❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❙➹❖ P❆❯▲❖
■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❖ ❉❊ ❋❮❙■❈❆ ❉❊ ❙➹❖ ❈❆❘▲❖❙
❊▲■❆❙ ❏❖❙➱ P❖❘❚❊❙ ❇■❘❆▲
❖ ❧✐♠✐t❡ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞
✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❞♦✐s ❡st❛❞♦s
❊▲■❆❙ ❏❖❙➱ P❖❘❚❊❙ ❇■❘❆▲
❖ ❧✐♠✐t❡ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞
✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❞♦✐s ❡st❛❞♦s
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❇ás✐❝❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❏♦sé ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❋♦♥t❛♥❛r✐
❱❡rsã♦ ❈♦rr✐❣✐❞❛
✭❱❡rsã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ❛❧♦❥❛ ♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛✮
AUTORIZO A REPRODUÇÃO E DIVULGAÇÃO TOTAL OU PARCIAL DESTE TRABALHO, POR QUALQUER MEIO CONVENCIONAL OU ELETRÔNICO PARA FINS DE ESTUDO E PESQUISA, DESDE QUE CITADA A FONTE.
Ficha catalográfica revisada pelo Serviço de Biblioteca e Informação do IFSC, com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a)
Biral, Elias José Portes
O limite termodinâmico do modelo de Axelrod
unidimensional de duas características e dois estados / Elias José Portes Biral; orientador José Fernando Fontanari - versão corrigida -- São Carlos, 2016. 66 p.
Dissertação (Mestrado - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física Básica) -- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 2016.
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❘❡s✉♠♦
❇■❘❆▲✱ ❊✳ ❏✳ P✳ ❖ ❧✐♠✐t❡ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❞♦✐s ❡st❛❞♦s✳ ✷✵✶✻✳ ✻✻ ♣✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✮ ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ✷✵✶✻✳
❊♠ ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✱ ♦ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ❘♦❜❡rt ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ♣r♦♣ôs ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ❧♦❝❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❛ ❤♦♠♦✜❧✐❛ ❡ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r à ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✿ ✏❙❡ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ✉♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❡✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✱ t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ ♠❛✐s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✱ ♣♦r q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡❄”✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✭✉♠ sít✐♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡✮ ❡ é ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✱ ❝❛❞❛ q✉❛❧ ❛ss✉♠✐♥❞♦ q ❡st❛❞♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳ ❊ss❛ ❧✐st❛ é ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡✳ ❆s ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❝♦♠ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛sqF ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❊♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③✱
❡s❝♦❧❤❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❝❛s♦ ✭♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❛❧✈♦✮✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ❞♦✐s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ s✉❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛s ♥❛s s✉❛s ❧✐st❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❢♦r❡♠✱ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ✲ ❡st❡ é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ ❤♦♠♦✜❧✐❛✳ ❯♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❛❧✈♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ s❡✉ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦ ✲ ❡st❡ é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✳ ❊ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ é r❡♣❡t✐❞♦ ❛té q✉❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✜q✉❡ ❝♦♥❣❡❧❛❞♦ ♥✉♠❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s tê♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ♠✉❧t✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ♥❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠F =q= 2✱ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ♠♦str❛♠
❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡♠ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ 30% ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s ❞❛s
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦s ❡①❛t♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r s❡♠♣r❡✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ❡st✉❞❛♠♦s ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ F = q = 2✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦✳ ▼♦str❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛
❞✐s❝r❡♣â♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♥ã♦✲❝♦♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ t❡♥❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✱ ❡ ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❛ss✐♥tót✐❝♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✈❛✐ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✳ ◆♦ss♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♠ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❇■❘❆▲✱ ❊✳ ❏✳ P✳ ❚❤❡ t❤❡r♠♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❧✐♠✐t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦♥❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ t✇♦ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ t✇♦ st❛t❡s✳ ✷✵✶✻✳ ✻✻ ♣✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✮ ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ✷✵✶✻✳
■♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞ ✶✾✾✵s✱ t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ s❝✐❡♥t✐st ❘♦❜❡rt ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♥ ❛❣❡♥t ❜❛s❡❞✲♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❣❡♥ts ✐♥t❡r❛❝t ❧♦❝❛❧❧② ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❤♦♠♦♣❤✐❧② ❛♥❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡✱ ❛✐♠✐♥❣ ❛t ❛♥s✇❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏■❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞✱ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✱ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♠♦r❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✱ ✇❤② ❛r❡ t❤❡r❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ♦✉r s♦❝✐❡t②❄✑✳ ❊❛❝❤ ❛❣❡♥t ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛rr❛② ✭❛ s✐t❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❧❛tt✐❝❡✮ ❛♥❞ ✐s ♠♦❞❡❧❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❧✐st ♦❢ ❋ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✱ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛ss✉♠✐♥❣ q ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ st❛t❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ❧✐st ✐s t❤❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❣❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐t✐❡s ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❛❣❡♥t ❛r❡ s❡t r❛♥❞♦♠❧② ✇✐t❤ ❡q✉❛❧ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r t❤❡qF ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐❞❡♥t✐t✐❡s✳ ❆t ❡❛❝❤ t✐♠❡
✇❡ ♣✐❝❦ ❛♥ ❛❣❡♥t ❛t r❛♥❞♦♠ ✭t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ❛❣❡♥t✮ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✐ts ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦rs✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ❛❣❡♥ts ✐♥t❡r❛❝t ✇✐t❤ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❡q✉❛❧ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t②✱ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❧✐sts✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦r❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r t❤❡② ❛r❡✱ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❡ ❧✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✕ t❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ❤♦♠♦♣❤✐❧② ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡✳ ❆♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ s❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ❛t r❛♥❞♦♠ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐st✐♥❝t ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ st❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ❛❣❡♥t ❡q✉❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ✐ts ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r ✕ t❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✐s r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐s ❢r♦③❡♥ ✐♥t♦ ❛♥ ❛❜s♦r❜✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❛❜s♦r❜✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧ ❛❣❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐t②✱ ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛tt✐❝❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ F = q = 2✱
❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s s❤♦✇ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❛❜♦✉t 30% ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts
✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧✇❛②s ❤❛♣♣❡♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✱ ✇❡ st✉❞② t❤❡ ♦♥❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r F =q = 2 ✉s✐♥❣ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳
❲❡ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❞✐s❝r❡♣❛♥❝② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡①❛❝t r❡s✉❧ts ✐s ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲❝♦♠♠✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡r♠♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❧✐♠✐t✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❝❤❛✐♥ s✐③❡ ❣♦❡s t♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t②✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t✐♠❡✲❛s②♠♣t♦t✐❝ ❧✐♠✐t✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ❣♦❡s t♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t②✳ ❖✉r r❡s✉❧ts ♦✛❡r ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦♥❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♠♦t❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡♦r② ❛♥❞ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶ ✲ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ três ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s q✉❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠✱ t❡♦r✐❛✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳ ❍á r❡❣✐õ❡s ♦♥❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡ s♦❜r❡♣õ❡♠✱ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝♦♠ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♦♥❞❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✳ ❆ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❤á ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞♦s três ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐❞❡❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷ ✲ ❋♦r♠❛ t♦♣♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ t♦r♦✳ ❆ ♠❛tr✐③ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❣❛♥❤❛ ❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦✳ ❯♥✐♥❞♦ ❛s ❧❛t❡r❛✐s ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③✱ t❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✳ ❯♥✐♥❞♦ ❛s ♣♦♥t❛s ❞♦ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛♠♦s ✉♠ t♦r♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸ ✲ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ▲❂✶✵✵✱ ❋❂✹ ❡ q❂✼✳ ❖s sít✐♦s sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ s✉❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ sít✐♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ s❡q✉❡r ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ sít✐♦s1,1 ✭❧ê✲s❡ ✏❡ss❡ ✉♠ ✉♠”✱ ♣♦✐s é ♦ sít✐♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛
✶✱ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ✶✮✳ ◆ã♦ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❞♦ sít✐♦s1,1 sã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦s sít✐♦s s1,2 ❡s2,1✳ ✳ ✸✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺ ✲ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐③ ✜♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡ ♠✉❧t✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ▲❂✶✵✵✱ ❋❂✹ ❡ q❂✼✳ ❆s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛ss✉♠✐r❛♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s sít✐♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❚❡♠♦s ❝✐♥❝♦ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ ❖s sít✐♦s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r✳ ❙ít✐♦s ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r✱ ♣♦✐s ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻ ✲ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐③ ✜♥❛❧ ♠✉❧t✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❍♦s❤❡♥ ❡ ❑♦♣❡❧♠❛♥✳ ❆ ♠❛tr✐③ é ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✸ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠ ✽ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ tr❛ç♦s ✶ ❡ ✹✱ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✶ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛ç♦s ✷ ❡ ✸ ❡ ❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠ ✼ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ tr❛ç♦s ✷ ❡ ✷✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ s❡r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣♦ss❛ ❢❛③❡r ❡ss❛ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼ ✲ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✻ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❍♦s❤❡♥ ❡ ❑♦♣❡❧♠❛♥ ❥á ❢♦✐ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ sít✐♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ sít✐♦ ♠❛♥té♠ s✉❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❧✉❣❛r é ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ à q✉❛❧ ❡❧❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✽ ✲ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✹ ♠♦♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❍♦s❤❡♥ ❡ ❑♦♣❡❧♠❛♥✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ é ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s sít✐♦s ❡stã♦ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✱ q✉❡ é ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✾ ✲ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✺✱ ♠♦♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❍♦s❤❡♥ ❡ ❑♦♣❡❧♠❛♥✳ ✭✻✹✮ ❊st❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❡♥①❡r❣❛r ❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✶ ✲ ❘❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✵ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❡stá✈❡✐s ▼ ♣❡❧❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞♦ t❡rr✐tór✐♦ ◆✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛ ✜❣✉r❛ é ❜♦♠✱ r❡s♣❡✐t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦✳ ❆ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ss♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡stá ❝♦rr❡t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷ ✲ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ sít✐♦s ❙ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞♦ t❡rr✐tór✐♦ ◆✳ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡✉ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ ❣rá✜❝♦ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡♠ ♣❧♦tá✲❧♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ é ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♦ t❡rr✐tór✐♦✱ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡①✐st❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✳ ❖s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s sã♦ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✸ ✲ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s NR ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛①❛çã♦
τ∗✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❝♦♠ ◆❂✶✵✵✱ ❝♦♠ ❋❂✺ ❡ q❂✶✺✳ ❖
❣rá✜❝♦ ✈❛r✐❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦✳ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s é ✶✵✵✵✵ ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✜♥❛❧ é ✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✹ ✲ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❋❂q❂✷✳ ❖ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ é ▲❂✶✵ sít✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ r❡❞❡ s❡ ❢❡❝❤❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♥❡❧✳ ❆♣❡♥❛s ♦ sít✐♦ ✷ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦s✱ ♦s sít✐♦s ✶ ❡ ✸✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ✐♥❛t✐✈♦✳ ❆ r❡❞❡ é ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✱ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ tr❛ç♦✱ ✵ ♦✉ ✶✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ 50% ❞❡ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r❡♠
❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦s sít✐♦s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✻ ✲ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ▲❂✶✵ sít✐♦s✳ ❚♦❞♦s ♦s sít✐♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ q❂✵ ❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ q❂✶✳ ❊st❛ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❋❂q❂✷✳ ❆s ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ✭✶✱✵✮✱ ✭✶✱✶✮ ♦✉ ✭✵✱✵✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ sít✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼ ✲ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ▲❂✶✵ sít✐♦s✳ ❊st❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✿ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✺ sít✐♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✭✵✱✶✮ ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❝♦♠ ✺ sít✐♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✭✶✱✵✮✳ ❖s sít✐♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ♣♦ss✉ír❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ ♦s sít✐♦s ❞❡ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠✱ ♣♦✐s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❣✉❛✐s✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ às ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦✱ ♦s sít✐♦s ▲ ❡ ✶ ❡stã♦ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✽ ✲ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✻✳ ❚♦❞♦s ♦s sít✐♦s ❡stã♦ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✳ ❆♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❍♦s❤❡♥ ❡ ❑♦♣❡❧♠❛♥ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ t❡①t♦✱ q✉❡ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❋❂q❂✷✳ ❖ ✈❛❧♦r ♠♦str❛❞♦ é ♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ à q✉❛❧ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ♦ sít✐♦✱ ❡ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s sít✐♦s ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✵ ✲ ◆❡st❛ ✜❣✉r❛ t❡♠♦s ❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡s ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ξ
❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ▲✳ ❆ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ ξ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛
❝♦♠ ▲✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❢r❛❝❛ ❝♦♠ ▲✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s sã♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s r♦❞❛❞♦s 106
✈❡③❡s ❝❛❞❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱
106 ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ é ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡
ξ = 0.33 + 0.017exp(−L/387)✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✶ ✲ ❋r❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ Nd/L ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦
t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ▲✳ ❊st❛ ✜❣✉r❛ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡st❛❞♦s ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s r♦❞❛❞♦s
106
✈❡③❡s ❝❛❞❛✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ só❧✐❞❛ é ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡ Nd/L= 1.41L−2ψ
❝♦♠ ψ = 0.36✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞❛ é ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ❝♦♠ ψ = 1/3♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r♠♦s ♥♦ss♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡ ❱✐❧♦♥❡ ❡t ❛❧
✭✽✵✮ ✭✈❡r ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡st❛ s❡çã♦✮✳ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s Nd ❝r❡s❝❡ ❝♦♠ ♦
t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ▲ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ❧❡✐ L1−2ψ
❝♦♠ ψ = 0.36✳ ■st♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛
✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ♥♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✷ ✲ ❋r❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ sít✐♦ssmq✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ à ♠❛✐♦r r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦
t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ▲✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s sã♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛
106 r♦❞❛❞❛s✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ é ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡
sm = 0.576 + 0.33/(L0.72)
q✉❡ ❞á ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛ss✐♥tót✐❝♦sm →0.576✳ ❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥t❛❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s
❡st❛❞♦s ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♠✉❧t✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❱✐❧♦♥❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❛❜✐❧✐③❛♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✸ ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛①❛çã♦τ∗❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ▲✳τ∗é ❛ ♠é❞✐❛
❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ 106
s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳ ❖s sí♠❜♦❧♦s ✈❛③✐♦s sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛❞♦s ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡s ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡ ♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❝❤❡✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❧t✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✳ ❚❡♠♦s ❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡ τ∗ = 0.37L2
♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ τ∗ = 0.11L2 ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❧t✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ P❛r❛ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s
❡st❛❞♦s ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡s t❡♠♦s τ∗
∼L2 ❡ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡♠♦r❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✹ ✲ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❛r❡❞❡s nF ♣❡❧♦ t❡♠♣♦ τ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ❝♦♠ t❛♠❛♥❤♦
▲❂✺①103
()✱ ✶①104
(▽)✱ ✷①104
(△) ❡ ✺①104
(◦)✳ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s
sã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❣✐õ❡s q✉❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r❛♠ ❡st❛❞♦s ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡s ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s✱ ♠✉❧t✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ só❧✐❞❛ é ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡ nF = 0.52τ−ψ ❝♦♠ ψ = 0.36✳ ❖s sí♠❜♦❧♦s sã♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s
❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞❛ é ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡①♣♦❡♥t❡ ✜①♦ ❡♠ ψ = 1/3 ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r♠♦s ♥♦ss♦s
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❡ ❱✐❧♦♥❡ ❡t ❛❧ ✭✽✵✮ ✭✈❡r ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡st❛ s❡çã♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✺ ✲ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ sít✐♦s ❛t✐✈♦snA❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦τ✳ ❆ ❝♦♥✈❡♥çã♦
❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s é ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✹✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ só❧✐❞❛ é ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡ nA = 0.38τ−
1/2
✳ ❱❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐❞ê♥t✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ r♦❞❛❞❛s q✉❡ t❡♥❞❡r❛♠ à ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ à ♠✉❧t✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❛té ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦ ❞❡τ = 106
✳ ◆❛s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛nA✱ ❞❡♠♦r❛
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✾
✷ ❖ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ✷✸
✷✳✶ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❡ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❈✉❧t✉r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✷ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✸ ▼♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✺ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✼ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✹✼
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❋❂q❂✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ✶✲❞ ❝♦♠ ❋❂q❂✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✹ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ t❡♠♣♦ ✜♥✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✹ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙➹❖ ✺✾
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✾
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
❆♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s s❡ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆❛ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ❡❧❛s sã♦ ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❡①❛t❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛s✱ ❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s s❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ✈❛❧✐♦s❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❛ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝♦❧❛çã♦ ✭✶✮ ✱ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦rr♦❜♦r❛♥❞♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✱ ❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s s❡ ♠♦str❛♠ ❝♦rr❡t❛s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡✱ ❞✐✜❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ♠❛♥tê♠ s✉❛ ✈❡r❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊ss❡ é ♦ ❝✉rs♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❛té ♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡ ♥❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s✳
❊♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ t❡♦r✐❛s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ❡①❛t❛s✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝r❡♣â♥❝✐❛ t❡ór✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❡rs✐st✐r✳ ➱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐s❝r❡♣â♥❝✐❛✱ r❡❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦✱ r❡❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ♦✉ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✳ ◆ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡s❝❛rt❛r ❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧❛s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳ ▼❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❢❛③❡r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠ t❡♦r✐❛s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❡♥❝❡rr❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦s ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❢❛③❡r ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ✭❡①❛t❛ ♦✉ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛✮ ❡ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ❡♠ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ár❡❛s ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✈❡r ▼❛rr♦ ✭✷✮ ✮ ❡ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ❢♦♥t❡ ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
✷✵ ✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ❘♦❜❡rt ❆①❡❧r♦❞✳ ✭✸✮ ❊st❡ ❡st✉❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ s❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ■♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❣❡r❛♠ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛çõ❡s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s ♥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣r❡✈❡r ❡st♦❝❛st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦♣✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❖s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛t♦r❡s ❡ sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③✱ ♦s sít✐♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ t♦❞❛ é ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❛ s❡r ❡st✉❞❛❞❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ sít✐♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ✜①♦ ♥✉♠❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s✳ ❖s sít✐♦s sã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠ q tr❛ç♦s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❆①❡❧r♦❞ é ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✭r❡❞❡ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛✮ ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋ ❡ q✳ ❆s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♠ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦s ❢♦r❡♠✱ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r❡♠✳ ❈♦♠ ❞♦✐s sít✐♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❧t❡r❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ tr❛ç♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❯♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❧t❡r❛ ♦ sít✐♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♥ã♦✲✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✱ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛ ❋ ❞♦ sít✐♦ s♦rt❡❛❞♦✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐st✐♥t❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s sít✐♦s✱ é ❛❧t❡r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦✳
❆ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ❛t✐♥❣❡ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡ ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ♥❡st❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s❡♠♣r❡✳ ❖ ❡st❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝♦s ♦✉ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ❡st❛❞♦s sã♦ ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ sít✐♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ♠♦♥t❛❞❛ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ s❡✉s sít✐♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❯♠ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❋❂q❂✷✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❋❂q❂✷ ❢♦✐ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ◆✐❝♦❧❛s ▲❛♥❝❤✐❡r✳ ✭✹✲✺✮ ❊❧❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦✉ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s q✉❡ ❞✐s❝♦r❞❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ✭✽✵✮ ▲❛♥❝❤✐❡r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♠❛s ♥❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ss❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛❞♦s ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥t❡s ♠✉❧t✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛❝♦r❞♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ♥❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✷✶
✷ ❖ ▼❖❉❊▲❖ ❉❊ ❆❳❊▲❘❖❉ ✷✸
✷ ❖ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞
✷✳✶ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❡ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❈✉❧t✉r❛❧
❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s é ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ❣r✉♣♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s s❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♥✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♥❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ t❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✳ ✭✼✮ ❊❧❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ♣❛❝í✜❝❛s ❡ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞✐s❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s ❡st❛❞♦s✳
◆❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ ❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❈❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s q✉❡ r❡❣❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡rã♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❡ ❲❡✐❞❧✐❝❤ ✭✽✮ ❡ ●❛❧❛♠✳ ✭✾✲✶✵✮
❊♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡①✐st❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✳ ❆ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ é ✈❛❣❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✳ ❙✉❛ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♥ã♦ é ❝❧❛r❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ❤♦✉✈❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ✉♠❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❡s❝❛❧❛r✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ é ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ ♦✉ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r✱ ❝✉❥♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s✳
✷✹ ✷ ❖ ▼❖❉❊▲❖ ❉❊ ❆❳❊▲❘❖❉
❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦❄ ◗✉❛✐s ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❣❡r❛♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s❄ ❊ss❛s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s q✉❡stõ❡s s❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ é ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞✱ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✭✸✮ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✜❝♦✉ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛♠♦s♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ♣♦r ♣♦ss✉✐r ❞♦✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ sã♦✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ q✉❡ é ❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ✜❝❛r❡♠ ♠❛✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❛♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r✱ ❡ ❤♦♠♦✜❧✐❛✱ ❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦s s❡ ❛tr❛ír❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ é ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳
❚❛♥t♦ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ s❡♠♣r❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ♠❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ♥❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r❛♠ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❛ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♥❡ss❛s ár❡❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❡st❛❞♦s ❡st❛❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s✱ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢❛s❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ■ss♦ ♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦ss❡ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s sã♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡ ❡①✐❣❡♠ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳
✷✳✷ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦
❈♦♠ ❛ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s ❡st✉❞❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❛♥t❡s ❡st❛✈❛♠ ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❝✐t❛r❡♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛❞♦s✱ ✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦s ❡ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦r❛ ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ♦r❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❜❛s❡s t❡ór✐❝❛s✳ ✭✶✶✮
✷ ❖ ▼❖❉❊▲❖ ❉❊ ❆❳❊▲❘❖❉ ✷✺
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ✉♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊ss❡ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊ss❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦r❞❛s ♦✉ ❝♦s♠♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❆ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ♥❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈✐❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛t✉❛✐s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ t✐✈❡r❛♠ s✉❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳ ❚❡♠♦s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s s❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ só❧✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❡①♣❧✐q✉❡ ♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ❛♥❛❧✐t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❍á r❡❣✐õ❡s ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s três ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❡①✐st❡♠ s♦③✐♥❤♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s✱ ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♦✉ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❞♦s três ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✐❞❡❛❧ ❞♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✳ ❖♥❞❡ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s é ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❜❡♥é✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳ ❆s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♠❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠♦s ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶ ✕ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ três ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s q✉❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠✱ t❡♦r✐❛✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳ ❍á r❡❣✐õ❡s ♦♥❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡ s♦❜r❡♣õ❡♠✱ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝♦♠ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♦♥❞❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✳ ❆ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❤á ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞♦s três ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐❞❡❛❧✳
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❊❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉t♦r✳
✷✻ ✷ ❖ ▼❖❉❊▲❖ ❉❊ ❆❳❊▲❘❖❉
❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ✭✶✸✕✶✺✮ ❘❡♣❡t✐♠♦s ♦ s♦rt❡✐♦ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✉♠❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❡③❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡✱ ♣❛ss♦ ❛♣ós ♣❛ss♦✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ s❡❥❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦✳ ✭✶✻✲✶✼✮
❆s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✜♥❛♥ç❛s ✭✶✽✮ ✱ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ✭✶✾✮ ✱ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ✭✷✵✮ ✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❙ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭✷✶✮ ✱ ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛ ✭✷✷✮ ✱ ❝r♦♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ q✉â♥t✐❝❛✱ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ✭✷✸✮ ✱ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✭✷✹✮ ✱ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✢✉✐❞♦s✱ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ✭✷✺✮ ✱ ❜✐♦❢ís✐❝❛ ✭✷✻✕✷✽✮ ✱ ❛str♦❢ís✐❝❛ ✭✷✾✮ ✱ ❡ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✭✸✵✕✸✷✮ ✱ ❡♠ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛✐s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✱ s✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦✱ q✉❡ é✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✱ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦ s♦rt❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛s ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦✳ ❖s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ❛ r❡❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ r♦❞❛✱ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐st✐♥t❛ ❞❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r é ❣❡r❛❞❛✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♥ã♦ ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦ ✭❡①♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♥❛s s❡çõ❡s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✮✱ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③✱ ♦✉tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞♦ sít✐♦ s♦rt❡❛❞♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ sít✐♦ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♠❡♥♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ✈❡❧♦③ ✜❝❛ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❝r✐❛❞♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦✐s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s✱ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧
“f luxo” ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✳
❖ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ três ❡t❛♣❛s✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡ s♦rt❡❛♠♦s ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❡❢❡t✉❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡✱ ❡♠ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳ ❖s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡❣✉❡♠✱ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ss❛ r❡❝❡✐t❛✳
✷✳✸ ▼♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧
✷ ❖ ▼❖❉❊▲❖ ❉❊ ❆❳❊▲❘❖❉ ✷✼
❝✐❡♥t✐st❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✱ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐✉ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❤✉♠❛♥✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❢♦✐ ♣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ♥ã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ✭s✉❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ s❡rá ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ s❡çã♦✮✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ s♦❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❞❛s ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s s❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❧❡q✉❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❝♦♠ s❡✉s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✳ ❆ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝✉❥♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ❜✉s❝❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r é✿ s❡ t♦❞♦s ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐♠♦s ❝♦♠ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❡ t❡♥❞❡♠♦s ❛ ✜❝❛r ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❡♥tã♦ ♣♦r q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s♦♠♦s t♦❞♦s ✐❣✉❛✐s❄ ❖ t❡r♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ❊ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❧❡✈❛r à ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❢♦r♠❛ss❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ♦✉ ♣♦❧♦s é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳
✷✽ ✷ ❖ ▼❖❉❊▲❖ ❉❊ ❆❳❊▲❘❖❉
❡❧❡ é ❣❡r❛❧✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛ s❡r ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❆①❡❧r♦❞ é ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r à ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✈✐st❛ ♥♦ ♣❛rá❣r❛❢♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ tó♣✐❝♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s ✭✸✸✕✸✻✮ ✱ ❣✉❡rr❛s ❝✐✈✐s ❡ ❞✐s♣✉t❛s ✐♥tr❛♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❞✐s♣✉t❛s ❞♦♠ést✐❝❛s ✭✸✼✕✹✶✮ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ s❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛✱ s❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛✱ s❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❜❡♥é✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✐❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ♣❛③✱ ❞❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧✱ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡ ❛♦ ♣r❡❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ r❛❝✐❛❧✱ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣❛♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❞♦❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s t❡♠át✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❛❧✐❣♥❛ ❞❡str✉✐♥❞♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣♦✈♦s✱ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦✈♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦✉tr♦✱ s❡❥❛ ♥❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ ✜❧♠❡s✱ r♦✉♣❛s✱ ❝♦♠✐❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ t❛♥t♦s ♦✉tr♦s ✐t❡♥s✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡rã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✭✹✷✕✺✵✮ ◆❡ss❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣r♦♣♦s✐t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ♠❛♥tê♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❛♦s q✉❛✐s ❡❧❛s ♥ã♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ♥ã♦ é ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♥❡ss❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞✳ ◆❡st❡✱ sít✐♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ tr❛ç♦s ✐❣✉❛✐s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ♠❛✐s ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r ♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ tr❛ç♦s ✐❣✉❛✐s✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✐❣✉❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡s sít✐♦s✳ ❊❧❡s ✜❝❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦♣í❝✐♦s ❛ ❢✉t✉r❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s✳ ❊ss❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ q✉❡ ❞✐③ q✉❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✱ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❤♦♠♦✜❧✐❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❛✉t♦r ❞✐③✱ ✏✳✳✳❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ é ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✳✳✳”✳ ✭✸✮
✷ ❖ ▼❖❉❊▲❖ ❉❊ ❆❳❊▲❘❖❉ ✷✾
♣❡ss♦❛s ♠❡♥♦s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ é ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✭✺✶✕✺✽✮ ✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ sã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ sít✐♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡ sã♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ s✉r❣❡♠ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t♦❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦s sít✐♦s ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ◆ã♦ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✳ ■ss♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ❡ s❡r❡♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ sít✐♦ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛ ♣♦r s❡r ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛ç♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ ♠✐♥✐str♦ ❞❡ ✐❣r❡❥❛ s❡r✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ❖s sít✐♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ♥ã♦ ❛❣❡♠ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ♥ã♦ t♦♠❛♠ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ♣♦r s✐ ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s sít✐♦s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡r✐❛ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ss❡♠ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s✳ ✭✺✾✮ ❊❧❡s ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ r❡❣r❛s ♣ré✲❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦s tr❛ç♦s ❞❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳
❉✐s❝✉t✐♠♦s q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞✳ ◆❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ s❡çã♦✱ ❢❛③❡♠♦s ✉♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦✱ ❡①♣♦♥❞♦ ❛s ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳
✷✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆①❡❧r♦❞ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✭✸✮ ❡ ❢♦✐ r❡❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ✐♥t❡♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐✲❧♦ ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❝❛r s❡ ❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❡st❛✈❛♠ ❝♦rr❡t❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❢♦❝❛r ♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♠❛✐s ✈❡❧♦③✳
