶✳✻ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✶✳✼ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✽ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✶✻
✷✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❛çõ❡s ❊♥③✐♠át✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✶✳✶ ●❡♥❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ✭●❖✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❊♥③②♠❡ ❈♦♠✐ss✐♦♥ ◆✉♠❜❡r ✭❊❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❆♥♦t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✷✹
✸✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✹ ▼❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ✷✻
✹✳✶ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✶✳✶ ▼❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❙❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❊①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❉❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦ ❡ Pr❡✈✐s✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✸ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✸✳✶ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ▼❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❖❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❊❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✹✳✸✳✸ ❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✸✳✹ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✸✳✺ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✸✳✻ ❊str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ✺✷
✺✳✶ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❉❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✷ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s Pr❡✈✐s✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✷✳✶ ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❖r✐❣❡♠ ❈♦♠✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❊◆❩❨▼❆P✱ ❉❊❚❊❈❚ ❡ ❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✻✷
✻✳✶ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
❆ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✻✺
❆✳✶ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ❆✳✷ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❉❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ❆✳✸ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr❡✈✐s✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ❆✳✹ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ▼✉❞❛♥ç❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
❇ ❆rt✐❣♦ P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✼✾
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✽✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❯♥✐Pr♦t❑❇✴❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✷ ●rá✜❝♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❯♥✐✲
Pr♦t❑❇ ❡♠ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷✳ ✭❛✮ ❯♥✐Pr♦t❑❇✴❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t✱ ✐♠❛✲
❣❡♠ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✭❤tt♣✿✴✴✇❡❜✳❡①♣❛s②✳♦r❣✴❞♦❝s✴r❡❧♥♦t❡s✴r❡❧st❛t✳❤t♠❧✮✱
✭❜✮ ❯♥✐Pr♦t❑❇✴❚r❊▼❇▲✱ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❡♠
✭❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡❜✐✳❛❝✳✉❦✴✉♥✐♣r♦t✴❚r❊▼❇▲st❛ts✴✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✶✳✸ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬❚❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✹ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ❡♥✲
tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s às q✉❛✐s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬❚❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✷✳✶ ❆♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r ❡ ●❖ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ◗✽❘❳❉✾ ❞♦ ❯♥✐Pr♦t✴❙✇✐ss✲ Pr♦t✳ ✭❛✮ ❆♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❊❈✱ ✭❜✮ ❆♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ●❖ ❡ ✭❝✮ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼❋ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦ t❡r♠♦ ✹✲❛❧♣❤❛✲❣❧✉❝❛♥♦tr❛♥s❢❡r❛s❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✳ ❆ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ✭❝✮ ❢♦✐ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞♦ ◗✉✐❝❦●❖ ❬❇✐♥♥s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✹✳✶ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ❯♥✐Pr♦t✴❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s à ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❆✳✶✳ ✭❛✮ ◆ú♠❡r♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❛♥♦t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r✳ ✭❜✮ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❛♥♦t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✷ ❉❛❞♦s ❞♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ❯♥✐Pr♦t✴❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s à ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❆✳✷✳
✭❛✮ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞♦s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r ❞❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s✳ ✭❜✮ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♣❛r ❞❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s q✉❡ ❡stá ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✸ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❛ r❡❛çã♦ ❝❛t❛❧✐s❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r ✸✳✶✳✸✳✷ ✭❛✮ ❡ ❝♦♠
❊❈ ✸✳✶✳✸✳✺ ✭❜✮✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❇❘❊◆❉❆ ❁❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜r❡♥❞❛✲❡♥③②♠❡s✳♦r❣✴❃✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✹ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳ ✭❛✮ ❍❡❛t♠❛♣✿ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❡s❝✉r❛
❛ ❝♦r✱ ♠❛✐♦r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦✳ ✭❜✮ ◗✉❛❞♠❛♣✿ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r✳ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧✱ ❛③✉❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❜❡❣❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧✳ ❊♠ ✭❛✮ ❡ ✭❜✮✱ ❝✐♥③❛ ❡s❝✉r♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ♣r❡✜①♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❢r❛♠❡✳ ❖ ❝✐♥③❛ ❝❧❛r♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ✈❛③✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✹✳✺ ✭❛✮ ❍❡❛t♠❛♣ ❡ ◗✉❛❞♠❛♣ ❝♦♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡①✐❜✐❞❛s ❡ ♥♦r✲ ♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ✭❜✮ ❍❡❛t♠❛♣ ❡ ◗✉❛❞♠❛♣ ❝♦♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♠✉✲ ❞❛♥ç❛s ❡①✐❜✐❞❛s ❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳ ❊♠ ✭❛✮ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡st❛❝❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥✉♠❡r♦s❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❢r❛♠❡ ❡ ❡♠ ✭❜✮ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡st❛❝❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥✉♠❡r♦s❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡✲ r❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❊❘ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✼ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❊❈ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ❞❡s❝❛rt❛❞❛s✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠✉✲
❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❊❈ ❝♦♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✶✵ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛s ✹✹ ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ❙✇✐ss✲ Pr♦t ❢♦r❛♠ ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✹✳✽ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❊❈ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡✐①♦x❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❊❈ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡✐①♦ y✳ ❊♠ ✭❛✮ ♦ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛
♠♦str❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❊❈ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✺✵✽ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❊❈ ❝♦♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✶✵ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s❀ ❡♠ ✭❜✮ s♦♠❡♥t❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✷✵✵ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s❀ ❡♠ ✭❝✮ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠✉✲ ❞❛♥ç❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ✶✵✵ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s sã♦ ❡①✐❜✐❞♦s✳ ❖ ❧✐♠✐t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❢♦✐ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❊❈✱ q✉❡ é ✷✼✳ ❚❛❧ ✈❛❧♦r é ♠❛✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠é❞✐❛✱ q✉❡ é ✶✵✷✱✷ ❝♦♠ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✷✷✹✱✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✾ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✿ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❉❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss❡✱ Pr❡✈✐✲
s✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss❡ ❡ Pr❡✈✐s✐✈♦ ❖r✐❣❡♠ ❈♦♠✉♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❑◆◆ ♣❛r❛ K❂✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✶✶ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✺✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❉❊❚❊❈❚ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❊◆❩❨▼❆P ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t ✭✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦s✮✳ ❊♠ ✭❛✮ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❊❈ é ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦❀ ❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ✭❜✮✱ ✭❝✮ ❡ ✭❞✮ ✷✱ ✸ ❡ ✹ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❊❈ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✶✳✷ ❉❛❞♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s à ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❞♦ ❯♥✐Pr♦t❑❇✴❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t q✉❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❛
♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r 3.1.3.2→3.1.3.5♦✉ s❡ ♠❛♥t✐✈❡r❛♠ 3.1.3.2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✷✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛s✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬▲❡❤♥✐♥❣❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❊❈ ♥❛s ❜❛s❡s ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r✱ P❉❇ ❡ P✉❜▼❡❞
✭♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✹✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r ❝♦♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❞♦ ❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t q✉❡ s♦❢r❡r❛♠ t❛✐s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s✱ ✈❡rsõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r❛♠✱ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ♣r❡✜①♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✷ ▼✉❞❛♥ç❛s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦r ❧❛r❛♥❥❛ ♥❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ✺✲✻ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✳ ✸✺
✹✳✸ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ 3.1.3.2 → 3.1.3.5 ❡ s❡✉
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✹ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✺ ▼✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♥❛s ✹✹ ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✻ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❞♦r❛ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✺✳✶ ▼❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❊❈ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛♥❞♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❝r✉③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✵ ♣❛rt✐çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✷ ❈❧❛ss❡s ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛s ❡ ♥ã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✭❑◆◆❴❑✶ ❝♦♠
✸✽ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦✉ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✮✿ ♠é❞✐❛✱ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✱ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❡ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss❡s ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛s ✭F1 > 0,5✮ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛s ✭F1 < 0,5✮
s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛✳ ❆ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✸ ▼é❞✐❛s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❡ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✭❑◆◆❴❑✶ ❝♦♠ ✸✽ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦✉ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✹ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr❡✈✐s✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ❡ t❡st❡✿ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡✲
s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✺ ▼é❞✐❛s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❡ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✭❑◆◆❴❑✶ ❝♦♠ ✶✸ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦✉ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❖r✐❣❡♠ ❈♦♠✉♠✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r
✺✳✼ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❖r✐❣❡♠ ❈♦♠✉♠ ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✳✻ ✺✼ ✺✳✽ ▼é❞✐❛s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❡ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❖r✐❣❡♠ ❈♦♠✉♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✾ Pr❡✈✐sõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✹ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞♦ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r✳ ❆s
❞✉❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❛s ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❊◆❩❨▼❆P ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❉❊❚❊❈❚ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙✇✐ss✲ Pr♦t✳ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❝♦❜❡rt♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
❆✳✶ ❱❡rsõ❡s ✶ ❛ ✹✹ ❞♦ ❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t✿ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❡ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❛ ✈❡rsã♦✱ ❞❛t❛ ❞❡ ❧❛♥ç❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r ❡ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s✳ ✻✻ ❆✳✷ P❛r❡s ❞❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s ❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ❆✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ✶✿ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ s❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♥✲❣r❛♠s
❡ st❡♠♠✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ❆✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ✷✿ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ s❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♥✲❣r❛♠s
❡ ❝♦♠ st❡♠♠✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ❆✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ✸✿ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♥✲❣r❛♠s
❡ st❡♠♠✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ❆✳✻ ▼❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❉❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❧❣♦✲
r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦✱ ✭✶✮ ◆❡♠ ♥✲❣r❛♠s ♥❡♠ st❡♠✲ ♠✐♥❣ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦❀ ✭✷✮ s❡♠ ♥✲❣r❛♠s ❡ ❝♦♠ st❡♠♠✐♥❣❀ ✭✸✮ ❝♦♠ ♥✲❣r❛♠s ❡ ❝♦♠ st❡♠♠✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ❆✳✼ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr❡✈✐s✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss❡✿ ❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛
♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ t❡st❡ ❡ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ❆✳✽ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r❛♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
F1✿ ❋ ♠❡❛s✉r❡
r✿ ❘❡✈♦❝❛çã♦
p✿ Pr❡❝✐sã♦
❆❉❱■❙❡✿ ❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝s ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥
❆❯❈✿ ❆r❡❛ ❯♥❞❡r ❘❖❈ ❈✉r✈❡
❇▲❆❙❚✿ ❇❛s✐❝ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❆❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t ❙❡❛r❝❤ ❚♦♦❧
❇P✿ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss
❇❘❊◆❉❆✿ ❇❘❛✉♥s❝❤✇❡✐❣ ❊◆③②♠❡ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡
❈❈✿ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t
❉❉❇❏✿ ❉◆❆ ❉❛t❛ ❇❛♥❦ ♦❢ ❏❛♣❛♥
❉❊❚❊❈❚✿ ❉❡♥s✐t② ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚♦♦❧ ❢♦r ❊♥③②♠❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❚✐♦♥
❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡r✿ ❊♥③②♠❡ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♥✉♠❜❡r
❊▼❇▲✿ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❇✐♦❧♦❣② ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r②
❊◆❆✿ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ◆✉❝❧❡♦t✐❞❡ ❆r❝❤✐✈❡
❊◆❩❨▼❆P✿ ❊◆❩❨♠❛t✐❝ ▼❡t❛❞❛t❛ ❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ Pr❡❞✐❝t♦r
❋❈❆✿ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
❋◆✿ ❋❛❧s❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡s ♦✉ ❢❛❧s♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s
❋P✿ ❋❛❧s❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡s ♦✉ ❢❛❧s♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s
❋P❘✿ ❋❛❧s❡ P♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❘❛t❡
●❖✿ ●❡♥❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣②
■❯❇▼❇✿ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❯♥✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇✐♦❝❤❡♠✐str② ❛♥❞ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❇✐♦❧♦❣②
■❯P❆❈✿ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❯♥✐♦♥ ♦❢ P✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❈❤❡♠✐str②
❑❉❉✿ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r② ✐♥ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s
❑❉❉❑✿ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r② ●✉✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡
❑❊●●✿ ❑②♦t♦ ❊♥❝②❝❧♦♣❡❞✐❛ ♦❢ ●❡♥❡s ❛♥❞ ●❡♥♦♠❡s
❑◆◆✿ ❑✲◆❡❛r❡st ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r
❑❲✿ ❑❡② ❲♦r❞
▲▲❊✿ ▲♦❝❛❧❧② ▲✐♥❡❛r ❊♠❜❡❞❞✐♥❣
▼❋✿ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥
❖❈✿ ❖r❣❛♥✐s♠ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥
P❈❆✿ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
P❉❇✿ Pr♦t❡✐♥ ❉❛t❛ ❇❛♥❦
❘❖❈ ❝✉r✈❡✿ ❘❡❝❡✐✈❡r ❖♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ❝✉r✈❡
❘P✿ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ P♦s✐t✐♦♥
❙❈❖P✿ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❛❧ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ Pr♦t❡✐♥s
❙❱❉✿ ❙✐♥❣✉❧❛r ❱❛❧✉❡ ❉❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥
❙❱▼✿ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡
❚P✿ ❚r✉❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡s ♦✉ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s
❚P❘✿ ❚r✉❡ P♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❘❛t❡
❯♥✐Pr♦t✿ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ Pr♦t❡✐♥ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❤♦✉✈❡ ✉♠ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❬❋r✐t③ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮❪✱ ❛s ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛ ✉♠ ❛✉✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❉◆❆✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡ q✉❛♥✲ t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❣ê♥✐❝❛✱ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❢❡♥ót✐♣♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❬❍♦✇❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮❪✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❞❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❡stã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐✲ ❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬▲❡s❦ ✭✷✵✵✺✮❪✱ t❛✐s r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t♦s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❧❡✲ ✈❛♥t❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❞♦s s❡r❡s ✈✐✈♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛✱ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ❡ s❡✉ ❣❡♥❡ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛♥t❡✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦✳
❈♦♠♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡stá ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ q✉❡ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❞❡ t❛✐s ❞❛❞♦s s❡❥❛♠ ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡✈✐s❛❞♦s ❡♥✲ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s é ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♥♦t❛❞❛ ❬▼❡✇❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮❪✳ ◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♦s ♣❛♣é✐s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥♦t❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ s❡♠ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❬❋✉r♥❤❛♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮❀ ❇r❡♥♥❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮❪✳
❆ ❣❧✐❝♦♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ● ❞❡ ◆✐♣❛❤ ✈✐r✉s ✭❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ◗✾■❍✻✷ ♥♦ ❯♥✐Pr♦t✴❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t✮ ✐❧✉str❛ ♦s r✐s❝♦s ❞❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✳ ❚❛❧ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✺✵✪ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❤❡♠❛❣❧✉t✐♥✐♥❛✲♥❡✉r❛♠✐♥✐❞❛s❡s✱ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢✉sã♦ ✈✐r❛❧ ♥❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛✳ ❆s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❛ ❣❧✐❝♦♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ● ❞❡ ❍❡♥❞r❛ ❡ ◆✐♣❛❤ ✈✐r✉s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛s ✭✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✷❱❙❑ ❡
✷❱❙▼ ❞♦ P❉❇✶✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✮ ❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s✐①✲
❜❧❛❞❡ β ♣r♦♣❡❧❧❡r ✭✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❤é❧✐❝❡ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✻ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❜❡t❛✮✱ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❤✐❞r♦✲ ❧❛s❡s ✭❤❡♠❛❣❧✉t✐♥✐♥❛✲♥❡✉r❛♠✐♥✐❞❛s❡s✮ ❬❇♦✇❞❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮❪✳ ❯♠ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧
✶❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳r❝s❜✳♦r❣✴♣❞❜✴
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷
❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♥❡✉r❛♠✐❞❛s❡ ❧❡❣ít✐♠❛ ❞♦ ✈✐r✉s P❛r❛✐♥✢✉❡♥③❛ t✐♣♦ ■■■ ✭✐♥❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ✶❱✸❉ ♥♦ P❉❇✮✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ à ♠❡s♠❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ P❛r❛♠②①♦✈✐r✐❞❛❡ ❞❡ ❍❡♥✐♣❛✈✐r✉s✱ r❡s✉❧✲ t♦✉ ♥✉♠ ❘▼❙❉ ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ✷✱✵ ➴❬▲❛✇r❡♥❝❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮❪✳ ❯♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❣❧✐❝♦✲ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ● ❞❡ ❍❡♥✐♣❛✈✐r✉s ❝♦♠♦ ♥❡✉r❛♠✐❞❛s❡✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛té ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✶✹ ✭❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✽✮ ❞♦ ❯♥✐Pr♦t✴❙✇✐ss✲Pr♦t✱ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ◗✾■❍✻✷ ❡r❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ❤♦❥❡ s❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❣❧✐❝♦♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ● ❞❡ ❍❡♥✐♣❛✈✐r✉s ♥ã♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝❛t❛❧ít✐❝❛✱ ❡ s✉❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ é ❞❡ ❤❡♠❛❣❧✉t✐♥✐♥❛✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛✲♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❝❡♣t♦r❡s ❞♦ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦ ❬❇♦✇❞❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮❪✳ ◆♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ t❡①t♦ ❡r❛ ❡s❝r✐t♦✱ ♦ P❉❇ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛✈❛ ❡rr♦♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ✭✷❱❙❑ ❡ ✷❱❙▼✮ ❝♦♠♦ ❤✐❞r♦❧❛s❡s✳
❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡st✉❞♦s q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ❛s t❛①❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡rr♦s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❡✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❞❡sss❡s ❡st✉❞♦s sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❜r❡✈❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❜❛✐①♦✳
❊♠ ❬❇r❡♥♥❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮❪ ❡ ❬❉❡✈♦s ❡ ❱❛❧❡♥❝✐❛ ✭✷✵✵✶✮❪✱ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡♥♦♠❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s✳ ❯♠ ❡rr♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ✐♥❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞❡ ❊❈ ♥✉♠❜❡rs ✭✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛s✮ ♣❛r❝✐❛✐s ❢♦✐ r❡♣♦rt❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❬●r❡❡♥ ❡ ❑❛r♣ ✭✷✵✵✺✮❪✳ ❊♠ ❬❙❝❤♥♦❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮❪✱ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ♥♦s r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❯♥✐Pr♦t ❬❈♦♥s♦rt✐✉♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮❪✱ ●❡♥❇❛♥❦ ❬❇❡♥s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮❪ ❛♥❞ ❑❊●● ❬❑❛♥❡❤✐s❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮❪ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❖❝✉❧t♦s ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ♣❛r❛ ✸✼ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s ❞❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛s✳ ❯♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡r ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ❬❍✉♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮❪✳ ❊♠ ❬◗✉❡st❡r ❡ ❙❝❤♦♠❜✉r❣ ✭✷✵✶✶✮❪✱ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡♥③✐♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ❬❋✉r♥❤❛♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮❪ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛ ❞❛❞♦s ✜❧♦❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s✱ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡ t❛✐s ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❛ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛r ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡♥③✐♠át✐❝❛s ❛♣♦✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛s✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ♦s r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡✲ r✐③❛♠ ❡ ❞ã♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t♦s✳ ❙❡r✐❛♠ t❛✐s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ✐rá ♦❝♦rr❡r❄ ❊♠ ❝❛s♦ ❛✜r♠❛t✐✈♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❡s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ❡ss❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r❡✈❡r ✉♠❛ ♠✉✲ ❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦❄
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✸
♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♦✉✲ tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❥á ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♥♦✈♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝❛❞❛✳ ■♥✲ ✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❤á ✉♠ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ✈♦✲ ❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛í ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♥✜á✈✐❡s✳
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❙ã♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦✱ s❡❣✉✐❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❯♥✐Pr♦t✳ ◆❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛s ❜r❡✈❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❡ s✉❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❊❈ ❡✱ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ é ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✶ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s
❯♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s é ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ❉❛❞♦s sã♦ ❢❛t♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲ ❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t♦ ❬❊❧♠❛sr✐ ❡ ◆❛✈❛t❤❡ ✭✷✵✵✽✮❪✳ ▼❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬❊❧♠❛sr✐ ❡ ◆❛✈❛t❤❡ ✭✷✵✵✽✮❪✱ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✿
• ➱ ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥✐✲
✈❡rs❡ ♦❢ ❞✐s❝♦✉rs❡ ❯♦❉✱ ❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ ❯♦❉ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡✢❡t✐❞❛s ♥❡ss❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲ çã♦✳
• ➱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ❖ t❡r♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ é ✉s❛❞♦
♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳
• P♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦s ♥❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛
❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊❧❛ é ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✹
❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ❛s ♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ❛ s❡✉ ❣❡♥❡ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛♥t❡✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✮ ❬❙t❡✐♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮❪✳ ❙ã♦ ❡ss❛s ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦✐s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s ♥ã♦ é ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛té q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❛s s✉❛s ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝✐t❛r ♦ Pr♦t❡✐♥ ❉❛t❛ ❇❛♥❦ ✭P❉❇✮ ❬❇❡r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮❪✱ ●❡♥❇❛♥❦ ❬❇❡♥s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮❪✱ ❉◆❆ ❉❛t❛ ❇❛♥❦ ♦❢ ❏❛♣❛♥ ✭❉❉❇❏✮ ❬❖❣❛s❛✇❛r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮❪✱ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ◆✉❝❧❡♦t✐❞❡ ❆r❝❤✐✈❡ ✭❊◆❆✮ ❬▲❡✐♥♦♥❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮❪✱ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❛❧ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ Pr♦t❡✐♥s ✭❙❈❖P✮ ❬▼✉r③✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✺✮❪ ✭❈❆❚❍✮ ❬❖r❡♥❣♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮❪✱ ❑②♦t♦ ❊♥❝②❝❧♦♣❡❞✐❛ ♦❢ ●❡♥❡s ❛♥❞ ●❡♥♦♠❡s ✭❑❊●●✮ ❬❑❛♥❡❤✐s❛ ❡ ●♦t♦ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❑❛♥❡❤✐s❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮❪✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ Pr♦t❡✐♥ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ✭❯♥✐Pr♦t✮ ❬❈♦♥s♦r✲ t✐✉♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮❪✱ ▼❊❘❖P❙ ❬❘❛✇❧✐♥❣s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮❪✱ ❇❘❛✉♥s❝❤✇❡✐❣ ❊◆③②♠❡ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ✭❇❘❊◆❉❆✮ ❬❙❝❤❡❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮❪✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❜❛s❡s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦
P❉❇ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ á❝✐❞♦s ♥✉❝❧❡✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✳
●❡♥❇❛♥❦ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s
❉❉❇❏ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s
❊◆❆ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s
❙❈❖P ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ✭❢❛♠í❧✐❛s✮
❈❆❚❍ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ✭❞♦♠í♥✐♦s✮
❑❊●● ❙✉❜❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s✐stê♠✐❝❛✱ ❣❡♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛✳
❯♥✐Pr♦t ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✳
▼❊❘❖P❙ Pr♦t❡❛s❡s✱ s❡✉s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❡ s✉❜str❛t♦s
❇❘❊◆❉❆ ❊♥③✐♠❛s ❛♥♦t❛❞❛s ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳
✶✳✷ ❆♥♦t❛çã♦
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❬▲❡s❦ ✭✷✵✵✺✮❪✱ ❛♥♦t❛r ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s ♦✉ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♥♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s✿ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✱ t❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ór❣ã♦s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❈♦♥s✐st❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r✐r s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s✱ r❡❧❛çõ❡s✱ ❤✐stór✐❛✱ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛s✱ r❡❛çõ❡s✱ ✈✐❛s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
