❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛
❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❚❡s❡ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦
❯♠❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧
❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❜íq✉♦s
❈❛r❧♦s ❆❧❜❡rt♦ ◆✉♥❡s ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦
❈❛r❧♦s ❆❧❜❡rt♦ ◆✉♥❡s ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦
❯♠❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠
✉♠❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❜íq✉♦s
❚❡s❡ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜✲ t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭❉❙❝✳✮✳ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛
Pr♦❢
❛✳ ❉r
❛✳ ❚❤❛ís ❱❛s❝♦♥❝❡❧♦s ❇❛t✐st❛
PP❣❙❈ ✕ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❈❈❊❚ ✕ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡
Catalogação da Publicação na Fonte. UFRN / SISBI / Biblioteca Setorial Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra – CCET.
Machado, Carlos Alberto Nunes.
Uma linguagem de descrição arquitetural baseada em uma arquitetura de referência para sistemas ubíquos / Carlos Alberto Nunes Machado. - Natal, 2015.
164 f. : il.
Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Thaís Vasconcelos Batista.
Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.
1. Engenharia de software – Tese. 2. Computação ubíqua – Tese. 3. Revisão sistemática – Tese. 4. Arquitetura de referência – Tese. 5.Linguagem de descrição de arquitetura – Tese. 6. Experimento controlado – Tese. I. Batista, Thaís
Vasconcelos. II. Título.
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❊❯❙ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐❛s ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞♦ ❢♦rç❛✱ s❛ú❞❡✱ ❛✉t♦❡st✐♠❛ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢é ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ❣❛❧❣❛r t❛♠❛♥❤❛ ✈✐tór✐❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✱ ♣♦✐s s❡♠ ❙✉❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛✱ ❇❡r♥❛❞❡t❡ ❞❡ ▲✐♠❛ ❚❛❜♦s❛ ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞♦ ❢♦rç❛✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✱ ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❝❛s❛ s♦❜ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✱ ❡♠ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s✿ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ às ♠✐♥❤❛s três ✜❧❤❛s✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧❡ ▼❛r✐❛ ❚❛❜♦s❛ ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦✱ ◆❛t❛❧✐❛ ❚❛❜♦s❛ ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦ ❡ ❑❛r❧❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ❚❛❜♦s❛ ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❞♦ ❡ ♠❡ ❛❝♦♠✲ ♣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣❛ss❡✐ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❡st❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❞❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❞❛ ❡ s❛✉❞á✈❡❧ ♥❡t❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ●❛❜r✐❡❧❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ▼❛♥✉❡❧ ◆✉♥❡s ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦ ❡ ❏♦s❡❢❛ ❘❛♠♦s ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦ ✭✐♥ ♠❡♠♦✲ r✐❛♠✮✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❛♠♦r ❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛ ♠✐♠ ❞✐s♣❡♥s❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❡ ✐r♠ãs✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ▼❛r✐♥❡t❡ ◆✉♥❡s ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦ ❡ ❊r♥❛♥✐ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ♠❡✉ ❝✉♥❤❛❞♦ ❡ ✐r♠ã♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ❡ t♦r❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❡st❛ ✈✐tór✐❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ ❚❤❛ís ❱❛s❝♦♥❝❡❧♦s ❇❛t✐st❛✱ ♣♦r t❡r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡ ♣♦r t❡r s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♦ r✉♠♦ ❝❡rt♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ é ♦❜r❛ ❞❡❧❛✳
♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♥♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r t❡r ❛❝❡✐t❛❞♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛s ❜❛♥❝❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ t❡r ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞♦ t♦❞♦ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ❛♠✐❣♦✱ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❞♦ ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡s✲ q✉✐s❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s✱ ♣♦✐s s✉❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡✳
❖ ♠❡✉ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ t❛♠❜é♠ à ❊❧✐s❛ ❨✉♠✐ ◆❛❦❛❣❛✇❛ ♣♦r t❡r ❛❝❡✐t❛❞♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s ❜❛♥❝❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♥♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ❯✐rá ❑✉❧❡s③❛✱ ♣♦r t❛♠❜é♠ t❡r ❛❝❡✐t❛❞♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛s ❜❛♥❝❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❡✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ♣❡❧❛s s✉❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦ ●✉st❛✈♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ▼❛t♦s ❇❡③❡rr❛ ▼♦tt❛ ♣♦r t❡r s✐❞♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥✲ t❛❞♦r ♥♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r t❡r ❛❝❡✐t❛❞♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r s❡r ✉♠ ❛♠✐❣♦ ♥♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣✉❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛r✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❏♦sé ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ●♦♠❡s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❡ ❍❛♠✐❧t♦♥ ❙♦❛r❡s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ❛❥✉❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡✐ ❞❡ ❛ss✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❛❢❛st❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝✉rs❛r ♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✱ ❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♦ ❆♠✐❧t♦♥ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ s✉❜st✐t✉í❞♦ ♥❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♠❡✉ ❛❢❛st❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❯❋P❇✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❈r❡ã♦ ❡ ❘♦❣ér✐❛✱ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉í❞♦ ♥♦ ❛❢❛st❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❈❈❊◆ ❡ ❡st❛r❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡✐ ❞❡ ❛❥✉❞❛✳
●♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❊✈❡rt♦♥ ❈❛✈❛❧❝❛♥t❡✱ ❆♥❛ ▲✉✐s❛ ▼❡❞❡✐r♦s ❡ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ P❡r❡✐r❛ ♣♦r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❡♠ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♦✉ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❉■▼❆♣✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ▼❛❝✐❧♦♥✱ ❊✈❛♥❞r♦✱ ▲✐❧✐❛♥❡✱ ▼❛rí❧✐❛✱ ❋❡❧✐♣ã♦✱ ■s❛❛❝ ❡ P❧á❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦ ♥♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✱ ♦✉ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♥♦ s✉❜s♦❧♦ ❞♦ ❉■▼❆♣✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ❊✈❛♥❞r♦✱ ▼❛❝✐❧♦♥✱ ❘♦♥✐❧❞♦✱ ❮❝❛r♦ ❡ P❡tr✉s❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡t♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳
❯♠❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠
✉♠❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❜íq✉♦s
❆✉t♦r✿ ❈❛r❧♦s ❆❧❜❡rt♦ ◆✉♥❡s ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❚❤❛ís ❱❛s❝♦♥❝❡❧♦s ❇❛t✐st❛
❘❡s✉♠♦
❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t♦s ♠♦❞❡❧❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ❙t✉❞✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙②❙▼▲✳
❆♥ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❛❧ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛
❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r ❯❜✐q✉✐t♦✉s ❙②st❡♠s
❆✉t❤♦r✿ ❈❛r❧♦s ❆❧❜❡rt♦ ◆✉♥❡s ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦
❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❚❤❛ís ❱❛s❝♦♥❝❡❧♦s ❇❛t✐st❛
❆❜str❛❝t
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❆s ❚rês ●r❛♥❞❡ ❋❛s❡s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✶✳✷ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛✱ P❡r✈❛s✐✈❛ ❡ ▼ó✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✶✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞♦ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❚❡s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✷✳✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ P❛❞rã♦ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧✱ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛
❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❈♦♥❝r❡t❛✳✭❇❆❙❙❀ ❈▲❊▼❊◆❚❙❀ ❑❆❩▼❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ✷✷
✷✳✷ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦s ❡ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❈♦♥❝r❡t❛s ❡
❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭❆◆●❊▲❖❱ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✷✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ●❡r❛❧ ❞♦ Pr♦❙❆✲❘❆ ✭◆❆❑❆●❆❲❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✷✳✹ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❆❈▼❊✳
✭●❆❘▲❆◆❀ ▼❖◆❘❖❊❀ ❲■▲❊✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✷✳✺ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❡♠ ❆❈▼❊ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❙♠❛rt❈❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✷✳✻ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡♠ ❆❈▼❊ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❘❡s♣♦♥✲
sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❙♠❛rt❈❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✷✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❆r♠❛♥✐ ✭■♥✈❛r✐❛♥t✱❍❡✉r✐st✐❝✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✷✳✽ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞❛s ❋❛s❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✸✳✶ ❯♠❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ P❡r✈❛s✐✈❛✳✭▲■❯❀ ▲■✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✸✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ P❡r✈❛s✐✈❛✳✭❩❍❖❯ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✸✼
✸✳✸ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❆✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❙♠❛rt ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✳✭❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❊❩✲
▼❖◆❚❊❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸✳✺ ❚❛r❡❢❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✳✭❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❊❩✲▼❖◆❚❊❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✸✳✻ ❚❛r❡❢❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❆❝t✐♥❣✳✭❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❊❩✲▼❖◆❚❊❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✹✳✶ ❊t❛♣❛s ❞❛ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✹✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❇✉s❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✺✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❜íq✉♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✷ ❱✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❜í✲
q✉♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺✳✸ ❱✐sã♦ ❞❡ P❛❝♦t❡s ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❜íq✉♦s✳ ✻✶
✺✳✹ ❱✐sã♦ ❞❡ ■♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❆✲❯❜✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✺✳✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ◆♦✈♦ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✺✳✻ ▼✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ Pr♦✈❡❞♦r ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❈❛✉s❛❞♦ ♣♦r ◗♦❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✺✳✼ ❘❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❛♦ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❆t✉❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✺✳✽ ▼✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✺✳✾ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❆❝t✐✈❡❇❛❞❣❡✳ ✭❲❆◆❚ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✺✳✶✵ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❈▼❋✳ ✭❑❖❘P■P❆❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✺✳✶✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❈♦❇r❆✳ ✭❈❍❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✺✳✶✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❍②❞r♦❣❡♥✳✭❍❖❋❊❘ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✺✳✶✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❏❈❆❋✳ ✭❇❆❘❉❘❆▼✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✺✳✶✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❙❖❈❆▼✳ ✭●❯ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✻✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❙✐♥tát✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ❈♦♥t❡①t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✻✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✻✳✸ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❙✐♥tát✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ◗♦❙P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ❡ ◗♦❈P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✻✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ◗♦❙P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ❡ ◗♦❈P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✻✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❆tt❛❝❤♠❡♥t ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
✻✳✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❖♥✲❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✻✳✽ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❘❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ■♠✲
♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✻✳✾ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❍✐❣❤✇❛②❴❊♥t❡r✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷
✻✳✶✵ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❍✐❣❤✇❛②❴❉r✐✈✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
✻✳✶✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞♦ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
✻✳✶✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ❘❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ■♠✲
♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✻✳✶✸ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❈❤♦♦s✐♥❣▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥Pr♦✈✐❞❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✻✳✶✹ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❯s✐♥❣●P❙▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
✻✳✶✺ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❯s✐♥❣●❙▼▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
✻✳✶✻ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❯s✐♥❣❲✐✜▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
✻✳✶✼ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ◆♦▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
✻✳✶✽ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥❙❡r✈✐❝❡❊rr♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✼✳✶ ❊❞✐t♦r ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ❡♠ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❊❝❧✐♣s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
✼✳✷ ❚❡❧❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❛ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✐çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
✽✳✶ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❚r❛❞❡✲♦✛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✹✳✶ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆rt✐❣♦s ❙❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❈♦♠✉♥s ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❜íq✉♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✹✳✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❊❧❡✲
♠❡♥t♦s ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ❈♦♠✉♥s ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❜íq✉♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✺✳✶ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆rt✐❣♦s q✉❡ ❈♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ●r✉♣♦ ✭✐✐✐✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✺✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❜íq✉♦s✳ ✭❙P❮◆❖▲❆❀ ❚❘❆❱❆❙❙❖❙✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❊❧❡✲
♠❡♥t♦s ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ❈♦♠✉♥s ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❜íq✉♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✺✳✹ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❆❝t✐✈❡❇❛❞❣❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛
❘❆✲❯❜✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✺✳✺ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❈▼❋ ❝♦♠ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❘❆✲❯❜✐ ✼✶
✺✳✻ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❈♦❇r❆ ❝♦♠ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❘❆✲❯❜✐ ✼✸
✺✳✼ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❊♥tr❡ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❍②❞r♦❣❡♥ ❝♦♠ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛
❘❆✲❯❜✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✺✳✽ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❏❈❆❋ ❝♦♠ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❘❆✲❯❜✐ ✼✻
✺✳✾ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❙❖❈❆▼ ❝♦♠ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❘❆✲
❯❜✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✻✳✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊✱ s✉❛ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡✳ ❞❡
❘❆✲❯❜✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✽✳✷ ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❈❉◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵
✽✳✸ ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ① ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵
❆✳✶ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡s ◆✉❧❛s ❡ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ s✐❣❧❛s
❯❜✐❈♦♠ ✕ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛
❙❖❆ ✕ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s
P❈❆ ✕ P❡r✈❛s✐✈❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡
P❙❈✲❘▼ ✕ P❡r✈❛s✐✈❡ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✕ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ▼♦❞❡❧
Pr♦❙❆✲❘❆ ✕ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛ ❛ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦✱ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❈♦❇r❆ ✕ ❆♥ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ❇r♦❦❡r ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r P❡r✈❛s✐✈❡ ❈♦♥t❡①t✲❆✇❛r❡ ❙②st❡♠s
❊▼❋ ✕ ❊❝❧✐♣s❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✸
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✶✳✷ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✶✳✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✶✳✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❇ás✐❝♦s ✷✵
✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✷✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷✳✷✳✶ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✷✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♦ Pr♦❥❡t❛r ✉♠❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✷✳✸ ❆❉▲s ✴ ❆❈▼❊ ✴ ❆❘▼❆◆■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✷✳✹ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✷✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✸✹
✸✳✶ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✸✳✸ ❆❉▲s ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✸✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✹ ❯♠❛ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❙✐s✲
t❡♠❛s ❯❜íq✉♦s ✹✷
✹✳✶ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✹✳✶✳✶ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✹✳✶✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✶✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✷ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✹✳✸ ❆♠❡❛ç❛s à ❱❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✺ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✲ ❘❆✲❯❜✐ ✺✸
✺✳✶ ❘❆✲❯❜✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺✳✶✳✶ P❛ss♦ ❘❆✲✶ ✲ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❋♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺✳✶✳✷ P❛ss♦ ❘❆✲✷ ✲ ❊st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✶✳✸ P❛ss♦ ❘❆✲✸ ✲ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✶✳✹ P❛ss♦ ❘❆✲✹ ✲ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✺✳✶✳✹✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘❆✲❯❜✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✺✳✶✳✹✳✷ ❊st✉❞♦ ✶✿ ❆❝t✐✈❡❇❛❞❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✺✳✶✳✹✳✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ✷✿ ❈▼❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✺✳✶✳✹✳✹ ❊st✉❞♦ ✸✿ ❈♦❇r❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✺✳✶✳✹✳✺ ❊st✉❞♦ ✹✿ ❍②❞r♦❣❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✺✳✶✳✹✳✻ ❊st✉❞♦ ✺✿ ❏❈❆❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✺✳✶✳✹✳✼ ❊st✉❞♦ ✻✿ ❙❖❈❆▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✻ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ✲ ❯♠❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡✲
♠❛s ❯❜íq✉♦s ✼✾
✻✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✻✳✷ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛ ❙❡r❡♠ Pr♦✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❆❉▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✻✳✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✻✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✻✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✻✳✸✳✶✳✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t❊①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✻✳✸✳✶✳✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❖♥❆❝t✐✈❛t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✻✳✸✳✶✳✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❖♥❉❡❛❝t✐✈❛t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✻✳✸✳✶✳✺ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❯♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✻✳✸✳✶✳✻ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ P❡rs✐st❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✻✳✸✳✷ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✻✳✸✳✷✳✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ◗♦❙P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✻✳✸✳✷✳✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ◗♦❈P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✻✳✸✳✸ ❆tt❛❝❤♠❡♥t ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✻✳✸✳✸✳✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❆tt❛❝❤♠❡♥t ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✻✳✸✳✹ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
✻✳✸✳✹✳✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❖♥✲❉♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
✻✳✸✳✹✳✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❉❡t❛❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✻✳✸✳✹✳✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❘❡♠♦✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✻✳✹ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ❡♠ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊✿ ❙♠❛rt ❈❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✻✳✹✳✶ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ✶✳ P✐❧♦t♦ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❆✉t♦✲❊str❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
✻✳✹✳✷ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ✷✳ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
✻✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
✼✳✶ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ❙t✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✼✳✷ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ❙t✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✼✳✷✳✶ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ❡❈♦r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✼✳✷✳✷ P❛rs❡r ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✼✳✷✳✷✳✶ ❙✐♥t❛①❡ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✼✳✷✳✷✳✷ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸
✼✳✷✳✷✳✸ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸
✼✳✷✳✸ ❊❞✐t♦r ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ❡♠ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹
✼✳✷✳✹ ❊❞✐t♦r ❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹
✼✳✷✳✹✳✶ Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞♦ ❙✐r✐✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
✼✳✷✳✹✳✷ ❊❞✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
✼✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼
✽ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛ ❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✶✵✽
✽✳✶ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❘❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❯s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆♦t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾
✽✳✷ ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ◆♦t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵
✽✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶
✽✳✸✳✶ ❱✐s❝♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷
✽✳✸✳✷ ❱✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷
✽✳✸✳✸ ❈♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦ Pr❡♠❛t✉r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸
✽✳✸✳✹ ❉❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❖❝✉❧t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹
✽✳✸✳✺ ❊①♣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ P❛♣é✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹
✽✳✸✳✻ Pr♦♣❡♥sã♦ ❛ ❊rr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
✽✳✸✳✼ ❆❜str❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻
✽✳✸✳✽ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ❙❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻
✽✳✸✳✾ Pr♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼
✽✳✸✳✶✶ Pr♦❧✐①✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽
✽✳✸✳✶✷ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ▼❡♥t❛✐s ❉✐❢í❝❡✐s ♦✉ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❈♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽
✽✳✸✳✶✸ Pr♦✈✐s♦r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾
✽✳✸✳✶✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ Pr♦❣r❡ss✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾
✽✳✹ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ❛s ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵
✽✳✺ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵
✽✳✺✳✶ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
✽✳✺✳✷ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
✽✳✻ ❘❡❧❛tór✐♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
✽✳✼ ❆♠❡❛ç❛s ❛ ❱❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺
✽✳✽ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻
✾ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✶✷✼
✾✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽
✾✳✷ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾
✾✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵
✾✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❚❡s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✶✸✷
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ✲✲ ❇◆❋ ❞❡ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ✶✸✾
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❇ ✲✲ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥❛r✐♦s ❞♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✶✹✽
❆♥❡①♦ ❆ ✲✲ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ✶✻✵
❆✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✵
❆✳✷ ◗✉❡stõ❡s✱ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❡ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✵
❆✳✸ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✷
✶✸
Cap´ıtulo
1
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ t❡r♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ✭❯❜✐❈♦♠✮✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❲❡✐s❡r ✭❲❊■❙❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✱ r❡❢❡r❡✲ s❡ ❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❧♦❝❛❧✱ ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ três ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❢❛s❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳ ◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ❛ ❡r❛ ❞♦s ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s s❡r✈✐❛♠ ❛ ✈ár✐♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳ ◆❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ❛ ❡r❛ ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③♦✉✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉✲ t❛❞♦r ♣♦r ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t♦✉ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐tór✐♦s✳ ❆ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❤á ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡❧❡✲ trô♥✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✭❲❊■❙❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳
❆ ✐❞é✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ é q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠♦✈❡✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛✲ çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ✭P❈s✮ ❡ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♣❡r✈❛s✐✈❛ ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦t✐❞✐✲ ❛♥❛✳ P♦r s❡r ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡✱ t❡r♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❡r✈❛s✐✈❛✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥♦♠á❞✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s t❛♥t♦s✱ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✉s❛❞♦s✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✐♥ô♥✐♠♦s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ s❡❥❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣✉❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐❞é✐❛s ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ◆❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ár❡❛ ❡✈♦❧✉✐✱ ❡ss❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✈ã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦s ❡ s✉❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r❛s✳ ❆ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ✭▲❨❨❚■◆❊◆❀ ❨❖❖✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ♥❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✲
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❆s ❚rês ●r❛♥❞❡ ❋❛s❡s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❛❝❡ss♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ t❡♠ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❧✉❣❛r✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❡r✈❛s✐✈❛ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉✲ t❛❞♦r ❡stá ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥✈✐sí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❖ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ✈❡♥❤❛♠ ❛ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧❡✳ ❉❡st❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s✉r❣❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❛❣✐r❡♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✏✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✑ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♥♦s ♠♦✈❡♠♦s✱ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦✈♦❛❞♦ ♣♦r s❡♥s♦r❡s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛✲s❡ ❞♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❡r✈❛s✐✈❛✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ s✉r❣❡✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❡r✈❛s✐✈❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠♦✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ♥♦s ♠♦✈❡♠♦s ❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛♠♦s s❡✉s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ s❡rá ✉s❛❞♦ ❛q✉✐ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❡r✈❛s✐✈❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠ó✈❡❧✳ ❆ ❥✉s✲ t✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s t❡r♠♦s é q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❡♠❜✉t✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ é ♠ó✈❡❧✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✐ss♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢♦r ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛❞♦ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r✲s❡✲ã♦ ♦ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❡r✈❛s✐✈❛ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠ó✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✶✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✿ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛✱ P❡r✈❛s✐✈❛ ❡ ▼ó✈❡❧✳
s♦r❡s✱ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❚❛✐s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ♣♦r s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ❡ sã♦ ❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉s❛♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❉❊❨ ❡ ❆❇❖❲❉✱ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ é ✏q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡✑✳ ❯♠❛ ❡♥t✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✱ ✉♠ ❧✉❣❛r ♦✉ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✭❇❆❚■❙❚❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ◆♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉❜íq✉❛s✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲
çõ❡s q✉❡ ❞ã♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ✉❜✐q✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛s ❢❛s❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❍á ✈ár✐♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ✭❑❯▼❆❘✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✿ ✭✐✮ ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s❀ ✭✐✐✮ ❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s❀ ✭✐✐✐✮ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥s♦✲ r❡s✱ ❛t✉❛❞♦r❡s ❡ s♠❛rt❢♦♥❡s❀ ❡ ✭✐✈✮ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳ ❆s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ tr✐✈✐❛✐s ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✶✻
❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐sí✈❡✐s ❞❡ss❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣❛rt❡s q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣õ❡✳ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♠ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ ❡ss❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✳ ❊ss❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣r♦✈ê❡♠ ❞✐r❡çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❆◆●❊▲❖❱ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ✭◆❆❑❆●❆❲❆❀ ❖◗❯❊◆❉❖❀ ❇❊❈❑❊❘✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ P♦r ❝♦♥s❡✲
❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛s ❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❡ss❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✭❆◆●❊▲❖❱❀ ●❘❊❋❊◆❀ ●❘❊❊❋❍❖❘❙❚✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❊♠ s✉♠❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭◆❆❑❆●❆❲❆❀ ❆◆❚❖◆■◆❖❀ ❇❊❈❑❊❘✱ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❝r✐❛ ✉♠ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦
❛ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ r❡❞✉③ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ s❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♥ã♦ ✈✐á✈❡❧✱ r❡❞✉③ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ s✉❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛r✲ q✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❞✉③ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ✉❜íq✉♦s ❡stã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s ♥♦ ♥♦ss♦ q✉♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣r♦✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ❛ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❛ ✐♠♣♦r✲ t❛♥t❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ sã♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ✉❜íq✉♦s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♠ ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ✐♠♣♦r✲ t❛♥t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉❜íq✉❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❡ss❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ✭❆❉▲ ✲ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮ ✭❙❍❆❲❀ ●❆❘▲❆◆✱ ✶✾✾✻✮ ✭❈▲❊▼❊◆❚❙✱ ✶✾✾✻✮ ✭▼❊❉❱■❉❖❱■❈❀ ❚❆❨▲❖❘✱ ✷✵✵✵❛✮ sã♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡s ✉s❛❞❛s✳
✶✳✷ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✶✼
♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦✳
✶✳✷ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛
❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉❜íq✉❛s✱ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥♦rt❡❛r❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿
• ◗P✶✿ ◗✉❛✐s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉❜íq✉❛s❄
• ◗P✷✿ ◗✉❛✐s ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜í✲
q✉❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡s s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❄
• ◗P✸✿ ❈♦♠♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
✉❜íq✉❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦❄
❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s s✉♣r❛❝✐t❛❞❛s✱ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛♠♦s ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❍✐♣ót❡s❡s✿
• ❍✶✿ ❆ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❝❛r❛❝✲
t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉❜íq✉❛s✳
• ❍✷✿ ❆ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛s ♣♦❞❡
❡①♣r❡ss❛r ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳
• ❍✸✿ ❯♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡s✲
s❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉❜íq✉❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✱ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ss❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉❜íq✉❛s✳
✶✳✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
✶✳✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✶✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✸✿ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞♦ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❚❡s❡✳
✶✳ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ✉❜íq✉♦s✱ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❛ ❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s❀
✷✳ Pr♦♣♦r ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ✉❜íq✉♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛❀
✸✳ Pr♦♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧✱ ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ❡s♣❡✲ ❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✉❜íq✉♦s✳ ❊ss❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡✈❡ ❜❛s❡❛r✲s❡ ♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❧❡✈❛♥t❛❞❛s ♥❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ♥❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✉❜íq✉♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐✲ ç♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✳
✹✳ ❱❛❧✐❞❛r ❯❜✐❆❈▼❊ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s✉á✲ r✐♦✳
✶✳✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✶✾
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❆❈▼❊✿ ✭✐✮ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s❀ ✭✐✐✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✐♥t❡r❝â♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s❀ ✭✐✐✐✮ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥✲ sã♦✱ ❆r♠❛♥✐ ✭▼❖◆❘❖❊✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s
❡♠ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♦r❞❡♠❀ ✭✐✈✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s ✭♦✉ ❡st✐❧♦s✮ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s✳
✶✳✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦
✷✵
Cap´ıtulo
2
❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❇ás✐❝♦s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❞✐s❝♦rr❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛r✲ q✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸ ❞✐s❝✉rs❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❆❈▼❊ ❡ ❆r♠❛♥✐✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ r❡✈✐sã♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛✳
✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛
◆❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠♦✈❡✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ✭P❈s✮✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♣❡r✈❛s✐✈❛ ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛✳ ▼❛r❝ ❲❡✐s❡r✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♦ ♣❛✐ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✱ ✈✐s❧✉♠❜r♦✉ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ q✉❡✱ ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❤❛❜✐t❛r✐❛♠ ♦s ♠❛✐s tr✐✈✐❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t♦s✿ ❡t✐q✉❡t❛s ❞❡ r♦✉♣❛s✱ ①í❝❛r❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❢é✱ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧✉③✱ ❝❛♥❡t❛s✱ ❡t❝✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥✈✐sí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳
❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛✲s❡ ❞♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❡r✈❛s✐✈❛✱ ❝✉❥♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❡❧❡ ❡stá ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r✱ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛r ❡ ❛❥✉st❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ s✉r❣❡ ❡♥tã♦ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❡r✈❛s✐✈❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥♦s❝♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r✱ ❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ♥♦s ♠♦✈❡♠♦s ❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛r s❡✉s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡✳
