Vol-7, Special Issue-Number2-April, 2016, pp282-294 ion.com http://www.bipublicat
Research Article
The comparison of art and architecture during
the Achaemenid and Parthian
Alireza abbasi, SohaPourmohammad and BagherKarimi
Department of Architecture,
Islamic Azad University, Bushehr branch, Iran
ABSTRACT
Historic buildings of each country contain identity, culture and the results of people who had been living there. Although the golden pages of this notebook is scattered but still some kind of things can be gathered from them which have not mentioned before. In our country, Iran, art and architecture basehas special position, despite many poems, stories and events have investigated Persian poetry and prose, surprisingly Iran’s architecture and art have not been investigated properly and there are still some hidden parts of that, it might be because of archaeologist as researchers not architectures who have worked in this subject, meanwhile it is much more regretful that most of researchers and theorists in this field have been foreign characters and Iranian ones have investigated this issue less in spite of the importance of this subject. The hypothesis of this research is based on that “through investigating and comparing art and architecture of two periods, the solutions and strategies of those periods can be extracted in order to appropriate using in modern designing. Due to this, two periods of Achaemenid and Parthian have been investigated here. The research has been obtained by collecting data out of documentary sources, analysis and comparative analogy and in the end the important features of art and architecture will be extracted in each period and some suggestions will be proposed due to promoting people’s awareness of their ancestors’ heritage in order to use in new plans.
Key words: Iran, pre-Islamic art and architecture, Achaemenid, Parthian
1- INTRODUCTION
Considering ethnic characteristics, climate, national and religious, originality, strength and rigidity, unique characteristics and ethnic aspects and broad and meaningful presence in the context of individual and collective life,Iran’s art and architecture have undoubtedly and excellent position in world’s art and architecture therefore modeling from that by the artists of other countries or even other cultures and world famous civilizations not only is believable but also seems obvious because it is an art which considers the beauty of content and the incidence of expressions of truth and perfection and meanwhile is an art for people and its artist is an
architecture of Iran has been a valid identity for the people of this land and climate natural of Iran has affected the cultures which came this country by conquerors and conquered in this field with its most obvious forms. Customs, rituals, morals, ethics, thought and belief of generations have reflected Iran’s architecture vividly. This reflection can be seen not only in huge buildings but also in small buildings. (Zarei, 2005: 52) art in Iran is as old as history and architecture is one of the oldest ones. Prosperity and advancement of architecture show that this country has been one of the most initial centers of urban projects and engineering and this evident can be confirmed by monuments which have been rose among ancient times with dusty portrait. (Zarei, 2005: 51) ancient Iranian believed that “Honar” (art) consists of “Ho” and “Nar” and it means “((Good man)), ((Good man and good woman)) so its responsibility is well-being and beauty. (Yavari, 2009: 12). In this research which has been done aiming to identify hidden features of Iranian architecture, after brief introduction of periods, will investigate the features of art and architecture through studying remarkable works.
Diagram 1: article structure
2- Achaemenid period
In about 560 BC that two strong Aryan governments that wereMedes and Persians were united, Great Iranian Empire was created. This happened when great Cyrus beat his grandfather Styak (Azhy Hawke) the king of Meds.
Through the attempts of two powerful kings of this dynasty who were Cyrus and then Darius, all of eastern and western Asia from the Nile to the Oxus and from the Aegean Sea to the Ganges were captured and Iran’s kingdom was organized as the first great empire of the world and lasted for two hundred and thirty years with unique stability. Royal Road from Sardis the capital of Lydyehto Susa extended with more than 1,600 miles, with one hundred and twelve waypoints along that for helping caravansand transportation of goods in less than ninety days throughout the empire and even paving ways of Susa and Persepolis, and Akbatanh (Hamadan) have been small samples of Achaemenes’s civil actions which show brilliant civilization of Iran during this period. (Ghirshman, 1992: 120)
Iranian art in Achaemenid era is a king art and its destiny has been joined with the destiny of Achaemenid kings and because of that this art reached to the pinnacle of progress in the reign of Cyrus and Darius and then its progress stopped and only ad got a small movement in time of Xerxes and Artaxerxes. (Zarei, 2013: 84)
The most important monuments left by this period are the royal palaces, the history of these palaces refers to mid-sixth century BC, So that the architecture of this period follows, its beginning had been from MasjedSoleiman and later at Pasargadae and Persepolis. One of important constructional elements is artificial platform which is back to mountain and on top of that, the buildings of palaces and royal residences were used to be built and stone stairs were used for climb toward platform. (Yavari, 2009:54) 2-1- Art in Achaemenid period
temples in each city.Theyonly left fire temples in terms of religious buildings. Royal tombs carved into the body of vertical cliffs at Pasargadae and Rustampainting and elsewhere, High relief includes images of Forouhar and Zoroastrianism angels [Mehr or Mithra, Venus or Anahita] and kings and soldiers at the ceremonial and ritual scene or hunting and fighting over massive cliffs or stone walls of palaces and stone sculptures of animals such as lion, cows and horses which have been used on the heads of columns as well as mythical creatures such as winged bulls with human heads, winged lion with an eagle's head or griffin and eagle and numerous inscriptions engraved in Persian cuneiform can be considered as artistic and cultural works of Achaemenid. In the set of buildings of Takhte-e-Jamshid, semi-high relief in rows on stone wall reminds us the art of Assyria and Babylon in the tenth and seventh centuries BC. Mentioned reliefs show the ceremonial procession of courtiers and guards and "Eternal Soldiers" and tributary of various peoples of Persian Empire who have been dried with a formal mode and little movement of hands and legs and side view body. Their bodies are all the same and vertical and their clothes are molded and faces are devoid of life force but on the other hand these very characteristics which have been implemented embellishing and stable and strength statues row of rhythmic beat reliefand the body and under walls of buildings. Subsidiary art of Achaemenid was also complete in terms of technical skill in silver making, enamels, jewelry, wood carvings, cast bronze, weaving cloth and carpets in a way that Iranian handworks of artisans and craft workers such as expensive gifts used to be sent to the farthest places such as side of the Oxus and the land of Egypt. In a part of artistic works of Achaemenid, the influence of Greek art can be seen but however Achaemenid art had been able to develop and affect other people’s art. (Marzban, 2007: 31 and 32) In fact the art of Achaemenid neither is primary nor simple. The art of this era
has the influence of several effects and the share of each one of alien methodsmight be clarified in it. In another word Pars artworks whether in style or content has close relationship with artworks of other countries in east societies and can be considered following that. (Velayati, 2010: 88) 2-2 city in Achaemenid
Aryan ethnic was first nomadic ethnic in the beginning of Achaemenid governance and the created cities were most used for military and agriculture. Achaemenid kings especially great Darius who governed a wide territory used to create strong cities in order to provide the complete security throughout his empire in strategic military hotspots that their leftovers still can be seen in Shush, Lydia, Mediterranean, Susa, Babylon, Baghdad, Kermanshah Khanaqin old highway (a part passes Zagros mountain and lead the Mesopotamian civilization to Iranian Plateau) and finally at the end of this era in the zone of Susa to central and northern Iran that led dominated central government toward Turkistan lands and beyond the Oxus. Ekbatan can be named as one of the oldest cities where great historians have mentioned it. This city used to be main key of the east and west axis and have passed Zagros mountain for a long time and expanded the influence of Mesopotamian civilization inside Iran. Around villages, farmers used to work at the service of government and governors. Because of no division of labor between town and country, artisans and farmers used to live either in city or village. (Nilforoushan, 2007: 25)
2-3- architecture in Achaemenid era
central colonnaded hall(with a ceiling on columns), four side towers and often three columns arcades and their side towers were equipped with internal stairs in order to access upper floor. Some of these buildings had porches where a huge stairway ended up to them. All halls were reputed to Apadana. (Seyyed et al, 2014: 70) The architecture of Achaemenid era can be divided into two categories: 1- the architecture in Cyrus time 2- architecture in Darius and his successor’s time
2-3-1- architecture in Cyrus time
As the first political tool and as the sign of divine confirmatory, about 550 BC, Cyrus built palace complex and temples at Pasargadae in Fars province which are the first empire associationstyle introduction of Achaemenid architecture and clarify its resources clearly. Pasargadae architecture in fact is a completed architecture from Persian-style architecturedespite most of it has been ruined but the beauty and technical principles in building can be still seen. (Zarei, 2013: 84) Pasargadae architecture is in fact one of the best symbols of ancient Iranian art because this art wasn’t created after conquering Egypt with the establishment of close relations with Greece but its unique features were identified long before this date, since Cyrus time and because this art was separated from other eastern arts, changing the way and principles wasn’t required. The perfection of the art boom was when Darius and his successors wereinspired by two great source of inspiration that are prince ambitions and glory of the capital. (Shandrv, 1956: 49)
Achaemenids weren’t the only builders of palace but they have also left temples and rocky tombs. However we investigate this period of Iranian architecture we will find out that what kind of rich and durable history it has. As we said before Achaemenid architecture is kind of completed form of Elamiteand Medes architecture and in another word Achaemenid used those building techniques and arts with special methods. They
developed mastaba building, Elamiteglazed bricks, colonnaded halls with side porches and Medes rocky tombs and they didn’t also ignore their neighbors and other nations but they also used the architecture of Babylonian, Assyrian, Lydia, Saro, Egyptian architects as well and moreover existing works of former nations, the artists created some works that is they aren’t unique they will be rare then during human history.Achaemenid architect had been very smart and intelligent because they met some principles on those works that later reputed as the principles of common Iranian architecture. In whatever they built except some cases they considered vernacular materials. Pasargadae can be considered as one of the huge and initial projects of Achaemenid Empire. Pasargadae should be considered as one of the works by great Cyrus. Iranian art will be more united in Pasargadae through the works such as the palace gates, and other palaces and Tal bed. A set of palaces’ buildings, bridges and summerhouses have been built in this area.(yavari, 2009: 54 and 55)
2-3-2- architecture at the time of Darius and his successor
2-3-3- important features of Achaemenid architecture
Column: column which is the main component of Achaemenid buildings because of its head which used to be built similar to animals wasn’t out of a combination set of other Takht-e-Jamshid buildings. Its base is cubic as an upside down vase which is located on the top of it, its stem is grooveand its column head is combinational. The idea of building such these columns and heads might be taken from wooden houses in western north because in these houses the roof beamswere used to be located between two branches which were existed on the top of column head. In these monuments the columns which had complete column head were used to be located inside part of hall and in porches with column head which were on three sides of hall, cow bust was used to be located directly on the column. (Girshman, 1992: 24)
Persian architects considered four different kinds of column head for Takht-e-Jamshid which affected visitors easily. They can be seen at the beginning of big gateway then they are located on the top of Apadana columns and the columns of "Throne room" (Hundred Columns). These very cows are located on the sides of porch of columned hall in throne hall as the guides and are also located on the top of some northern and western porch columns in Apadana. The cows which have human head are located on the sides of big gateway directed to throne hall and their presence on the columns of this hall isn’t
incidental also on the columns of »Tri-Gate hall». (Zarei 2013: 105 and 106)
The reliefs in Takht-e-Jamshid: the combination of architecture and reliefs in Takht-e-Jamshid have been reached to its perfect level and Iranian architect have designed walls in a best way with reliefs for variety and avoiding vanity so that mental plan and combination of human nature and bas scenes confirm whole building: “all bodies are graceful but not aggressive and their face shows that they are aware of being in a sacred realm. The cloths are very simple so that sometimes they miss beauty. Major clothing decoration is folded material which is folded beautifully on each other. (Pope, 1995: 42) Rocky tombs: same as their ancestors, Achaemenid also created rocky tombs. Although The founder of the Achaemenid dynasty had ignored that method of building tomb and ordered for building a tomb with stairs and the room above it but his successors except Cambyses who Pasargadae is attributed to him, used to make rocky tombs which have a specified and different form. Darius considered Naghsh-e-Rostam for his tomb and his successors which weren’t far from Takht-e-Jamshid (about 70 kilometer). In this tomb which was imitated several times, in a room where tomb is located there, three rows of graves are curved in mountain slate. (Yavari, 2009: 77)
2-4- the prominent samples of Achaemenid architecture:
Table 1: prominent samples of Achaemenid architecture
Architecture works of Achaemenid era (Cyrus time)
Work names
Features
Tal bed (Throne of Solomon (
This architecture work is a big summerhouse overlooking the palaces and
gardens all around in Pasargadae on a height hill of 50 meter (Zarei, 2013: 85)
Cyrus Tomb
The first work which draws attention in Morghab land and the village of Solomon mother (Pasargadae) is Cyrus tomb. A glamorous stone monument which was built about 25 centuries ago. This building is reputed among people as the tomb of Solomon’s mother (pic 1)(Zarei, 2013: 88)
Gateway palace
This monument is on the east of palaces campus and a little out offences line
where a set of palaces are there (pic 2) (Zarei, 2013: 89)
Set of palaces and royal garden
Table 2- prominent samples of Achaemenid (Darius time)
Pic 1- Cyrus tomb (Zarei, 2013: 88) Pic 2-gateway palace (Zarei, 2013: 89)
samples of its kind which include two palaces the public and exclusive ones, two belvedere buildings and a set of waterfalls and streets (Zarei, 2013: 89)
Cyrus levee palace
This monument includes a central hall of two rows of four stone columns and four porches in four directions has two rows of stone column and the distance of columns in recent parts is less than central hall (Yavari, 2009: 58
Exclusive Cyrus palace
In terms of form and plan, it is like levee palace. It includes a central hall with 5 rows of 6 stone columns and four porches in four directions and two rooms in the corner of western north and western south (Zarei, 2013: 91)
Royal garden summerhouses
There are two beautiful monuments located among set of gardens and royal palaces of Pasargadae, each one of them has one salon which have four porches in four directions (Yavari, 2009: 60)
Pasargadae garden
It is a beautiful complex which has many levees and palaces. This garden can be considered as one of the most beautiful gardens of the world. It is
considered as one of the samples of four gardens on the Iranian plateau which has existed till that time (pic 3) (Yavari, 2009: 60)
Tomb of Cambyses (Prison of Solomon
(
Tomb of Cambyses is a stone cube building which is made of carved white stones and unfortunately one of its four walls and ceiling has been left undamaged (Pic 4) (Zarei, 2013: 93)
Pasargadae Bridge
One of the other remained works of Pasargadae, a bridge left over this period can be mentioned. This bridge has two walls with width of almost 15.65 meter and length of same amount looks wide and huge (Zarei, 2013: 94)
prominent samples of Achaemenid (Darius time)
Work name
Features
Apadana
Apadana is a high and huge palace that consists of different parts. These parts include harem hall, gateway, reception palace and other parts. At the beginning the architects of Achaemenid era used to build a thick wall with the heights of almost 20 meters and diagonal of the same amount and fill behind that with soil (pic 5) (Zarei, 2013: 95)
Takht-e-Jamshid
Pic 3- Pasargad gardens (www.alipour.ir)
Pic 4- Tomb of Cambyses (Prison of Solomon) (Yavari, 2009: 61)
Pic 5- the map of Apadana palace (Yavari, 2009: 62)
Pic 6- the map of Takht-e-Jamshid (Zarei, 2013: 100)
2-4-1- Tips and secrets about Pasargadae and Takht-e- Jamshid
Pasargadae architecture works which belong to Cyrus time and Takht-e-jamshid that belongs to Darius time are important buildings of Achaemenid era. Therefore better identification of these two monuments causes more familiarity with the features of Achaemenid era.
1- Port of reception palaces and battlements and hall of advice where was the location of community of tribe leaders and groups in national and religious celebrations were used to be built wide and with stone but the port of exclusive halls are narrow not very height. 2- Around porch and sometimes in the halls,
rocky living rooms were built for sitting that nowadays some parts of that draw attentions in both existing locations.
3- Spinning a stone margin around the room and verandas from polished stones as nowadays a row of cement tile spine around the room. 4- Using red material instead of glue at the
junction of the stones and their joining place 5- Polishing stones so that make them
transparent same as mirror and other things reflect in it.
7- Using large bricks on percussions and places where not resistant enough and asphalt mortar between the bricks with this difference that Pasargadae bricks aremore subtle
8- Iron packages which connect building and stone to each other for strength and it have been used a lot in both works.
9- Joining the paintings and stones which were deficient with another stone and especially in Pasargadae in exclusive palace there are many of these joints and perhaps the joined species are about one or two centimeters square.
10- Buildings thick walls and the land around palaces and halls
11-Rooms whitewash and painting rooms body and roof with stencils with various colors 12-Flowers of 12 leaves which have designed
everywhere of Takht-e-Jamshid and also can be seen in Pasargadae. Pasargadae leaves have two parallel lines instead of one and in terms of this are better than Takht-e-Jamshid. 13-The doors of Pasargadae like entry doors of Tachar and Hadish palaces is singular and instead of door spikes and revolve door, it is placed in stone, this sign can be seen either on stone doorway of royal palace or stone doorway of Cyrus palace as it is on doorways of Tachar and Hadish palaces. Buildings being away from each other in Pasargadae and vice versa the closeness of buildings in Takht-e-Jamshid as well as their blocking can be considered as the differences of these two complex that according to professor Herzfeld, the buildings of Takht-e-Jamshid are similar to palaces of Assyria and Babylon in terms of this. (Nilforoushan, 2007: 29 and 30)
14-Excavations of Stronachin Pasargadae show that in this time period after probabale argument in Tal Takht, a native culture had been powerful because here after first Seleucus coins instead of his successor’s
coins that is first Antiochus, Begdat Coins can be seen. (Stronach, 1965: 23) considering the importance of ancient Achaemenid capitals, through helping of coins, building a new capital in third century AD by Pars kings can be mentioned. On some of Vahbarz coins, the phrase Parsastaxra (Pars castle) has been used that might mean Estakhr city, next religious-political center of Pars that the most important temple which is Anahita is also there. (Mohammadifard, 2014: 153) However separation of Takht-e-Jamshid and Estakhr from each other has been difficult and these two have always been named beside each other. (Herzfeld, 1934: 35)
3- Parthian period
The founders of Parthian period less than one century after the collapse of the Achaemenid Empire, simultaneous with Seleucid rule in Iran succeeded to found the Parthian rule about 247 BC. There are some evidences that show the Parthian tended to call themselves as the successors of Achaemenid Empire and this shows the Parthian had this thought before Sassanid. (Imanpur et al, 2013: 34)
Part folk or Partva is one of the branches of Iranian Aryan descent. In Darius I of the Achaemenid inscription in Bisotun, their land has been called as “Parto”. From Northern Khorasan and Transoxania and that very name, this area converted to Pahlou. (itinncludedCurrent Khorasan, Transoxania, today Afghanistan) (Yavari, 2009: 79)
important buildings were usually Citadel and the Temple. According to some results, most of initial cities of Parthians had been created in their hometown Hyrcania especially around two rivers of Gorgan and Atrak. The first Ashk founded a city which was called Assak. The founder of Parthian dynastywas crowned there and strength his power. Dara city was built by Tirdad the other ruler of Parthians. This city is also called Darium and has been chosen as the capital of Parthians. Dara city is located in a fertile region that springs and abundant water has been going on and was surrounded by mountains and in terms of military was in a way that conquering it had been impossible. (Yavari, 2009: 80)
3-1- art in Parthian era:
The reliefs of Parthians imagined the bodies of human in a mold, dry and lifeless form and with rugged components and Iranian clothes which was decorated by rough jewelry but till the bottom of leg and narrow folds. Sometimes human faces were curved on the format of stone walls with alternate distance but now unlike past human body are imagined from front view and with full face and staring eyes to the visitor. As we know this feature was taken from the art of ancient Mesopotamia that later by Parthians to Sassanid art and from it was transferred to Byzantine art. Totally the left reliefs on Sarvak gorge cliffs and Bisotun show the degeneration of art during the Parthianbut however it had ignored following Greek art. In a discovered temple in Shemi, a large bronze statue and the other small one and without head, head of the kingdom with the crown of marble and again two head of bronze but in Greek way have been found. Decorative jewelry with large seeds and colorful, glittery stones became common on that time. Parthians in their architecture communalized arch rockingand curve and Ragchin with stone slats and decorative relief and sometimes embedded column and in building houses invented porch which transferred to later eras in Iran. (Marzban, 2007: 34-36)
In Parthian architecture, some decorations such as painting and moldings have been widely used. The moldings of Khajeh mountain and wall paintings with different and various colors show the decoration of inside part of buildings. These samples of decoration, molding or geometric and plant designs were later used in Sasanian periodand after that in Islamic one were widely used. But in external decorations of buildings, stonework and arcades, half columns and masks should be mentioned as well which have been used in Hatra House in Alhazar beautifully. In this period instead of using relief a lot like Achaemenid era, masks are used in the view of buildings because it either used to take less time or was suitable economically. Perhaps, the extent of the Empire and lack of complete social and political stability and also the recession which happened in arts caused the lack of progress compared to the previous period architecture that was Achaemenid. Generally, Parthian art had the feature of transition that one hand referred to Sasanian art (mediating that Indian art) and on the other hand to Byzantine art. (Yavari, 2009: 88)
3-2- city in Parthian era
Parts built some cities which were circular based on map, Marv, Ctesiphon and Alhazar can be mentioned as some of those cities. Circular space can be defended easier than foursquare and its battlement had been also easier. This kind of urbanization continued till Sasanians and Islam. Parthian cities had usually battlement; the battlement of Marv was from raw material of clay with towers and rectangular congress and holes for shooting (Zarei, 2013: 116)
3-3- the architecture in Parthian era
modern elements in architecture. One was building dome on foursquare building (square) by Filpushes and the other developing porch arcade building. (Yavari, 2009: 79) Parts made their buildings simply with raw material of clay. This caused these buildings to be ruined during the time, if they were built by brick or stone would survive more. Of course it is noticeable that Sasanians also had a role in art and architecture of Parthian. Parts sometimes used bricks also but that was only for building important palaces such as rulers’ palaces and temples. Stone was used to be used when it was available in place that means the principle of using local and native materials were met and of course economic and material conditions were also effective. On the other hand very vast Parthian Empire as well as various
traditions of the people should have made use aware that there couldn’t be only one style of architecture all over the country. Through investigations which were implemented in different areas from remained works of Parts and the works after that which were used to be made through previous style, the architecture style and even its features can also be identified such as: - Maximum use of native material like Parts,
using stone, raw and baked adobe
- Very good use of high-tech vault and dome especially dome using native material
- Indeclinable of glory and high elevation - The wonderful diversity in plans (Zarei,
2013: 116)
3-4- Pious manifestations of Parthian architecture
Table 3- prominent samples of Parthian era Architecture works of Parthians
Work names
Features
Architecture works of Nesa city
The works and leftovers which have remained from Nesa near Eshghabad city in Parthian era show that this city is the oldest residence of Parts. Many monuments have been clarified with separated maps (Yavari, 2009: 80)
Hicatom police (hundred gateway)
The remains of Party architectural monuments which have might be used as tombs have been found in Damghan. John Hansmanconsiders this city as Lost City of Seleucid - Parties Hundred Gates that Parts had made it as one of their capitals In the last quarter of the third century (Zarei, 2013: 121 and 122)
Hatra palace
The ruins of the Grand Palace, which belongs to the second century AD clarify the artistic talent of Parthians. The building has two big porches which have been made of big stone species. These big porches are covered with tall ceilings and on their sides there are smaller rooms which had been two floor ones (Yavari, 2009: 84)
Assyrian palace
It is one of the very interesting monuments in terms of architecture. This monument had been built in first century AD and in later eras which were the late third century AD, some parts were added to that. this work has been developed one in terms of architecture at the time of building it and significantly affected the architecture of later periods especially in architecting of Iranian mosques (pic 6) (Zarei, 2013: 124)
Khajeh Mountain
Royal palace is located in an island in the middle ofSistanHamoun lake. The palace has some halls as porches. The rooms of this palace have been made of clay. Around it there is a foursquare central yard. The very important problem in these monuments are mother spaces which later were built in all schools, caravans and the mosques of Islamic era (pic 7) (Zarei, 2013:125)
BazehHur
It is one of the oldest samples of dome fire temples which may belong to Parthians. This
sample is a small building which has a dome on four filpushes (Zarei, 2013: 127)
Anahita Temple
This temple is located on a huge mastabeh which has significant vastness. For building that, in four directions, four thick walls of 18 meters with different height based on natural disasters of cliff 7 to 8 meters which had been filled with stones in huge dimensions and plaster (Kambakhshfard, 1995: 126)
Pic 7- Assyrian palace plan (Yavari, 2009: 85)
Pic 8- the plan of Khajeh Mountain building (Zarei, 126, 2013)
4- CONCLUSION, DISCUSSION AND
COMPARING
Achaemenid era: Parsian considering the strength and breadth of the kingdom could use the cultures of various ethnics and create an appropriate combination with climate and responsible conditions to the need of showing glory and kingdom power. For example in warm points through creating green space and building monument around blocked spaces (yard) used to create an appropriate space for people. Yard was used to be considered as a perspective for building (this method in architecture is called
introverted) and this element is even used nowadays. The other elements which are used nowadays are porch which is built in front of halls and even sometimes in four sides of building. Both elements of porch and yard have been considered as the most important Iranian elements. One of the important issues of Iranian architecture is humanism and glory. If take a look at Takht-e-Jamshid map we can understand that living spaces have humanism aspects and unlike that reception halls are exaggerating, this is because when the ambassadors from different nationsstep in here feel humiliation affected by the glory of monument. Both doors of halls were used for beautifying space and one pair was used for rooms and residential place. The buildings of this era were used to be built on a platform and for building that first dig the land to reach a hard soil then poured stone or sand in it and smashed it to get a resistant surface. Common used material on that time was stone, brick and clay. For joints, swallow tail fixators were used and ceilings were often covered by wood. Its obvious sample was the ceiling of Takht-e-Jamshid palaces which they used hard and high woods which have brought from Lebanon.
4-1 comparing Achaemenid and Parthian eras
Table 4- The comparison of art and architecture in two periods of Achaemenid and Parthian
Art
Feature
Achaemenid era Parthian era
Decorative arts, sculpture and jewelry
Construction giant statue
The use of masks and decorations
The use of relief
The use of paint and stucco
Silversmith skills, Labkary, jewelry, wood carvings, cast bronze, Knitting Fabrics
Jewelry ornamental work
Reliefs and sculptures of the temple took place in this period were usually half
Reliefs and sculptures in this period were usually full face, and his eyes were staring
at the viewer . Architecture Materials Achaemenid period . Parthian period -The use of wood for the roof cover
-The use of clear-cutting stones and metal swallowtail brackets to join them in building important
-Taking advantage of Clay
-Use the materials at hand and indigenous
-The use of mortar to be made wider spaces
-Coating and tiles and decorative stones to adorn the building
Proportions
In each period royal monuments were totally glamorous, pair in reception palaces and semi-pair in living space were also used.
being Introvert has been one of the features of both two periods
Architectural detail and architecture components
-The eclectic art of various peoples and integrating them together
-The use of vault arches in typical buildings
-The building, the royal palace and other buildings on the podium
-Construction porch
-The gardens around the building
-Use of ecology (stone, raw and backed clay
(
-Construction of dome on Foursquare buildings
-The wonderful diversity on plans
-Development vaulted porch
-The importance of the citadel and houses of worship
(Source: the writers)
5- Recommendations
Table 5- some recommendations due to promoting people’s awareness from their ancestors’ heritage in order to use in new plans
(Source: the writers)
REFERENCES
1. Imanpur, Mohammad Taghi, Zarrinkub, Rouzbeh, Hojjati, Shahnaz, (2013), The idea
of restoring the Achaemenid Empire in the Sassanian Period and Parthian role in this transfer, Quarterly Journal of the history of Recommendations
Solutions
Consequences
Expanding research and cultural centers to educate and inform the public
The most important method for increasing the people’s awareness is direct teaching them by holding classes which cause learning some principles scientifically as well as increasing qualitative level of society in this subject
Believing past issues of heritage preservation by authorities
Belief and support of authorities cause accelerate continuity and sustainability of the process. Without that all attempts will be useless.
The use of specialists
The existence of specialists causes people to trust predicted plans. Specialists are
usually from architectures, artists and archaeologist
Increasing public awareness by organizing exhibitions
Creation of exhibition causes direct touch of works by public that can affect people and as result affecting today monument and buildings
The use of mass notification such as: the creation of a specialized monthly and season
Using collective information is one of the most effective methods in introducing the heritages of ancestors
Production and sales of artistic products with the pattern of historicism
In addition to employment and creating income in society , it causes familiarizing people with artistic models in the past
Making public places (municipalities, hotels, etc.) with the pattern of historicism
Constructing public centers because of abundant people commuting will be as a turning point for getting pattern of Iranian architects. These monuments are like exhibition and cause motivating people as well as direct affecting a creation of a city with identity.
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