• Nenhum resultado encontrado

A emancipação ociosa, ou, o que nos propõe a teoria crítica de Marx?.

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2017

Share "A emancipação ociosa, ou, o que nos propõe a teoria crítica de Marx?."

Copied!
16
0
0

Texto

(1)

A

EMANCIPAÇÃO OCIOSA

,

OU

,

O QUE NOS

PROPÕE A TEORIA CRÍTICA DE

M

ARX

?

Amaro Fleck

1

RESUMO 1R SUHVHQWH DUWLJR WUDoR UDSLGDPHQWH D SHUVSHFWLYD D SDUWLU GD TXDO 0DU[ FRQVWUyL

VXDFUtWLFDDRFDSLWDOLVPRDVDEHUDGLIHUHQoDHQWUHRSRWHQFLDOWUDQVIRUPDGRUGDWpFQLFDWDOFRPR GHVHQYROYLGDVRERPRGRFDSLWDOLVWDGHSURGXomRHDVXDUHDOLGDGHHIHWLYDQHVVHPHVPRVLVWHPDSDUWH &RPLVVRIHLWRDUJXPHQWRTXHDFUtWLFDGH0DU[DRVLVWHPDFDSLWDOLVWDFRQVLVWHHPJUDQGHSDUWH QRIDWRGHDYDORUL]DomRSHUPDQHQWHGRFDSLWDOVHUDPHWDGDSURGXomRXPDÀQDOLGDGHLUUDFLRQDOH TXHFULDXPDGRPLQDomRDEVWUDWDGHVVHPHFDQLVPRVREUHRVLQGLYtGXRVSDUWHGHPRGRDSRUÀP UHSHQVDURVHQWLGRGHHPDQFLSDomRQRSHQVDPHQWRPDU[LDQRWDUGLRVXVWHQWDQGRVREUHWXGRTXHVH WUDWDGHXPDHPDQFLSDomRGHVVDGRPLQDomRDEVWUDWDTXHFXOPLQDWDPEpPHPXPDHPDQFLSDomRGR WUDEDOKRHPSUROGDFULDomRGHFDGDYH]PDLVWHPSRGLVSRQtYHOSDUWH

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:.DUO0DU[&UtWLFDDRFDSLWDOLVPR&UtWLFDGRWUDEDOKR(PDQFLSDomR7HPSR

GLVSRQtYHO

2 SHQVDPHQWR FUtWLFR UDGLFDO WHP DVVXPLGR QRV ~OWLPRV DQRV XPD SRVWXUD PHUDPHQWH UHDWLYD &RP D RIHQVLYD QHROLEHUDO GDV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV H R GHVDEDPHQWR GR EORFR VRYLpWLFR H SRUWDQWR FRP R ÀQGDU GR ´VRFLDOLVPR UHDOPHQWHH[LVWHQWHµKRXYHXPD´GHEDQGDGDµGDVFUtWLFDVDRSUySULRSURFHVVR FDSLWDOLVWDFRPRWDOHPSUROGHFUtWLFDVDDVSHFWRVVLQJXODUHVRXFRQÀJXUDo}HV PRPHQWkQHDVGHVWH'HVVHPRGRPXLWRVHWHPHVFULWRVREUHDJOREDOL]DomRH PXLWRVHWHPFULWLFDGRRQHROLEHUDOLVPRPDVSRXFRVHWHPWHQWDGRFRPSUHHQGHU HFULWLFDUDFRQWLQXLGDGHGDGRPLQDomRFDSLWDOLVWDQRQHROLEHUDOLVPRJOREDOL]DGR 7RUQDVHGLItFLODVVLPGLIHUHQFLDUDVFUtWLFDVUDGLFDLVDRFDSLWDOLVPRGHFXQKR PDU[LDQRGDTXHODVFUtWLFDVGLULJLGDVDFHUWRVDVSHFWRVGRFDSLWDOLVPRDOJRTXH SRGHULDVHUGHQRPLQDGRTXLoiGHNH\QHVLDQLVPRGHHVTXHUGD+iPXLWRVHVHQWH DIDOWDGHXPDDOWHUQDWLYDGHVHMiYHOQDTXDODFUtWLFDHQFRQWUDULDDQFRUDGRXUR

(2)

0HX SURSyVLWR DTXL p GH FHUWD IRUPD FRQWULEXLU QR UHVJDWH GH XPD GLPHQVmRHPDQFLSDGRUDGRSHQVDPHQWRFUtWLFRUDGLFDO$WUDYpVGHXPDUHOHLWXUD das obras tardias marxianas, isto é, de O CapitalHGHVHXVHVERoRVSUHSDUDWyULRV DOPHMR HQIDWL]DU D GLPHQVmR HPDQFLSDGRUD GH WDO WHRULD FUtWLFD FRPR XPD SURSRVWD DLQGD YLiYHO RX PHOKRU KRMH DLQGD PDLV DWXDO GR TXH QD pSRFD QD TXDOIRLHVFULWDFDSD]GHHQWHQGHUHTXHVWLRQDUDVDJUXUDVGRPXQGRFDSLWDOLVWD FRQWHPSRUkQHR7DOUHOHLWXUDWHQWDRIHUHFHUFRPLVVRXPDWHRULDTXHpFUtWLFD WDQWRGDVUHPLQLVFrQFLDVGRVRFLDOLVPRUHDOPHQWHH[LVWHQWHHGRPDU[LVPRHP VXDVYHUV}HVPDLVWUDGLFLRQDLVTXDQWRGDVDOWHUQDWLYDV´UHDOLVWDVµTXHDEDQGRQDP DSUHWHQVmRGHFULWLFDURFDSLWDOLVPRHPVXDVHVWUXWXUDVPDLVSURIXQGDV

$UHOHLWXUDGDTXDOWUDWRIRLLQLFLDOPHQWHSURSRVWDSRU0RLVKH3RVWRQHH pFRPSDUWLOKDGDDRPHQRVHPVXDVOLQKDVJHUDLVSRU$QVHOP-DSSHH$QWRLQH $UWRXVGHQWUHRXWURV7DOUHOHLWXUDGR0DU[WDUGLRURPSHFRPDVLQWHUSUHWDo}HV WUDGLFLRQDLV TXH WrP VLGR IHLWDV VREUH HVVH DXWRU SRU YiULRV PRWLYRV QmR FRQVLGHUDDFODVVHSUROHWiULDDUHGHQWRUDGDKXPDQLGDGHWDPSRXFRRSRUWDYR] GDUHYROXomRPDVVLPXPDSDUWHGHQWUHRXWUDVGDVHVSROLDGDVSHODGRPLQDomR DEVWUDWDFDSLWDOLVWDQmRDFUHGLWDTXHRWUDEDOKRVHMDDHVVrQFLDGRKRPHPQHP TXHRKRPHPVHGLVWLQJXHGRVGHPDLVDQLPDLVSRUIDEULFDUVHXVSUySULRVPHLRVGH H[LVWrQFLDPDVVLPTXHQDVRFLHGDGHFDSLWDOLVWDRKRPHPVHUSOXULGLPHQVLRQDO é reduzido a um mero animal laboransDXPVLPSOHVDSrQGLFHGDVPiTXLQDVQmR SHQVDVHUDKLVWyULDIHLWDFHQWUDORXXQLFDPHQWHSHODOXWDGHFODVVHVGHWDOPDQHLUD TXHRFDSLWDOLVPRQmRSRGHVHUHQWHQGLGRXQLFDPHQWHHPWHUPRVGHH[SORUDomR GH XPD FODVVH SHOD RXWUD WDPSRXFR SHQVD D VXSHUDomR GR FDSLWDOLVPR FRPR XQLFDPHQWHDVXSHUDomRGR´PHUFDGRµRXGDFODVVHGRVFDSLWDOLVWDVFRPXPD UHGLYLVmRGDULTXH]DTXHVHJXLULDVHQGRSURGX]LGDgrosso modo, da mesma maneira PDVVLPFRPRXPDDOWHUDomRUDGLFDOGRSUySULRPRGRGHSURGX]LUDVULTXH]DV HQmRXQLFDPHQWHQRPRGRGHGLVWULEXtOD3RUÀPQmRFULWLFDRFDSLWDOLVPR XQLFDPHQWHSRUHVWHHVWDUEDVHDGRHPXPDDWLYLGDGHH[SORUDWyULDDXVXUSDomRGD PDLVYDOLDPDVSULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUHVVHVLVWHPDVRFLDOVHUDRPHQRVHPJUDQGH PHGLGDLUUDFLRQDOHFULDUXPDQRYDIRUPDGHGRPLQDomRQmR GRVFDSLWDOLVWDV VREUHRVWUDEDOKDGRUHVSRUpPGDSUySULDOyJLFDGHYDORUL]DomRGRFDSLWDOVREUH RVLQGLYtGXRVTXHVHUYHPDWDOYDORUL]DomRGHVRUWHTXHHVWHVQmRVmRDXW{QRPRV HPXPDVRFLHGDGHRUJDQL]DGDGHIRUPDFDSLWDOLVWD$RFRQWUiULRHVVDUHOHLWXUD IRFDH[SOLFLWDPHQWHQDLQWHQomRPDU[LDQDGHID]HUXPDWHRULDFUtWLFDGDVRFLHGDGH FRQWHPSRUkQHDGDFLYLOL]DomRFDSLWDOLVWDHSRUWDQWRQDWHQWDWLYDPDU[LDQDGH WRUQDULQWHOLJtYHLVDVHVSHFLÀFLGDGHVGHVVDIRUPDsui generis de organizar o mundo VRFLDOTXHVHGLVVHPLQRXQRV~OWLPRVTXDWURRXFLQFRVpFXORV.

(3)

1mRpPLQKDLQWHQomRGHPRQVWUDUWRGDVHVVDVWHVHVDVTXDLVFRPSDUWLOKR DTXLPDVVLPDUWLFXODUGHPRGREUHYHRVHQWLGRGHHPDQFLSDomRQDREUDWDUGLD PDU[LDQD3DUDWDQWRQHFHVVLWDUHLGHOLQHDUPHVPRTXHXPSRXFRVXSHUÀFLDOPHQWH RGLDJQyVWLFRGHpSRFDGRTXDO0DU[SDUWHHDFUtWLFDTXHHVVHDXWRUGLULJHDR PXQGR TXH R FLUFXQGD RX FRPR HVWH DÀUPD HPO Capital DR ´PXQGR GDV PHUFDGRULDVµ0$5;S&RPHoDUHLSRUWDQWRWUDoDQGRRGLDJQyVWLFR TXH0DU[IH]GHVXDpSRFDPRVWUDQGRDVWHQV}HVHFRQWUDGLo}HVGDUHDOLGDGH VRFLDO FLUFXQGDQWH WHQV}HV H FRQWUDGLo}HV HVWDV TXH VHUYLUDP FRPR SRQWR GH SDUWLGDHSHUVSHFWLYDSDUDDFRQVWUXomRGHVXDFUtWLFDDRFDSLWDOLVPR(PVHJXLGD DQDOLVDUHLHVVDFUtWLFDGHPRQVWUDQGRWDQWRDIRUPDSHODTXDO0DU[FDUDFWHUL]DR FDSLWDOLVPRTXDQWRRVPRWLYRVSHORVTXDLVHOHRFULWLFD6RPHQWHHQWmRWHQWDUHL GLVFXWLU R VLJQLÀFDGR GD HPDQFLSDomR GHIHQGHQGR TXH VH WUDWDVREUHWXGR GH XPDHPDQFLSDomRGRWLSRGHGRPLQDomRFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGDVRFLHGDGHFDSLWDOLVWDD VDEHUXPDGRPLQDomRLPSHVVRDODEVWUDWDTXDVHREMHWLYDGDVUHODo}HVKXPDQDV UHLÀFDGDV VREUH R FRQMXQWR GD VRFLHGDGH H TXH HVVD HPDQFLSDomR DFDUUHWDULD WDPEpP XPD HPDQFLSDomR GR WUDEDOKR HP SURO GD FULDomR GH FDGD YH] PDLV WHPSRGLVSRQtYHO7DOWHVHDPHXYHUGHYHDLQGDVHURREMHWLYRGDTXHOHVTXH SURS}HPXPDJUDQGHWUDQVIRUPDomRSROtWLFRVRFLDOQRPXQGRFRQWHPSRUkQHR

1 UMMUNDOGRÁVIDO DESEU CONTRÁRIO

$QWHVGHWXGRDWHRULDFUtWLFDGDVRFLHGDGHSDUWHGHXPGLDJQyVWLFRGD pSRFDGDTXDOHODPHVPDSDUWLFLSD(HODpSRGHVHGL]HUDVVLPEDVWDQWHDXGDFLRVD QmRSUHWHQGHDSHQDVGHVFUHYHUDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOGHPRGRPDLVDFXUDGRTXHDV demais, mas também transformar essa realidade mesma ou, ao menos, oferecer jFRQVFLrQFLDGHVXDpSRFDXPDFUtWLFDUDGLFDOTXHYLVDSRVVLELOLWDUDVXSHUDomR GRVSUREOHPDVTXHHODPHVPDDSRQWD7RGDYLDLVVRDLQGDQmRpWXGR$WHRULD FUtWLFDQmRSDUWHSDUDUHDOL]DUWDOWDUHIDGHXPDSHUVSHFWLYDH[WHULRUjVRFLHGDGH FRPRXPPDLVDOpPXPLGHDOUHJXODWLYRXPDXWRSLD,VWRpQmRHVWDEHOHFHXP GHYHUVHUSDUDMXOJDUDTXLORTXHp$RLQYpVGLVVREXVFDQDSUySULDUHDOLGDGH VRFLDOHOHPHQWRVHPDQFLSDGRUHVFXMRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRWUD]UDFLRQDOLGDGHDXP PXQGRDLQGDVXEPHWLGRDRPHQRVHPJUDQGHSDUWHDRVJULOK}HVGDLJQRUkQFLDH GDVXSHUVWLomR7UDWDVHSRUWDQWRGHXPDcrítica imanente.

0DU[ SUHWHQGH HPO Capital HVPLXoDU R VLVWHPD FDSLWDOLVWD D ÀP GH RIHUHFHUXPDH[SOLFDomRGRVHXIXQFLRQDPHQWRLQWHUQRRXVHMDDOPHMDID]HUXP GLDJQyVWLFRGRVLVWHPDFDSLWDOLVWDHFRQFRPLWDQWHPHQWHFULWLFiORGHIRUPDUDGLFDO.

(4)

&RPRWHyULFRFUtWLFRHOHSUHFLVDSDUDFXPSULUVHXSURMHWRHQFRQWUDUQDUHDOLGDGH FDSLWDOLVWDHOHPHQWRVSRWHQFLDLVTXHSRGHPGHDOJXPPRGRVXSHUDUDVFUtWLFDVTXH HOHPHVPROHYDQWDWUDQVIRUPDQGRSRUPHLRGHVHXSUySULRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRHVVH VLVWHPDVRFLDOHPXPDQRYDIRUPDGHRUJDQL]DomRPDLVUDFLRQDOGRTXHDDQWHULRU

&RQWXGR QR PXQGR FDSLWDOLVWD R TXH SRGH SHUPLWLU D QRVVR WHyULFR RLWRFHQWLVWDFULWLFiOR"&UHLRTXHDTXLRPHOKRUpGDUDSDODYUDD0DU[SRUPHLR GDFLWDomRGHSDUWHGHXPWH[WRQRTXDOHOHUHVXPHGHIRUPDLQXVXDOPHQWHEUHYH HFODUDRVHXSUySULRGLDJQyVWLFR

+iXPJUDQGHIDWRFDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHVWHQRVVRVpFXOR;,;TXHSDUWLGRDOJXP RXVDQHJDU3RUXPODGRWHPVHWUD]LGRjYLGDIRUoDVFLHQWtÀFDVHLQGXVWULDLVGDV TXDLVQHQKXPDpSRFDDQWHULRUQDKLVWyULDKXPDQDWHULDVXVSHLWDGR3RURXWUR H[LVWHPVLQWRPDVGHGHFDGrQFLDTXHXOWUDSDVVDPRVKRUURUHVUHJLVWUDGRVQRV ~OWLPRVWHPSRVGR,PSpULR5RPDQR(PQRVVRVGLDVtudo parece grávido de seu

FRQWUiULRDPDTXLQDULDGRWDGDFRPRPDUDYLOKRVRSRGHUGHHQFXUWDUHIUXWLÀFDURWUDEDOKR

humano, leva-nos ao excesso de trabalho e à inanição; as novas fontes de riqueza, por algum estranho e fatídico feitiço, tornam-se fontes de privação DV YLWyULDV GD DUWH SDUHFHP

FRPSUDGDVFRPDSHUGDGRFDUiWHU1RPHVPRULWPRHPTXHDKXPDQLGDGH GRPLQDDQDWXUH]DRKRPHPSDUHFHWRUQDUVHHVFUDYRGRVRXWURVKRPHQVH GHVXDSUySULDLQIkPLD$LQGDDOX]SXUDGDFLrQFLDSDUHFHLQFDSD]GHEULOKDU VHQmR FRQWUD R SDQR GH IXQGR QHJUR GD LJQRUkQFLDTodas as nossas invenções e progressos parecem resultar no endossar, com a vida intelectual, as forças materiais e no embrutecer a vida humana, tornando-a uma força material. Este antagonismo entre a ciência e a indústria modernas, por um lado, e a dissolução e a miséria modernas, por outro; este antagonismo entre os poderes produtivos e as relações sociais de nossa época é um fato, palpável, avassalador e incontestável.0$5;VSWUDGXomRHrQIDVHQRVVDV

(5)

FRPRVHJXLQWHHIHLWRSHUYHUVRDRLQYpVGHVHWUDEDOKDUPHQRVVHWUDEDOKDPDLV DRLQYpVGHVHUHGX]LURHVIRUoRHOHDXPHQWD

0DV FRPR RFRUUH HVVD SHUYHUVmR" 2X PHOKRU DLQGD SRU TXH HOD RFRUUH"3DUDUHVSRQGHUDHVVDVGXDVQRYDVTXHVW}HVp~WLOGLULJLUVHDO Capital, SUHFLVDPHQWHjTXHODSDUWHQDTXDO0DU[DQDOLVDDPDTXLQDULDHDJUDQGHLQG~VWULD

$V FRQWUDGLo}HV H RV DQWDJRQLVPRV LQVHSDUiYHLV GD XWLOL]DomR FDSLWDOLVWD GD PDTXLQDULD QmR H[LVWHP SRUTXH GHFRUUHP GD SUySULD PDTXLQDULD PDV GH VXD XWLOL]DomRFDSLWDOLVWD-iTXHSRUWDQWRFRQVLGHUDGDHPVLDPDTXLQDULDHQFXUWDR WHPSRGHWUDEDOKRHQTXDQWRXWLOL]DGDFRPRFDSLWDODXPHQWDDMRUQDGDGHWUDEDOKR HPVLIDFLOLWDRWUDEDOKRXWLOL]DGDFRPRFDSLWDODXPHQWDVXDLQWHQVLGDGHHPVLp XPDYLWyULDGRKRPHPVREUHDIRUoDGDQDWXUH]DXWLOL]DGDFRPRFDSLWDOVXEPHWH RKRPHPSRUPHLRGDIRUoDGDQDWXUH]DHPVLDXPHQWDDULTXH]DGRSURGXWRU XWLOL]DGDFRPRFDSLWDORSDXSHUL]D0$5;YROS

1HVVH WUHFKR 0DU[ GLIHUHQFLD D ´PDTXLQDULD HP VLµ GD ´PDTXLQDULD XWLOL]DGDFRPRFDSLWDOµDOpPGHGL]HUTXHDVFRQWUDGLo}HVHDQWDJRQLVPRVVXUJHP XQLFDPHQWH GD VHJXQGD H SUHFLVDPHQWH SRU FDXVD GD VXD XWLOL]DomR FDSLWDOLVWD (LVHQWmRXPHOHPHQWRSRWHQFLDOPHQWHHPDQFLSDGRUDPDTXLQDULDHRSURJUHVVR WpFQLFRQDHPDUDQKDGDUHDOLGDGHGRPXQGRFDSLWDOLVWD(pDSDUWLUGRSRWHQFLDO VXEMDFHQWHDHVVHHOHPHQWRDUHGXomRGRWHPSRHGRHVIRUoRGRWUDEDOKRTXHR PXQGRFDSLWDOLVWDVHUiFULWLFDGR8PDSRVVtYHOFUtWLFDDWDODUJXPHQWRpDGHTXH DWpFQLFDpQHXWUDHTXHSRUWDQWRQmRWHPQDGDLPSOtFLWRQHODPHVPDLVWRpTXH pDUELWUiULRIDODUTXHDWpFQLFDHPVLVHUYHSDUDHQFXUWDUHIUXWLÀFDURWUDEDOKR KXPDQR(VVDREMHomRpSOHQDPHQWHYiOLGDXPDYH]TXHQDGDQRPDUWHORGL]TXH HOHVHUYHSDUDIDFLOLWDUDHQWUDGDGRSUHJRQDPDGHLUDHQmRSDUDFDXVDUOHV}HVQR GHGRGHPDQHLUDTXHDSHODUSDUDDLQWHQomRRULJLQDOGRIDEULFDQWHSRGHQHVVHV FDVRVVHUFRQWUDSURGXFHQWHSRLVRTXHJDUDQWHTXHRLQYHQWRUGDPiTXLQDDYDSRU DWHQKDLQYHQWDGRSDUDSRXSDUWUDEDOKRKXPDQRHQmRSDUDSRUH[HPSORDXPHQWDU VHXVSUySULRVJDQKRV"2UDSDUHFHFODURTXHDWpFQLFDSRGHWHUFRPRGHIDWRWHP PDLVGHXPXVRSRVVtYHOHSRGHVHUYLUDGLYHUVDVÀQDOLGDGHV2TXH0DU[ID]DTXLp GHVQDWXUDOL]DURXVRFDSLWDOLVWDGDPDTXLQDULDPRVWUDQGRXPDDOWHUQDWLYDSRVVtYHO DVDEHUXViODSDUDUHGX]LURXDWpPHVPRDEROLURWHPSRGHWUDEDOKRGRVKRPHQV DRLQYpVGHXViODSDUDDXPHQWDURPRQWDQWHGHYDORUFULDGRFRPRVHYHUiPDLV DGLDQWH/LPLWDVHDVVLPDDSRQWDURXWUDRSomRGHXVRHDRID]HULVVRUHYHODR Q~FOHRLUUDFLRQDOGRXVRFDSLWDOLVWDGDPDTXLQDULDRXSDUDPDQWHUDDQDORJLDPRVWUD TXHRPDUWHORVHUYHSDUDPDLVFRLVDVGRTXHFDXVDUOHV}HVQRGHGR

(6)

eVyFRPDDQiOLVHGDFUtWLFDTXH0DU[ID]DRFDSLWDOLVPRTXHSRGHUHPRV UHVSRQGHUjTXHVWmRDWpDJRUDGHL[DGDHPDEHUWRGHFRPRRFRUUHPHSRUTXH RFRUUHPRVHIHLWRVSHUYHUVRVDFLPDFRQVWDWDGRV

2 A METAFETICHISTADA VALORIZAÇÃOCONTÍNUA

3DUD UHVSRQGHU DR TXHVWLRQDPHQWR SURSRVWR p SUHFLVR QRYDPHQWH OHYDQWDU DOJXPDV SHUJXQWDV PDLV 6mR HODV QR TXH FRQVLVWH SDUD 0DU[ R FDSLWDOLVPR"(DÀQDOSRUTXDOPRWLYRHOHpFULWLFDGR"(VWDVQmRVmRTXHVW}HV VLPSOHVHQmRWHQWDUHLDTXLVHQmRRIHUHFHUXPDUHVSRVWDGHPDVLDGRVXFLQWDH FUHLRXPWDQWRVXSHUÀFLDO

6HJXQGR 0DU[ R FDSLWDOLVPR p XP PRGR GH SURGXomR TXH VXUJLX HP SULQFtSLRVGRVpFXOR;9,DWUDYpVGHWUDQVIRUPDo}HVQDVFRUSRUDo}HVPHGLHYDLV HTXHIRLVHJHQHUDOL]DQGRDRORQJRGRVVpFXORVVHJXLQWHVGHWDOPDQHLUDTXHFRP RWHPSRSDVVRXDVHUXPDIRUPDomRVRFLRHFRQ{PLFDLVWRpDIRUPDSHODTXDO DVRFLHGDGHVHRUJDQL]D'HVVHPRGRSRGHVHGL]HUTXHRFDSLWDOLVPRKRMHQmR DSHQDVpRPRGRSHORTXDOSURGX]LPRVDTXLORGHTXHQHFHVVLWDPRVFRPRWDPEpP pRSUySULRPXQGRVRFLDOQRTXDOYLYHPRV0DVFRPR0DU[RGHÀQH"$QWHV SRUpPpSUHFLVRYHUDSUySULDGHÀQLomRGH´FDSLWDOµ&RQWUDULDPHQWHjHFRQRPLD SROtWLFDFOiVVLFD0DU[QmRFRQVLGHUDSRVVtYHODSUHHQGHURFDSLWDOHVWDWLFDPHQWH XPDYH]TXHRFDSLWDOQDGDPDLVpGRTXHXPSURFHVVRSHORTXDORYDORUSDVVD FRQWLQXDPHQWHGDIRUPDPHUFDGRULDjIRUPDGLQKHLURWUDQVIRUPDQGRVHDVVLP HPXP´VXMHLWRDXWRPiWLFRµ

)L[DGDVDVIRUPDVSDUWLFXODUHVGHDSDULomRTXHRYDORUTXHVHYDORUL]DDVVXPH DOWHUQDWLYDPHQWHQRFLFORGHVXDYLGDHQWmRVHREWrPDVH[SOLFDo}HVFDSLWDOp GLQKHLURFDSLWDOpPHUFDGRULD'HIDWRSRUpPRYDORUVHWRUQDDTXLRVXMHLWR GHXPSURFHVVRHPTXHHOHSRUPHLRGHXPDPXGDQoDFRQVWDQWHGDVIRUPDV GHGLQKHLURHPHUFDGRULDPRGLÀFDDVXDSUySULDJUDQGH]DHQTXDQWRPDLV YDOLDVHUHSHOHGHVLPHVPRHQTXDQWRYDORURULJLQDOVHDXWRYDORUL]D3RLVR PRYLPHQWRSHORTXDOHOHDGLFLRQDPDLVYDOLDpVHXSUySULRPRYLPHQWRVXD YDORUL]DomRSRUWDQWRDXWRYDORUL]DomR0$5;S

$GHÀQLomRGHFDSLWDOpSRUWDQWR´YDORUTXHVHDXWRYDORUL]Dµ1RSULPHLUR FDStWXORGHO Capital0DU[GHÀQHRYDORUFRPRDIRUPDSHODTXDODOJXPDVVRFLHGDGHV PHGHPRWUDEDOKRGHVSHQGLGRQDSURGXomRGHXPDPHUFDGRULDSDUDSRVVLELOLWDUR

(7)

LQWHUFkPELRFRPRXWUDGHVRUWHTXHQHVVDRSHUDomRWHQWHVHWURFDUPRQWDQWHVLJXDLV de trabalho2FDSLWDOVXUJHVRPHQWHTXDQGRDVWURFDVPHUFDQWLVMiVHGLVVHPLQDUDP HRYDORUVHHQFRQWUDFULVWDOL]DGRQDIRUPDGLQKHLURGHWDOPDQHLUDTXHRYDORUMi SRVVXLXPDH[LVWrQFLDSUySULDH[WHULRUjVPHUFDGRULDV(PGHFRUUrQFLDRGLQKHLUR SRGHUiVHUXVDGRGHWDOIRUPDTXHQmRDSHQDVVHMDLQWHUFDPELDGRLQÀQLWDPHQWHSRU PHUFDGRULDVHQRYDPHQWHSHODPHVPDTXDQWLDGHGLQKHLURPDVVLPHPXPDIRUPD QDTXDODXPHQWHVXDSUySULDPDJQLWXGHFDGDYH]TXHSDVVDGHPHUFDGRULDQRYDPHQWH DGLQKHLUR'HYHVHVDOLHQWDUDVVLPTXHRFDSLWDOSRVVXLXPDH[LVWrQFLDDXW{QRPD IUHQWHDRVLQGLYtGXRVPHVPRjTXHOHVTXHRSRVVXHPRVFDSLWDOLVWDVHTXHHVWHWHP FRPR~QLFDÀQDOLGDGHRVHXSUySULRFUHVFLPHQWR

&DSLWDOLVPRHQTXDQWRPRGRGHSURGXomRpRVLVWHPDQRTXDORVPHLRV GHSURGXomRVHWRUQDPFDSLWDORXVHMDHVWHVSDVVDPDVHUSURSULHGDGHGHXP LQGLYtGXRSDUWLFXODUTXHRVXWLOL]DFRPRLQWXLWRGHSRULQWHUPpGLRGDSURGXomR GHPHUFDGRULDVYDORUL]DURGLQKHLURQHVVHFDVRXPFDSLWDOTXHHOHDtDSOLFRX 3RVVXLDVVLPWUrVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSULQFLSDLV

(P SULPHLUR OXJDUa separação do meio de produção do trabalhador H SRU conseguinte, a transformação do trabalhador na mercadoria força de trabalho. Nos modos GHSURGXomRTXHDQWHFHGHUDPRFDSLWDOLVPRRWUDEDOKDGRUYHQGLDRVHXWUDEDOKR MiWHUPLQDGRFRPRJUDQGHSDUWHGRVDUWHVmRVDWpKRMHRID]RXHUDYHQGLGR HOHSUySULRFRPRHVFUDYR-iQRFDSLWDOLVPRHOHWURFDDVLPHVPRRXPHOKRUD VXDIRUoDGHWUDEDOKRHPXPGHWHUPLQDGRQ~PHURGHKRUDVSDUDXPFDSLWDOLVWD TXH R XVD SDUD IDEULFDU PHUFDGRULDV H HP WURFD GHOD OKH SDJD XP VDOiULR 2 PHLRGHSURGXomRDVDEHURORFDOHRVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHWUDEDOKRDVVLPFRPRD PDWpULDSULPDTXHVHUiPRGLÀFDGDHDIRUoDGHWUDEDOKRFRQWUDWDGDSDUDPRGLÀFi ODSHUWHQFHPDRFDSLWDOLVWDTXHRVXWLOL]DUiSDUDSURGX]LUPHUFDGRULDVHQHVVH SURFHVVRREWHUPDLVYDOLDRDFUpVFLPRGHYDORUTXHVHVRPDUiDRFDSLWDOLQLFLDO

A produção da mais-valia como meta da produção é a sua segunda característica. Grosso modo RV PRGRV GH SURGXomR DQWHULRUHV WLQKDP SRU PHWD D VDWLVIDomR GHQHFHVVLGDGHVPHVPRTXHHVWDVIRVVHPVDWLVIHLWDVGHIRUPDLQGLUHWD(VWHp

2 TXH QmR VLJQLÀFD FRPR PXLWRV FRPHQWDGRUHV WrP HQWHQGLGR 0$1'(/ S *,$11277, S (/67(5 S TXH 0DU[ DFHLWRX D WHRULD GR YDORUWUDEDOKR RULXQGDGH6PLWKH5LFDUGR0DU[GLVFRUGDGHVWDSRUGLYHUVRVPRWLYRVRYDORUQmRpXPDFDWHJRULD WUDQVKLVWyULFDPDVHVSHFtÀFDGDVVRFLHGDGHVPHUFDQWLOLVWDVRWUDEDOKRQmRpDVXEVWkQFLDGRYDORU PDVVLPRWUDEDOKRDEVWUDWRVRFLDOPHQWHQHFHVViULRHSULQFLSDOPHQWHQmRKiXPDPHGLomRH[DWD SRVVtYHOGRGLVSrQGLRGRWHPSRGHWUDEDOKRHVWHUHSRXVDVREUHEDVHVIHWLFKLVWDVVDOLHQWD5XELQ´$

teoria do fetichismo é, per seDEDVHGHWRGRRVLVWHPDHFRQ{PLFRGH0DU[SDUWLFXODUPHQWHGHVXD

WHRULDGRYDORUµ58%,1S&I5XELQ3RVWRQH*UHVSDQ

(8)

WDPEpPRFDVRGRFDSLWDOLVPRPDVQmRVy6HSRUXPODGRRWUDEDOKDGRUYHQGH VXDIRUoDGHWUDEDOKRSDUDREWHUXPVDOiULRTXHOKHGrRTXHFRPHUFRQWLQXDQGRD WHUFRPRÀQDOLGDGHGHVXDDomRODERULRVDDVDWLVIDomRGHQHFHVVLGDGHVSRURXWUR RFDSLWDOLVWDDRDSOLFDUVHXFDSLWDOQDSURGXomRQmRDOPHMDVHQmRDYDORUL]DomR GRYDORURDXPHQWRLQFHVVDQWHGHVHXFDSLWDO+iXPDGLVWLQomRTXH0DU[ID] em O CapitalTXHH[HPSOLÀFDHVVDTXHVWmR0DU[GLIHUHQFLDDULTXH]DPDWHULDO DSRVVHGHREMHWRVTXHSHUPLWHDVDWLVIDomRGHQHFHVVLGDGHVRIDWRGHSRVVXLU XP FDVDFR TXH DIXJHQWH R IULR SRU H[HPSOR GD ULTXH]D DEVWUDWD D SRVVH GH XPDTXDQWLDGHWHUPLQDGDGHYDORUTXHSRGHWDQWRFRQYHUWHUVHHPXPDULTXH]D PDWHULDOTXDQWRVHUYLUGHFDSLWDOSDUDDXPHQWDUWDOULTXH]DDEVWUDWDTXDQWRDLQGD VHU VLPSOHVPHQWH HQWHVRXUDGD JXDUGDGD SDUD XP XVR IXWXUR 2 FDSLWDOLVPR p HVVHQFLDOPHQWH PDUFDGR SHOD LQWHQomR GR GHWHQWRU GR FDSLWDO GH DXPHQWDU D VXDULTXH]DDEVWUDWDHQTXDQWRRVPRGRVDQWHULRUHVGHSURGXomRHUDPVHPSUH FDUDFWHUL]DGRV SHOD EXVFD GH XPD PDLRU ULTXH]D PDWHULDO LVVR QmR VLJQLÀFD FRQWXGR TXH RV SUREOHPDV GR FDSLWDOLVPR SHUFHELGRV SRU 0DU[ WHQKDP RULJHPHPDOJXPDGLVSRVLomRVXEMHWLYDGRFDSLWDOLVWDFRPRSRUH[HPSORDVXD LQWHQomRSDUWLFXODU2SDSHOGRFDSLWDOLVWDpDSHQDVRGHFRUSRULÀFDUDSUySULD FDWHJRULDFDSLWDOUHSUHVHQWiOD3RUVLQDOVHUiRIDWRGHSRVVXLUFRPRÀQDOLGDGHD REWHQomRGHPDLVYDORUTXHIDUiFRPTXHRFDSLWDOLVWDDSOLTXHDPDTXLQDULDGHWDO PDQHLUDTXHDXPHQWHRWHPSRHRHVIRUoRGHWUDEDOKRDRLQYpVGHGLPLQXtOR FRPRDGLDQWHYHUHPRVeDLQGDDEXVFDLQFHVVDQWHGHPDLVYDORUTXHPRWLYDUi RFDSLWDOLVWDDDSOLFDURVHXFDSLWDOQRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHQRYRVPHFDQLVPRV WpFQLFRVTXHSRVVLELOLWHPDXPHQWDUDTXDQWLGDGHGHPHUFDGRULDVSURGX]LGDV H diminuir os seus custos individuais.

$WHUFHLUDH~OWLPDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDSRUpPQmRPHQRVLPSRUWDQWHGRTXHDV anteriores, é a generalização da forma mercadoria ou, melhor dito, o fato da troca mercantil tornar-se a forma principal de inter-relação humana1DVIRUPDVVRFLDLVSUHFHGHQWHVD WURFDPHUFDQWLORFXSDYDXPDIXQomRPXLWRPHQRVLPSRUWDQWHGRTXHQDDWXDO RFRUUHQGRHPJUDQGHSDUWHGHIRUPDDFLGHQWDORXPDUJLQDO6RPHQWHFRPR DGYHQWRGRFDSLWDOLVPRHHPHVSHFLDOTXDQGRHVWHMipDIRUPDomRVRFLRHFRQ{PLFD HQmRPDLVDSHQDVRPRGRGHSURGXomRTXHDVSHVVRDVSDVVDUDPDVHUHODFLRQDU HQWUHVLSULQFLSDOPHQWHDWUDYpVGRLQWHUFkPELRGHPHUFDGRULDV6HJXQGR0DU[ HVVHIDWRGHDVSHVVRDVVHUHODFLRQDUHPSRULQWHUPpGLRGDVPHUFDGRULDVHQmR GLUHWDPHQWHID]FRPTXHHODVQmRVHMDPFRQVFLHQWHVGHVHXPRGRGHSURGXomR HSRUXP´HVWUDQKRIHLWLoRµVHMDPGRPLQDGDVSRUHVWHDRLQYpVGHGRPLQiOR

(9)

FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSULQFLSDLVRFDSLWDOLVPRQmRVHUHVWULQJHDR´GRPtQLRµGDHFRQRPLD PXLWRSHORFRQWUiULRXPDGHVXDVSULPHLUDVFRQVHTXrQFLDVSUiWLFDVpDUHLÀFDomRGDV UHODo}HVVRFLDLVFRLVLÀFDGDVSHORIDWRGHRVKRPHQVSDVVDUHPDVHUHODFLRQDUHQWUHVL SRULQWHUPpGLRGDVIXQo}HVTXHRFXSDPQRVLVWHPDSURGXWLYRLQWHUFDPELDQGRVHXV JDQKRVTXDVHVHPSUHVDOiULRVSRUPHUFDGRULDVTXH´SRUWDPµWUDEDOKRVDOKHLRV $VVLPRFDSLWDOLVPRHQTXDQWRIRUPDomRVRFLRHFRQ{PLFDSRGHVHUGHÀQLGRFRPR DVRFLHGDGHPROGDGDDRPHQRVHPJUDQGHSDUWHSHORVGHVtJQLRVGHVVH´VXMHLWR DXWRPiWLFRµTXHQmRTXHUGHMHLWRDOJXPSDUDUGHFUHVFHU

'HVWDUWHRTXHpFDUDFWHUtVWLFRGRFDSLWDOLVPRpXPDIRUPDHVSHFtÀFDGH GRPLQDomRDTXDOQmRSRGHVHUUHGX]LGDFRPRTXHURPDU[LVPRWUDGLFLRQDOD H[SORUDomRGHXPDFODVVHSRURXWUD6XVWHQWDUTXHRFDSLWDOLVPRVHEDVHLDHPXPD RSHUDomRH[SORUDWyULDTXHQHOHRWUDEDOKRGHXPDFODVVHGHLQGLYtGXRVpXVXUSDGR SRURXWUDQmRSRVVLELOLWDGLIHUHQFLiORGDVIRUPDVVRFLDLVDQWHULRUHVVHMDHODIHXGDO VHMDHVFUDYRFUDWDGHFDVWDVHWF2TXH0DU[SHUFHEHFRPRHVSHFtÀFRGRFDSLWDOLVPR p XPD QRYD IRUPD GH GRPLQDomR GDV FDWHJRULDV PHVPDV VREUH R FRQMXQWR GD VRFLHGDGHKXPDQDLVWRpTXHXPDGHWHUPLQDGDSUiWLFDVRFLDO²RLQWHUFkPELRGH PHUFDGRULDV²VHUHLÀFDHVHRS}HjSUySULDFDSDFLGDGHGHDJHQWHGRVLQGLYtGXRV SDVVDQGR D GRPLQiORV $ HVVH SURFHVVR 0DU[ GHQRPLQD ´IHWLFKLVPRµ 4XHU FDSLWDOLVWDTXHUSUROHWiULRRLQGLYtGXRTXHSDUWLFLSDGHXPDVRFLHGDGHFDSLWDOLVWD pHPJUDQGHSDUWHKHWHU{QRPRDFHLWDDVUHJUDVGHIXQFLRQDPHQWRGDVRFLHGDGH DRLQYpVGHGHWHUPLQiODVMXQWDPHQWHFRPRFRQMXQWRGHFRSDUWtFLSHV4XHPGLWD as regras, grosso modopHVVH´VXMHLWRDXWRPiWLFRµRFDSLWDODUHLÀFDomRGDVUHODo}HV sociais, visando um constante autocrescimento.

(10)

DYDULHGDGHGDVDWLYLGDGHVKXPDQDVDXPDPHVPDIRUPDGHGLVSrQGLRDEVWUDWRGH WHPSRGHWUDEDOKR$KLVWyULDKXPDQDWHPVLGRDVVLPDKLVWyULDGDKHWHURQRPLDD KLVWyULDGDFHJXHLUDGRVKRPHQVHPFRQVWUXLUFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHRVHXPXQGR)UHQWH DR PHFDQLFLVPR GR FDSLWDO RV KRPHQV SRGHP RX PHOKRU GHYHP RX DLQGD HP WHPSRVGHFULVHSUHFLVDPVHGHVHQJDMDUGHVVHSURFHVVR$GRPLQDomRHVSHFtÀFDGR FDSLWDOLVPRGRPLQDomRGHVVHPHFDQLVPRDEVWUDWRTXDVHREMHWLYRTXHpRFDSLWDO VREUHRVLQGLYtGXRVVypSRVVtYHOSRUTXHRVSUySULRVLQGLYtGXRVGHODWRPDPSDUWH FRPSDUWLOKDPGHVHXIHWLFKLVPR

(VFODUHFLGRDTXLORTXHFDUDFWHUL]DRFDSLWDOLVPRDVDEHUDVHSDUDomRGR trabalhador de seus meios de trabalho, a busca incessante de mais-valia como PHWDGDSURGXomRHDUHLÀFDomRGDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLVFXOPLQDQGRHPXPWLSRGH GRPLQDomRDEVWUDWDHVSHFtÀFRGHVVDIRUPDomRVRFLDOUHVWDUHVSRQGHUSRUTXDO PRWLYR HVVH VLVWHPD VRFLDO p FULWLFDGR PRWLYR HVWH TXH VHUYLUi LJXDOPHQWH GH UHVSRVWDjTXHVWmRDLQGDGDSULPHLUDVHomRGHSRUTXHRSRWHQFLDOHPDQFLSDGRU GDPDTXLQDULDHGRSURJUHVVRWpFQLFRQmRVyQmRVHUHDOL]DFRPRDLQGDVHHIHWLYD GH PRGR SHUYHUVR LVWR p FRP RV HIHLWRV FRQWUiULRV jTXHOHV TXH SRGHULDP RFRUUHU²OHPEUDQGRRSURJUHVVRWpFQLFRSRGHULDWHUFRPRHIHLWRRDXPHQWRGD SURGXWLYLGDGHGRWUDEDOKRGHPDQHLUDDFRPPHQRVHVIRUoRHHPPHQRVWHPSR GHWUDEDOKRVHSURGX]LUPDLVGRTXHDQWHVHVHFULDUXPH[FHGHQWHGHWHPSRQmR PDLVRFXSDGRSRUHVVDDWLYLGDGH

$SULQFLSDOFUtWLFDGH0DU[DRVLVWHPDFDSLWDOLVWDpDGHTXHHVVHVLVWHPD VRFLDOpUHJLGRSHORFDSLWDOHTXHHVWHWHPXQLFDPHQWHFRPRPHWDDFULDomRGH PDLVYDORU3DUDGHVQDWXUDOL]DUHVVHGHWHUPLQDGRVLVWHPDHSUREOHPDWL]iOR0DU[ PRVWUDTXHWDPEpPVHSRGHULDHVSHUDUHGHFHUWRPRGRVHULDDWpPDLVUD]RiYHO HVSHUDUTXHRVLVWHPDVRFLDOIRVVHUHJLGRSHORVLQGLYtGXRVTXHGHOHID]HPSDUWHH TXHHVWHVVHRUJDQL]DVVHPDÀPGHJDUDQWLUXPDPHOKRULDGDYLGDDVDWLVIDomRGH QHFHVVLGDGHVRXPHVPRVLPSOHVPHQWHDUHDOL]DomRGHSURMHWRVFRQVFLHQWHV. Tendo XQLFDPHQWHDDXWRYDORUL]DomRFRPRPHWDRFDSLWDOVyYrDPDTXLQDULDFRPRXPD SRVVLELOLGDGHGHDXPHQWRGHOXFURVRTXDOSDUDVHHIHWLYDUGHSHQGHLJXDOPHQWH GRDXPHQWRGRWHPSRGHVSHQGLGRQRWUDEDOKRIRQWH~QLFDGRYDORU$RFDSLWDO YHUGDGHLURVXMHLWRGHVVHSURFHVVRVyLPSRUWDDVXDSUySULDYDORUL]DomR5HVWDDHVWH XPPRQWDQWHHVWUDWRVIpULFRGHPHUFDGRULDVSDUDDORFDUHPXPPHUFDGRÀQLWRWDQWR SHODÀQLWXGHGDVQHFHVVLGDGHVKXPDQDV²ÀQLWXGHHVWDTXHpEDVWDQWHPDOHiYHOp YHUGDGH²TXDQWRSULQFLSDOPHQWHSHODÀQLWXGHGRSRGHUDTXLVLWLYRGRVSRUWDGRUHV

(11)

GHVVDVQHFHVVLGDGHV²FXMROLPLWHpEHPPDLVSDOSiYHOHVHQVtYHO6HJXQGRDFUtWLFD PDU[LDQD R PXQGR FDSLWDOLVWD HVWi GH SRQWDFDEHoD FRP RV KRPHQV VHUYLQGR jV FRLVDV H QmR DV FRLVDV DR KRPHP H HVVD LQYHUVmR p GHYLGD DR IHWLFKLVPR GD PHUFDGRULDTXHID]FRPTXHRVKRPHQVGRWHPDVPHUFDGRULDVGHYLGDSUySULD WUDWDQGRDVFRPRVHHVWDVFULVWDOL]DVVHPRWHPSRGHWUDEDOKRGHOHVPHVPRV(P FRQVHTXrQFLDRVKRPHQVVXEPHWHPVHLQFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHDRFDSLWDOSDVVDQGRD DGRUDURGLQKHLURWDOFRPRRV´SULPLWLYRVµDGRUDYDPRVWDOLVPmV

$VXSHUDomRGRFDSLWDOLVPRpVRPHQWHDPXGDQoDGRDJHQWHVRFLDOGR FDSLWDODRVLQGLYtGXRVTXHLPSOLFDDVXSHUDomRGDPHWDGRFDSLWDORXPHOKRU RDEDQGRQRGHOD3DUDWDQWRpSUHFLVREXVFDUDOJRTXHVHRIHUHoDFRPRPHWD UDFLRQDOFDSD]GHUHLQYHUWHUDGHVRUGHPPXQGDQDGRFDSLWDO4XHVHUiLVVR"2 HOHPHQWRFHQWUDOFHUWDPHQWHGDHPDQFLSDomR

3 A EMANCIPAÇÃOOCIOSA

+i XP FXULRVR SDQÁHWR DQ{QLPR SXEOLFDGR HP ² FXMD SURYiYHO DXWRULDpGH&KDUOHV:HQWZRUWK'LONHXPRZHQLWDGLVFtSXORGH:LOOLDP*RGZLQ

FI:$/.(5VG²TXHpFLWDGRUHSHWLGDVYH]HVQRVGrundrisseFI0$5;

SHS'HSRLVGHFULWLFDUDVDERUGDJHQVPDLVFRPXQVGRVDVVXQWRV HFRQ{PLFRV'LONHDÀUPDTXHRVSUREOHPDVGDVRFLHGDGHGHFRUUHPHPJUDQGH SDUWHGRIDWRGHRVLQWHUHVVHVOXFURVMXURVGRFDSLWDOQmRGLPLQXtUHPFRPR WHPSRRXVHMDDH[SORUDomRGRWUDEDOKRDOKHLRFRQWLQXDDFRQWHFHQGRPHVPR TXDQGRMiVHSURGX]LXDTXLORTXHSRGHULDVHUFRQVXPLGR4XDQGRDVRFLHGDGH FRQVHJXHDXPHQWDUVHXSRGHUSURGXWLYRGHVWDFDHOHDSUy[LPDFRQVHTXrQFLD

>@VHULDSRUFRQVHJXLQWHTXHRQGHRVKRPHQVWUDEDOKDUDPDWpDJRUDGR]H KRUDVHOHVWUDEDOKDULDPHQWmRVHLVHLVWRpULTXH]DQDFLRQDOLVWRpSURVSHULGDGH QDFLRQDO>@1mRKiPHLRGHVHDXPHQWDUDULTXH]DGHXPDQDomRDQmRVHU DFUHVFHQWDQGRIDFLOLGDGHVSDUDYLYHUDVVLPHVWDULTXH]DpOLEHUGDGH²OLEHUGDGH SDUDEXVFDUUHFUHDomR²OLEHUGDGHSDUDJR]DUDYLGD²OLEHUGDGHSDUDPHOKRUDUD PHQWHLVWRpWHPSRGLVSRQtYHOHQDGDPDLV4XDQGRDVRFLHGDGHWLYHUFKHJDGR DHVWHSRQWRVHRVLQGLYtGXRVTXHDFRPS}HGHYHPQHVWDVVHLVKRUDVODJDUWHDU QRVRORXGRUPLUQDVRPEUDRXSUHJXLoDURXMRJDU>@LVWRGHYHVHUHVFROKLGR SRUFDGDKRPHPLQGLYLGXDOPHQWH',/.(SWUDGXomRQRVVD

(12)

HVVH SDQÁHWR H TXH 0DU[ UHWRPDUi H[SOLFLWDPHQWH QRVGrundrisse, mas também LPSOLFLWDPHQWHHPO CapitalpTXHKiDOJRGHH[WUHPDPHQWHLUUDFLRQDOQRDXPHQWR LQGHÀQLGRGDULTXH]DDEVWUDWDHTXHVHULDPXLWRPDLVOyJLFRXWLOL]DUHVVHPHFDQLVPR RV PHLRV GH SURGXomR QmR SDUD SURGX]LU FDGD YH] PDLV H[FHGHQWHV PDV VLP SDUDJDUDQWLUDWRGRVRVLQGLYtGXRVDPDLRUSDUFHODSRVVtYHOGHWHPSRGLVSRQtYHO REYLDPHQWHJDUDQWLQGRDLQGDXPDFRQGLomRPDWHULDOFRQIRUWiYHOSDUDWRGRVDOJR TXHQmRpGLItFLOHPVHWUDWDQGRGHVRFLHGDGHVLQGXVWULDLVDOWDPHQWHGHVHQYROYLGDV² FDVRKRMHGDPDLRULDGRVSDtVHVPHVPRSHULIpULFRV

(QWUHWDQWR R TXH p WHPSR GLVSRQtYHO" $GRUQR HP XPD FRQIHUrQFLD UDGLRI{QLFD HP DSRQWD FRUUHWDPHQWH SDUD R IDWR GH R WHPSR OLYUH DR PHQRVQDVVRFLHGDGHVFDSLWDOLVWDVWDUGLDVWHUFRPRSULQFLSDOREMHWLYRDUHSRVLomR GDVHQHUJLDVSDUDXPQRYRGLDGHWUDEDOKR3UDWLFDQGRhobbiesRXFRQWHPSODQGR FHOHEULGDGHVGDLQG~VWULDFXOWXUDORVLQGLYtGXRVQmRVHGLVWDQFLDPGHVXDVIXQo}HV VRFLDLVPHVPRTXDQGRQmRHVWmRRFXSDQGRRVVHXVSRVWRVGHWUDEDOKRLVWRpR WUDEDOKR VH LPLVFXL D VHX EHOSUD]HU WDPEpP QR WHPSR VXSRVWDPHQWH OLYUH FI

$'25122VpFXORTXHVHSDUDO CapitalGHVVDFRQIHUrQFLDGH$GRUQR

VHUYH SDUD DEROLU FHUWDPHQWH D GLIHUHQoD UtJLGD HQWUH R WHPSR GH WUDEDOKR H R WHPSRGHOD]HU2RSHUiULRRLWRFHQWLVWDGHL[DYDQDSRUWDGDIiEULFDDVXDIXQomR VRFLDOHPERUDDIDGLJDGHVHXWUDEDOKRWUDQVIRUPDVVHJUDQGHSDUWHGHVHXWHPSR UHVWDQWHHPGHVFDQVRSDUDXPQRYRGLDGHODEXWDDVVLPFRPRRHPEUXWHFLPHQWR RFDVLRQDGRSHODUHSHWLomRLQFHVVDQWHGHPRYLPHQWRVTXDVHPHFkQLFRVDWURÀDVVH SDUWH GH VXD FDSDFLGDGH FULDWLYD H LQWHOHFWXDO $ OLQKD TXH GLYLGH R WHPSR GH WUDEDOKRGRWHPSRVXSRVWDPHQWHOLYUHpEHPPDLVVXWLOSDUDRSUHVWDGRUGHVHUYLoRV FRQWHPSRUkQHRVHMDSRUTXHSRULQWHUPpGLRGHKRUDVH[WUDVFXUVRVGHFDSDFLWDomR RXDSULPRUDPHQWRHWFRWHPSRUHVWDQWHpGLUHWDPHQWHFRORQL]DGRSHORWUDEDOKR VHMDSRUTXHFRPRDGYHQWRQRYHFHQWLVWDGDLQG~VWULDFXOWXUDOLQG~VWULDGDTXDO $GRUQRpFUHLRRPHOKRUWHyULFRHVVHWHPSRVHUYHVREUHWXGRSDUDRFRQVXPR TXHQmRGHL[DGHVHUXPDIRUPDGH´VHUYLUµDRSURFHVVRFDSLWDOLVWD

(13)

SRUDWLYLGDGHVGHFRQVXPRVHUYLQGRDVVLPTXLoiVHPTXHRVLQGLYtGXRVVHGHHP FRQWDGLVWRjYDORUL]DomRGRYDORU7HPSRGLVSRQtYHOpSRUGHÀQLomRXPWHPSR QmR GRPLQDGR SUHVVXSRQGR SRUWDQWR XPD DXWRQRPLD SRU SDUWH GDTXHOHTXH RGHVSHQGHeLVVRRTXHRFDSLWDOLVPRFRPRIRUPDRUJDQL]DGRUDGDVUHODo}HV sociais, nega ao indivíduo. Com o advento novecentista da indústria cultural, o FDSLWDOLVPRGRPLQDSRUVHXVPHFDQLVPRVDEVWUDWRVWDQWRRWHPSRGHWUDEDOKR TXHVHUYHSDUDDFULDomRGHYDORUTXDQWRRWHPSRSUHWHQVDPHQWHOLYUHWHPSR HVWHRFXSDGRFRPRFRQVXPRGDVPHUFDGRULDVDOJRLJXDOPHQWHQHFHVViULRDR FDSLWDOSRLVHVWHSUHFLVDGHPRQWDQWHVPDLRUHVGHFRQVXPRSDUDSRGHURIHUHFHU LJXDOPHQWHPRQWDQWHVPDLRUHVGHPHUFDGRULDVRVTXDLVSRVVLELOLWDPQRYDPHQWH DÀQDOLGDGH~QLFDGRVXMHLWRDXWRPiWLFRDYDORUL]DomRGRYDORU

+iXPDORQJDSDVVDJHPQRWHUFHLUROLYURGHO CapitalTXHPHUHFHVHU FLWDGD QD tQWHJUD XPD YH] TXH QmR DSHQDV LOXVWUD R DUJXPHQWR DTXL H[SRVWR PDVPRVWUDDFHQWUDOLGDGHGRWHPDQRSHQVDPHQWRPDU[LDQRDSHVDUGRVSRXFRV PRPHQWRVHPTXHDSDUHFHQDVREUDVWDUGLDV(LOD

$ULTXH]DUHDOGDVRFLHGDGHHDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHFRQVWDQWHH[SDQVmRGHVHX SURFHVVRGHSURGXomRQmRGHSHQGHSRUWDQWRGDGXUDomRGRPDLVWUDEDOKR PDVGHVXDSURGXWLYLGDGHHGDVFRQGLo}HVPDLVRXPHQRVULFDVGHSURGXomR HPTXHHODWUDQVFRUUHO reino da liberdade só começa, de fato, onde cessa o trabalho

GHWHUPLQDGR SHOD QHFHVVLGDGH H SHOD DGHTXDomR D ÀQDOLGDGHV H[WHUQDV SRUWDQWR SHOD

própria natureza da questão, isso transcende a esfera da produção material propriamente dita$VVLPFRPRRVHOYDJHPWHPGHOXWDUFRPDQDWXUH]DSDUDVDWLVID]HUVXDV

QHFHVVLGDGHVSDUDPDQWHUHUHSURGX]LUVXDYLGDDVVLPWDPEpPRFLYLOL]DGR WHP GH ID]rOR H WHP GH ID]rOR HP WRGDV DV IRUPDV GH VRFLHGDGH H VRE WRGRVRVPRGRVGHSURGXomRSRVVtYHLV&RPVHXGHVHQYROYLPHQWRDPSOLD VHHVVHUHLQRGDQHFHVVLGDGHQDWXUDOSRLVVHDPSOLDPDVQHFHVVLGDGHVPDV DRPHVPRWHPSRDPSOLDPVHDVIRUoDVSURGXWLYDVTXHDVVDWLVID]HP1HVVH

terreno, a liberdade só pode consistir em que o homem socialRVSURGXWRUHVDVVRFLDGRV regulem racionalmente esse seu metabolismo com a natureza,trazendo-o para seu controle comunitário, em vez de serem dominados por ele como se fora por uma força cega; que o façam com o mínimo emprego de forças e sob as condições mais dignas e adequadas à sua natureza humana.0DVHVWHVHPSUHFRQWLQXDDVHUXPUHLQRGDQHFHVVLGDGH

$OpPGHOHpTXHFRPHoDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDVIRUoDVKXPDQDVFRQVLGHUDGR FRPRXPÀPHPVLPHVPRRYHUGDGHLURUHLQRGDOLEHUGDGHPDVTXHVySRGH ÁRUHVFHUVREUHDTXHOHUHLQRGDQHFHVVLGDGHFRPRVXDEDVHA redução da jornada de trabalho é a condição fundamental0$5;SLWiOLFRPHX

(14)

RVGHVHMRVGR´KRPHPVRFLDOµTXHSDVVDDVHGHGLFDURPtQLPRSRVVtYHOSDUDR ´UHLQRGDQHFHVVLGDGHµ$SRQWDDOLiVDWpPHVPRSDUDRPHLRSHORTXDOpSRVVtYHO ID]HUD´UHYROXomRµ²´DUHGXomRGDMRUQDGDGHWUDEDOKRµ²WHQGRVHHPYLVWD REYLDPHQWH TXH VH WUDWD QmR VLPSOHVPHQWH GH UHGX]LOD PDV SULQFLSDOPHQWH GHUHLQYHUWHUDÀQDOLGDGHGDSUySULDSURGXomRTXHUGL]HUQmRPDLVSURGXomR GHULTXH]DDEVWUDWDGHPDLVYDORUPDVVLPSURGXomRGHULTXH]DUHDOGHWHPSR GLVSRQtYHOSDUDWRGRV

(VVDSDVVDJHPWDPEpPRIHUHFHXPWHUFHLURFRQFHLWRGHULTXH]DTXHVH FRQWUDSRUijULTXH]DDEVWUDWDHjULTXH]DPDWHULDODVDEHUDULTXH]DUHDORWHPSR TXHRVKRPHQVWrPQR´UHLQRGDOLEHUGDGHµ(PWDOUDFLRFtQLRDULTXH]DPDWHULDO pDEDVHGDULTXH]DUHDOMiTXHHVWDVHJXQGDVySRGHVHHGLÀFDUTXDQGRR´UHLQR GDQHFHVVLGDGHµpVDWLVIHLWRHGHSUHIHUrQFLD´>@QDVFRQGLo}HVPDLVGLJQDVH DGHTXDGDVµSRVVtYHLV

4 CONCLUSÃO

0DU[ SHUFHEH QD SRVVLELOLGDGH VXEMDFHQWH DR SURJUHVVR WHFQROyJLFR GHVHQYROYLGR QR PRGR FDSLWDOLVWD GH SURGXomR DOJR TXH FULD D RSRUWXQLGDGH GHWRUQDURPXQGRPDLVUDFLRQDODOJRDOLiVTXHSHUPLWHFULWLFDUUDGLFDOPHQWHD IRUPDFRPRRPXQGRVRFLDOHVWiRUJDQL]DGRWDQWRQDVXDFRPRQDQRVVDpSRFD 1D PHGLGD HP TXH RV KRPHQV FRQVHJXLUDP LQYHQWDU PiTXLQDV H RUJDQL]DU R WUDEDOKRGHWDOPDQHLUDTXHHVWHVHWRUQRXLQ~PHUDVYH]HVPDLVSURGXWLYRHOHV SRGHULDPWDPEpPVHDXVHQWDUFDGDYH]PDLVGRSURFHVVRGHSURGXomRSDUDVH GHGLFDU D DWLYLGDGHV TXH OKHV DJUDGDVVHP ID]HQGRR FRP FRQGLo}HV PDWHULDLV EDVWDQWH DEXQGDQWHV (LV XPD PHWD UDFLRQDO 3RUpP DR LQYpV GH VH VHUYLUHP GHVVHV DGYHQWRV SDUD VDWLVID]HU VHXV GHVtJQLRV FRPR TXH SRU XP ´HVWUDQKR H IDWtGLFRIHLWLoRµRVKRPHQVFRQWLQXDUDPWUDEDOKDQGRWDQWRRXPDLVVHPWRUQDU HVVHWUDEDOKRPDLVDJUDGiYHOHVHPFRQVHJXLUTXHWRGRVRXDLQGDPHVPRXPD JUDQGHSDUWHIRVVHPEHQHÀFLDGRVFRPXPDULTXH]DPDWHULDOVXÀFLHQWHSDUDYLYHU XPDYLGDDR PHQRVPDWHULDOPHQWHGHVSUHRFXSDGD3DUD 0DU[ LVVRRFRUUHXH DLQGDRFRUUHSRUTXHRVKRPHQVVHVXEPHWHUDPFHJDPHQWHDVHXSURFHVVRGH SURGXomR DR LQYpV GH GRPLQiOR VHUYLQGR DVVLP FRPR HQJUHQDJHQV HP XP PHFDQLVPRTXHYLVDVRPHQWHjREWHQomRGHFDGDYH]PDLVYDORUGHPRGRTXH RVKRPHQVVHJXHPJDVWDQGRDPDLRUSDUWHGHVXDVH[LVWrQFLDVQDEXVFDGHDOJR TXHOKHVSRVVLELOLWHVDWLVID]HUVXDVPDLVEiVLFDVQHFHVVLGDGHVWDOFRPRDQWHVGR DGYHQWRGHVVDVPDUDYLOKRVDVHQJUHQDJHQVFDSD]HVGHHQFXUWDUHIUXWLÀFDUDODEXWD

(15)

VHSRGHPRVVDErORGHXPDVRFLHGDGHTXHGHL[DGHVHUPHGLDGDSHORYDORUGH PDQHLUDTXHRVKRPHQVSODQLÀFDPFRPXQLWDULDPHQWHDGLYLVmRGRVSURGXWRVGR WUDEDOKRGHXPDVRFLHGDGHQDTXDORVWUDEDOKDGRUHVDVVRFLDGRVWRPDPSRVVHGRV PHLRVGHSURGXomRQmRWUDEDOKDQGRVHQmRSDUDVLSUySULRVHSULQFLSDOPHQWH GH XPD VRFLHGDGH QD TXDO D SURGXomR RFXSD D PtQLPD SDUFHOD SRVVtYHO GH VHXVWHPSRVSHUPLWLQGRTXHDVSHVVRDVVHGHGLTXHPDVVLPDDWLYLGDGHVPDLV condizentes com a sua natureza racional.

4XHWDOLGHDOGHVRFLHGDGHpWRWDOPHQWHRSRVWRDRGRVRFLDOLVPRUHDOPHQWH H[LVWHQWH VRFLDOLVPR HVWH TXH HULJLX R FXOWR DR WUDEDOKR FRPR UHOLJLmR RÀFLDO p GHPDVLDGR yEYLR SDUD VH SHUGHU WHPSR FRP LVVR 7mR yEYLR TXDQWR R IDWR GHTXHR´>@DQWDJRQLVPRHQWUHDFLrQFLDHLQG~VWULDPRGHUQDSRUXPODGRH DGLVVROXomRHPLVpULDPRGHUQDSRURXWURHVWHDQWDJRQLVPRHQWUHRVSRGHUHV SURGXWLYRVHDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLVGHQRVVDpSRFDµGHTXHIDOD0DU[QRSDQÁHWRGH DQWHULRUPHQWHFLWDGRFRQWLQXDVHQGR´>@XPIDWRSDOSiYHODYDVVDODGRUH LQFRQWHVWiYHOµ

)/(&.$PDUR,GOHHPDQFLSDWLRQRUZKDWGRHV0DU[·VFULWLFDOWKHRU\SURSRVH"Trans/

Form/Ação0DUtOLDYQS

ABSTRACT: ,QWKLVSDSHU,VXFFLQFWO\RXWOLQHWKHVWDQGSRLQWIURPZKLFK0DU[FULWLFL]HVFDSLWDOLVP

QDPHO\ E\ SRLQWLQJ WR WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH WUDQVIRUPLQJ SRWHQWLDOLW\ RI WHFKQRORJ\ DV GHYHORSHGXQGHUWKHFDSLWDOLVWPRGHRI SURGXFWLRQDQGLWVHIIHFWLYHUHDOLW\LQWKLVVDPHV\VWHPSDUW 2QWKHVHJURXQGV,DUJXHWKDW0DU[·VFULWLTXHRI WKHFDSLWDOLVWV\VWHPFRQVLVWVPDLQO\LQWKHIDFW WKDWWKHSHUPDQHQWYDORUL]DWLRQRI FDSLWDOLVWKHJRDORI SURGXFWLRQDQGWKDWWKLVLVDQLUUDWLRQDODLP ZKLFKFUHDWHVDVDUHVXOWDQDEVWUDFWIRUPRI GRPLQDWLRQRYHULQGLYLGXDOVSDUW)LQDOO\,UHLQWHUSUHW WKHPHDQLQJRI HPDQFLSDWLRQLQ0DU[·VODWHUWKRXJKWDUJXLQJWKDWLWUHIHUVWRDQHPDQFLSDWLRQIURP WKLV DEVWUDFW GRPLQDWLRQ FXOPLQDWLQJ LQ DQ HPDQFLSDWLRQ IURP ZRUN LQ IDYRU RI WKH FUHDWLRQ RI LQFUHDVHGGLVSRVDEOHWLPHSDUW

(16)

REFERÊNCIAS

$'25127KHRGRU7HPSROLYUHPalavras e Sinais: modelos críticos 27UDGXomRGH0DULD

+HOHQD5XVFKHO3HWUySROLV9R]HVS

$57286$QWRLQHLe fétichisme chez Marx3DULV6\OOHSVH

>',/.(&KDUOHV:HQWZRUWK@7KHVRXUFHDQGUHPHG\RI WKHQDWLRQDOGLIÀFXOWLHV/RQGUHV5RZHOO DQG0DUWLQ

(/67(5-RQAn Introduction to Karl Marx&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

*,$11277,-RVp$Marx: $OpPGRPDU[LVPR3RUWR$OHJUH/ 30

*5(63$1-RUJH0DU[ FUtWLFRGDWHRULDFOiVVLFDGRYDORUCrítica MarxistaQž6mR

3DXOR%RLWHPSR

-$33( $QVHOPAs aventuras da mercadoria 7UDGXomR GH -RVp 0LUDQGD -XVWR /LVERD

$QWtJRQD

0$1'(/(UQHVWA formação do pensamento econômico de Karl Marx7UDGXomRGH&DUORV

+HQULTXHGH(VFREDU5LRGH-DQHLUR-RUJH=DKDU

0$5; .DUOSpeech at anniversary of the People’s Paper 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWSZZZ

PDU[LVWVRUJDUFKLYHPDU[ZRUNVKWP!$FHVVRHPMXQ

BBBBBBGrundrisse0DQXVFULWRVHFRQ{PLFRVGHH7UDGXomRGH0DXUR'XD\HU

H1pOLR6FKQHLGHU6mR3DXOR%RLWHPSR5LRGH-DQHLUR(G8)5-BBBBBBO CapitalOLYUR,YROXPHV7UDGXomRGH5HJLV%DUERVDH)OiYLR.RWKH6mR

3DXOR1RYD&XOWXUDO

BBBBBBO Capital/LYUR,,,YROXPHV7UDGXomRGH5HJLV%DUERVDH)OiYLR.RWKH6mR

3DXOR1RYD&XOWXUDO

326721(0RLVKHTime, labor and social domination1HZ<RUNDQG&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH

8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

526'2/6.<5RPDQGênese e estrutura de O Capital7UDGXomRGH&pVDU%HQMDPLQ5LRGH

-DQHLUR&RQWUDSRQWR

58%,1,VDDN,OOLFKA teoria marxista do valor7UDGXomRGH-RVp%GH6$PDUDO)LOKR6mR

3DXOR3ROLV

:$/.(5 7RP Dilke’s Source and Remedy ÀFWLWLRXV FDSLWDO XQSURGXFWLYH ODERXU

LQFRQYHUWLEOHSDSHUPRQH\VXSHUÁRXVWKLQJSUHOLPLQDU\GUDIW'LVSRQtYHOHPKWWS ZZZZRUNOHVVSDUW\RUJWLPHZRUNVULQWURSGI!$FHVVRHPMXQ

Referências

Documentos relacionados

Destinados a satisfazer as necessidades de lactentes saudáveis aquando do seu desmame e de crianças pequenas saudáveis como suplemento do seu regime alimentar excluindo

Taunay cita no décimo primeiro parágrafo: No ponto onde estávamos, esta ordem tinha como conseqüência necessária obrigar-nos a descer de volta até o rio Coxim e em seguida

Nesse contexto, o presente estudo se justifica não só pela relevância do tema para a sociedade, mas também por evidenciar a representatividade das mulheres nos escritórios

Our main hypotheses here are that: (1) the richness of Macaronesia as a whole would be related to distance, with the isolation of the Azores contributing to its low species numbers;

5 “A Teoria Pura do Direito é uma teoria do Direito positivo – do Direito positivo em geral, não de uma ordem jurídica especial” (KELSEN, Teoria pura do direito, p..

Dentro do contexto da Gestão Integrada de Recursos Hídricos, a administração das águas subterrâneas busca o equilíbrio da exploração desse recurso, considerando um

Com a aplicação do método no software, demonstrou-se que a execução da modelagem matemática, apesar de o cálculo e suas restrições estarem corretas, não foi possível obter-se