❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛r✐♥❣á ✲ ❯❊▼ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠
❝♦♠ ♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❏♦ã♦ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❞❛ ▲✉③
❘❡❧❛tór✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊①❛♠❡ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ◗✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ✕ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❊♠❡rs♦♥ ❱✐t♦r ❈❛st❡❧❛♥✐
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛r✐♥❣á ✲ ❯❊▼ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠
❝♦♠ ♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❏♦ã♦ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❞❛ ▲✉③
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ✕ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡✲ ♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r✲ ❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❊♠❡rs♦♥ ❱✐t♦r ❈❛st❡❧❛♥✐
❏♦ã♦✱ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❞❛
❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✴ ❏♦ã♦ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❞❛ ▲✉③✲ ❘✐♦ ❈❧❛r♦✿ ❬s✳♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✶✻✳
✺✶ ❢✳✿ ✜❣✳✱ t❛❜✳
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭♠❡str❛❞♦✮ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛r✐♥❣á✱ ❈❡♥✲ tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s✱ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❊♠❡rs♦♥ ❱✐t♦r ❈❛st❡❧❛♥✐
❚❊❘▼❖ ❉❊ ❆P❘❖❱❆➬➹❖
❏♦ã♦ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❞❛ ▲✉③
❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛
♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ♥♦ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛✲ ❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛r✐♥❣á✱ ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❊♠❡rs♦♥ ❱✐t♦r ❈❛st❡❧❛♥✐ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r ■ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r ■■ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ❊♠❡rs♦♥ ❱✐t♦r ❈❛st❡❧❛♥✐✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♠✐❣♦✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡♠♣r❡ ❞✐s♣♦st♦ ♥❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s t✐♦s ❊❞✐♠❛r❛ ❑♦❡r✐❝❤ ❡ ❘♦❣ér✐♦ ❑♦❡r✐❝❤ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r❛♠ s❡❥❛ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ P❘❖❋▼❆❚ ❞♦ P♦❧♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛r✐♥❣á✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ s✐♠♣❛t✐❛ ❛❝♦❧❤❡r❛♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡str❛♥❞♦s✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦✱ ♣❡❧♦s sá❜❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ♣r♦✈❛s ❡ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ s♦❧í❝✐t❛ ❡ s✐♥❝❡r❛✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❲❛❣♥❡r ❙♣❛❝❦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ❞❡s❝♦♥tr❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s t❛r❞❡s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊①❛♠❡ ❞❡ ◗✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦✳
❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ✈✐❛❣❡♠ ❛té ▼❛r✐♥❣á✿ ❲❛♥❞❡r❧❡✐ ❱❡ríss✐♠♦✱ ●r❛❝✐❡❧❧❡ ▼✉❧❧❡r✱ ❘❡❣❡s ●❛✐❡s❦✐✱ ▼❛✐❦♦♥ ❇♦✛ ❡ ❡s♣♦s❛✱ ❉❛r❝✐ ❈♦st❛ ❡ ▼❛r❝♦ ❚❛❞❡✉✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❛✱ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s✱ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ❞✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s r✐s❛❞❛s✳
❆♦s ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s✱ ▲✉❝❛s ❇r✐t♦ ❡ ❏♦s❡✈❛❧ P❡❧✐ss❡r ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡ss❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❉r ■❣♦r ❙❝❛❧✐❡♥t❡ ❲✐❡s❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣❛ ❏♦s✐ ❍❡❧❡♥ ▲❛♠ô♥✐❝❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✈✐❝❡✲❞✐r❡t♦r❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛✲ ❞♦r❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❘❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✏❙á❜✐♦ é ♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✐r ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❧❤♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❛❧♠❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r s❡✉s ❡rr♦s ❡ ❢r❛❝❛ss♦s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛r ❛s ♠❛✐s ❜❡❧❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ t❡rr❡♥♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛✧✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❆ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ é ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ✐♥str✉✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦✱ ♥❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r s❡r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ❛❜str❛t❛✳ ❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐✲ ③❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✳ ❙ã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡❧❛s ❛ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❘❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ ❡ ♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❊r❣♦❧✐st q✉❛♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ é ❢❡✐t♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♥♦t❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t✉r♠❛ q✉❡ ❢❡③ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ♦✉tr❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢❡③ ✉s♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦♦❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ssr♦♦♠✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s s✉❜❥❡❝ts✱ t❤❛t ✐♠♣♦s❡s s♦♠❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ✐♥ ❛ s❝❤♦♦❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❛s♣❡❝ts✳
❚❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐t② ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦✲ ●❡❜r❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s st✉❞❡♥ts ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❘❡✈✐s❡❞ ❇❧♦♦♠✬s ❚❛①♦♥♦♠②✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ ❛ st✉❞② ✐s ♠❛❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛❞❡s ♦❢ ❛ ❣r♦✉♣ t❤❛t ♠❛❞❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r t❤❛t ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ✉s❡ ❢♦r ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇ ❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✲❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ✲ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❡ ❙✉❜❝r✐tér✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❘❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✶ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❘❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ ✲ Pr❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦s ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛✲
❣❡♠ ♥❛s ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✷ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡r❛♠ s❡r ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ ●❡♦✲
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✾
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✷✶
✷✳✶ ❖ ❯s♦ ❉❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♥❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✷ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✹ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❘❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❛ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❘❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✺ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✺✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✻ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✸✺
✸✳✶ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ✶✿ ❯s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❙❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❆✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ✷✿ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❛ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✹✶
✹✳✶ Pr❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞♦s ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✷ P♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✸ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥❛s ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❋❡✐t❛s ♥♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✹✼
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐✈❡♠♦s ♥❛ ❡r❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çõ❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó✲ ❣✐❝❛s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥✉♠ ❝✉rt♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ P❛r❛ Pr❡ss♠❛♥ ❬✶❪✱ ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ s❡❥❛ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞♦s ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✱ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ♥❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❞✐❛✲❛✲❞✐❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜✉s❝❛ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛❧✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ s❡❥❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ r❡❞❡s s♦✲ ❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♠í❞✐❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡st❡s sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦ ♣r♦✲ ❢❡ss♦r ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦r❡s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❢❛❧❛ ♥❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r s❡✉ ❛❧t♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ❛❧t♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ r❡♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ t❡♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ❞❡st❡ q✉❛❞r♦✳ ❙❛r❛✐✈❛ ❬✷❪ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡✈❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦s❛ ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐✲ ♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❛rã♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ●♦♠❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✸❪ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ♥❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ❛❧❡rt❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡r❣♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛r ❞❛❞♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❞❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐♠♦s ❢❛❧❛♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♥❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✱ s✉❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❢❛❧❛♠♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ q✉❡ s❡rá ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ❚❛❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ✷✵✵✶ ❡ ❡st❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦s ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞♦ P❛r❛♥á✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣r❡♠✐❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ t❡♥❞♦ s✉❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣rá✜❝♦s ✸❉ ❡ ♣❛r❛ s♠❛rt❤♣❤♦♥❡s ❧❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✸✳
❙❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉s❛✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♦ ❝❤❡❝❦❧✐st ❊r❣♦❧✐st✱ q✉❡ s❡rá ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛
✷✵ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ❛♦ s❡ ❢❛③❡r❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♥❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ❛ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠✱ q✉❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛rá ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❋✐♥❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r q✉❡ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❛ ❡st❡✱ ❢❛❧❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❡ ❞❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ q✉❡ tr♦✉①❡r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ♥♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ t✉r♠❛ ❞♦ ✶♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❞❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t❛✐s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❊ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛ t✉r♠❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ✉s❛❞♦ ♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
✷✳✶ ❖ ❯s♦ ❉❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♥❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♥❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ é ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♥❣r❡ss♦s✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡ t❡①t♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✳ P❛r❛ ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦ ❬✹❪✱ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❡ ❛❜str❛t♦s ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ t♦r♥❛♠ s❡✉ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳❆ss✐♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ●❧❛❞❝❤❡✛ ❡t ❛❧✳❬✺❪ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣♦❞❡ ✈✐r ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ ✈❡♥❤❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r s✐st❡♠❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦s✱ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦s ❡ ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ♣♦r s❡r ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛✳ P❛r❛ ▼✐❧❛♥✐ ❬✻❪ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r q✉❡ é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ t❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r t♦❞♦ s❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛✜♠ ❞❡ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❛❧✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ❡❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠ ❢✉t✉r♦ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ▼❛❣✐♥❛ ❬✼❪ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛ q✉❡ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❝r✐❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❙❛r❛✐✈❛ ❬✷❪ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ❝✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❤❛✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦s❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r t❡♥❤❛ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ❛♦s q✉❛✐s ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡✈❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♣♦ss❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r s✉❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳
❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ t❡♠ ✈❛st♦ ❛❝❡r✈♦ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✳ ●❧❛❞❝❤❡✛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✺❪ ❢❛③ ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✐❞✐♦♠❛✱ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s✱ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✲❛❧✈♦✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ✐♥t❡r✲ ❢❛❝❡✱ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❡ ❡r❣♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s✳ ●♦♠❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✸❪ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛♠ s♦❜r❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♠❛s s❛❧✐❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛✈❛✲ ❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❚❛❧ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ é ❢❡✐t❛ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❡r❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳
✷✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
✷✳✷ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r❡♠♦s ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❖ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ é ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❣r❛t✉✐t♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ✷✵✵✶ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉strí❛❝♦ ▼❛r❦✉s ❍♦❤❡♥✇❛rt❡r ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❛❧③❜✉r❣✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇♦rt♦❧♦ss✐ ❬✽❪✱ t❛❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ á❧❣❡❜r❛✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ♣r♦❜❛✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❢✉♥çõ❡s✱ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❍♦❤❡♥✇❛rt❡r ❬✾❪✱ t❡♠♦s ❞✉❛s ✈✐sõ❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✱ ❛ ❡①♣r❡s✲ sã♦ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛ ✭❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❆❧❣❡❜r✐❝ ❙②st❡♠ ✕ ❈❆❙✮ ❝♦♠ s❡✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ ♥❛ ●❡♦♠❡✲ tr✐❛ ✭❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ●❡♦♠❡tr② ❙②st❡♠ ✕ ❉●❙✮ ❡ ✈✐❝❡✲✈❡rs❛✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s✱ ✐♥s❡rçõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s✱ r❡t❛s✱ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s ❡ s❡❝çõ❡s✳ ❱❡❥❛ ❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ❛❜❛✐①♦✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❚❡❧❛ ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛
■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❏❛✈❛✱ ❡ ♣♦r ♣♦ss✉✐r ❡st❡s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✈✐sõ❡s✱ ♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ é ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡r♦síss✐♠❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ t❛❜❧❡ts ❡ ❛té ♣❛r❛ s♠❛rt❤♣❤♦♥❡s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ q✉❡ é ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ▼❛r❦✉s ❍♦❤❡♥✇❛rt❡r✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥❛ ❋❧♦r✐❞❛ ❆t❧❛♥t✐❝ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ♦♥❞❡ r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✸✱ ❢♦✐ ❧❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✺✳✵ ♦♥❞❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡♠ três ❞✐♠❡♥✲ sõ❡s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ❧❛♥ç❛❞❛ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♣❛r❛ s♠❛rt❤♣❤♦♥❡s ❡ t❛❜❧❡ts ✭✈❡❥❛ ❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ✷✳✷ ❡ ✷✳✸✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s ❡♠ três ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ♣❛r❛ s♠❛rt❤♣❤♦♥❡s ❡ t❛❜❧❡ts r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✮✳
●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ✷✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❚❡❧❛ ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❚rês ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ❚❡❧❛ ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❆♥❞r♦✐❞
✷✹ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
✷✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st
❖s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r❛♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❛❣✐❧✐③❛ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝❡✐s t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ s❡r✐❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ♠❛✲ ♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ♥❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❡❧❡s ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦s ♦✉ ❛❜str❛t♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❊❜❡rts ❬✶✵❪ ❢❛③ ❡st✉❞♦s q✉❡ r❡✈❡❧❛♠ q✉❡ s♦❢t✇❛✲ r❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ♠❛❧ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛s ❢❛③❡♠ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞✐❞♦✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ♥ã♦ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t❡♥❤❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛✱ ♠❛s é ❞❡ s✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ s✉❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡❧✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳❬✶✶❪✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❝♦♠ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ trás s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✉s✉á✲ r✐♦ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❛t✐♥❥❛ s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦✱ ❡♠ s❡ tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ t❛❧ ❢❛t♦r trás ❣r❛♥❞❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳
✷✳✸✳✶ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
P❛r❛ ◆✐❡❧s❡♥❬✶✷❪ ❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ ♠❛♥✉s❡✐♦ ❢á❝✐❧✱ s❡♠ ❡rr♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❞✐✜❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡sq✉❡❝✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ r❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❡❧❡ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ❡ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦✳ P❡❛rr♦✇ ❬✶✸❪ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❞❛r ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥ã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦✱ ❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✳
◆♦r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳❬✶✹❪ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ trás ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞❛r s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡st❡✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛ ❞❡✈❡ tê✲❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❡ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❘♦❜❡rts ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✶✺❪✱ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ r❡✢❡t✐r ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛s ♣♦r ●♦♠❡s ❡t ❛❧✳❬✸❪✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s s❛❧✐❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r✲ ♠♦s s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳ ❚❛❧ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ é ❢❡✐t❛ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❡r❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲ çõ❡s ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✳
✷✳✸✳✷ ❊r❣♦❧✐st
❯♠ ❝❤❡❝❦❧✐st t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✐♥s♣❡❝✐♦♥❛r s✐st❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡r❣♦♥♦♠❡✲ tr✐❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ■❍❈ ✭✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✲❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✮✳
❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ✷✺
s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞❡♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s tê♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ s✐st❡♠❛t✐③❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✳ ❯♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st✱ é q✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❡r✜s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s é ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞❛✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❛❝❛❜❛♠ s❡♥❞♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✳
❱❡❥❛♠♦s ❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❡ s✉❜❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st✿ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ✲ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❡ ❙✉❜❝r✐tér✐♦s
❈r✐tér✐♦s Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❙✉❜❝r✐tér✐♦s
✶✳❆❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✷✳❈❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✸✳❈♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ✹✳❈♦♥❞✉çã♦✱
✺✳❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❊①♣❧í❝✐t♦ ✻✳❈♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✼✳●❡stã♦ ❞❡ ❊rr♦s ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❈ó❞✐❣♦s✳
✶✳❆çõ❡s ▼í♥✐♠❛s✱ ✷✳ ❆çõ❡s ❊①♣❧✐❝✐t❛s✱
✸✳ ❆❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ✹✳❆❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❢♦r♠❛t♦✱ ✺✳❈♦♥❝✐sã♦✱
✻✳❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❯s✉ár✐♦✱ ✼✳❈♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱
✽✳❈♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱
✾✳❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ✶✵✳❊①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❯s✉ár✐♦✱ ✶✶✳❋❡❡❞❡❇❛❝❦✱
✶✷✳❋❧❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✶✸✳▲❡❣✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱
✶✹✳▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❊rr♦✱ ✶✺✳Pr♦t❡çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❊rr♦s✱ ✶✻✳❈♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❊rr♦s✱ ✶✼✳Pr❡st❡③❛ ❡
✶✽✳❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s✳
❖s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❞♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✈✐st♦s ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞❛ ▲❛❜■❯t✐❧✶✱ t❛✐s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❢♦r♠❛♠ ♦s ❝❤❡❝❦❧✐sts ❞♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st✳
❈②❜✐s ❬✶✼❪ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡✿
✏❖ ❊r❣♦❧✐st é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❝r✐✲ tér✐♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❙❝❛r♣✐♥ ❡ ❇❛st✐❡♥ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✳ ❊❧❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ♣❡rt✐♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♥♦r♠❛ à t❛r❡❢❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r❡s q✉❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♥♦r♠❛ ♥❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛✧✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉s❛r❡♠♦s ♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦●❡✲ ❜r❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❚❛❧
✷✻ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ s❡rá ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r♠♦s ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✱ q✉❡ é ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦✲♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳
❆ s❡❣✉✐r t❡♠♦s ❛ t❡❧❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✮ ♥♦ ❙✐t❡ ❞❛ ▲❛❜✐■❯t✐❧✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✿ ❚❡❧❛ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ♥♦ ❙✐t❡ ❞❛ ▲❛❜✐■❯t✐❧
❊ ❛ t❡❧❛ ❞♦ ❝❤❡❝❦❧✐st ❞♦ ❊r❣♦❧✐st ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✮ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦ ❙✐t❡ ❞❛ ▲❛❜✐■❯t✐❧✿
❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ ✷✼
✷✳✹ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠
❱ár✐❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✉s❛♠ ♦ t❡r♠♦ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ❋❡rr❛③ ❡t ❛❧✳❬✶✽❪ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛ q✉❡ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣ré✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ t✉❞♦ ✐ss♦ é ✉♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ q✉❡ ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❢❛③❡r ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳
❆ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞♦s ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐✲ ♦♥❛✐s✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✺✵ ♣♦r ❇❡♥❥❛♠✐♥ ❙✳ ❇❧♦♦♠ ❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s✲ ❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❖ s❡✉ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡r❛ t❡r ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞❛ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❡stõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❇❧♦♦♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✶✾❪✱ ❛s ❞✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✭❞❛s ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s✮ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞♦s ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ sã♦✿
❼ ❉❛r ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❡ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s❀
❼ ❊st✐♠✉❧❛r ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r❡♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛✱ ❛ ❛❞✲ q✉✐r✐r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛r ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞♦♠✐♥❛r ❛s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✱ t✉❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❇❧♦♦♠ ❬✶✾❪ ❝r✐♦✉ ❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ ♦ s❡✉ ♥♦♠❡✱ ❡♠ ✸ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s✿ ♣s✐❝♦✲ ♠♦t♦r✱ ❛❢❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦✱ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦t♦r❛ ❡ ❞♦s ♠ús❝✉❧♦s✱ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ às ❡♠♦çõ❡s ❡ ♦s ❛♥s❡✐♦s✳ ❏á ♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦✱ ♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦✱ q✉❡ s❡rá ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧✳
❆ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ trás s❡✐s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦✱ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞❛ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✳ ❚❛✐s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ q✉❡ é ❝✉♠✉❧❛t✐✈❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s é ♣ré✲ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✱ q✉❡ é ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✳
P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❤á ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠ ✈❡r❜♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛✳
✷✳✹✳✶ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❘❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠
❆ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ ❢♦✐ r❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✺✵ ❛té ♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✳ ❋✉❧❧❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵❪ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❛ ❝r✐t✐❝❛✱ ❞✐③❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ sã♦ ❢á❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❜r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✳
✷✽ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
❼ ❉♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✿ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛♥❞♦ ❛s s✉❜❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧❀
❼ ❉♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦s✿ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡ ❛s s❡✐s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✱ ♣♦✲ ré♠✱ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡♥♦♠❡❛❞❛s ❡✴♦✉ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✿ ❆ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❈♦♥❤❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ▲❡♠❜r❛r✱ ❈♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ❊♥t❡♥❞❡r✱ ❙í♥t❡s❡ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ❈r✐❛r ✭❡ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛ ❞❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛✮✱ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❆♥á✲ ❧✐s❡ ❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ t♦r♥❛r❛♠✲s❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛r✱ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛r✳
❆ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❘❡✈✐s❛❞❛✱ s❡rá ✉s❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✷ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛ ♦s ✈❡r❜♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❈♦❣♥✐t✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛✿
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❘❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠
✶✲▲❡♠❜r❛r ✷ ✲ ❊♥t❡♥❞❡r ✸✲❆♣❧✐❝❛r ✹✲❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ✺✲❆✈❛❧✐❛r ✻✲❈r✐❛r ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❊①❡❝✉t❛r ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❱❡r✐✜❝❛r ●❡r❛r ❘❡❧❡♠❜r❛r ❊①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ❊①❡❝✉t❛r ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❈r✐t✐❝❛r P❧❛♥❡❥❛r
❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❆tr✐❜✉✐r Pr♦❞✉③✐r
❙✉♠❛r✐③❛r ■♥❢❡r✐r ❈♦♠♣❛r❛r ❊①♣❧✐❝❛r
✷✳✹✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❛ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❘❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠
❱❡❥❛♠♦s r❡s✉♠✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❘❛❛❜❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✷❪ s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❢❡r❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❘❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠✿
❼ ▲❊▼❇❘❆❘✿ ❚❤♦♠♣s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✸❪ ❞✐③❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦ ♥❡st❛ ❝❛✲ t❡❣♦r✐❛ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ t❡♠♣♦✳
❼ ❊◆❚❊◆❉❊❘✿ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❋♦r❡❤❛♥❞ ❬✷✹❪✱ ❡st❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥s✲ tr✉çã♦ ❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♦r❛❧✱ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ♦✉ ❣rá✜❝❛✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐st♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✱ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡①✲ ♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
❼ ❆P▲■❈❆❘✿ ❙❝♦tt ❬✷✺❪ ❞✐③ q✉❡ ♥❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♦s ✈❡r❜♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛r✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛r✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r✱ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡stã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ r❡♥♦♠❡❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛r ♥❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ r❡✈✐s❛❞❛✳
❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ ✷✾
❼ ❆❱❆▲■❆❘✿ ❚❤♦♠♣s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✸❪ ❞✐③❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s✳ ❼ ❈❘■❆❘✿ ❚❤♦♠♣s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✸❪ ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛t♦ ❞❡ ❥✉♥t❛r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s
♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠ t♦❞♦ ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡ ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
◆♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❘❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠✱ t❡rá ♣❛♣❡❧ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❡ s❡rá ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞❛ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
❖s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ três ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦✿ ❇❧♦♦♠ ❬✺❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ três ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✿
❼ ❉✐❛❣♥óst✐❝❛✿ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ♦✉ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣ré✲❡①✐st❡♥t❡❀ ❼ ❙♦♠❛tór✐❛✿ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ✭s❡♠❡str❛❧✱ ❜✐♠❡str❛❧✮✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ♦
❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦✲❧❤❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛❀
❼ ❋♦r♠❛t✐✈❛✿ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝✉rt♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳
✸✵ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
✷✳✺ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r
❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❜✉s❝❛ ♠❡❞✐r ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s✳ ❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣♦r ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞❡ P❡❛rs♦♥✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ♠♦str❛♠♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
ρ=
P
x.y−n.x.y
q
(P
x2−n.x2).(Py2−n.y2)
✭✷✳✶✮
♦♥❞❡✱
n❂♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ x ❂ ♠é❞✐❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ①
y ❂ ♠é❞✐❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ②
❖ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ r t❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✲✶ ❛té ✰✶✱ t❛❧ ✈❛❧♦r é ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❛s s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠ ✭s❡ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ✐♥✈❡rs❛♠❡♥t❡✮✳
✷✳✺✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦
❆ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❡ ♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦✳
✶✳ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛ ❡ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s t❡♠♦s✿
(ρ= 1)
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r P❡r❢❡✐t❛ ❡ ❉✐r❡t❛
✷✳ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛ ❡ ✐♥✈❡rs❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s t❡♠♦s✿
❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r ✸✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r P❡r❢❡✐t❛ ❡ ■♥✈❡rs❛ ✸✳ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❢r❛❝❛ ❡ ✐♥✈❡rs❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s t❡♠♦s✿
(−1< ρ <0)
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✽✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❋r❛❝❛ ❡ ■♥✈❡rs❛
✹✳ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❢r❛❝❛ ❡ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s t❡♠♦s✿
0< ρ <1
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✾✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❋r❛❝❛ ❡ ❉✐r❡t❛
✺✳ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❞❡ ③❡r♦ t❡♠♦s✿
✸✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✵✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r Pró①✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❩❡r♦
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✸✸
✷✳✻ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
❙ã♦ ✈ár✐♦s ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ ❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡❞✉✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡♠✳
◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❇❡♥✐tt✐ ❡t ❛❧✳❬✷✻❪✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❢❛③❡♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❙♦❢t✈❛❧✐ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛✲ r❡s ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ▼✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❧✉♠❡♥❛✉✲❙❈✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡st❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♠❛t❡♠á✲ t✐❝❛✱ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❛rt❡s ♥❛s sér✐❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ❆ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡r❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛t✉r❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❚♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡st❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡❣✉✐✉ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❡ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ▼✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧✱ ♦ ❙♦❢t✈❛❧✐ ❢♦✐ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♠♣❧✐❛❞♦ ❡ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛✈❛♠ ♦ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡❞✉✲ ❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛♦s q✉❛✐s ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡ ❞✐s♣✉♥❤❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡st❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳
❈♦♠ ●♦♠❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✸❪ é ❢❡✐t♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♦s três s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ ár❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❚✐❝❦✲❚❛❝❦✲❚♦❡✱ ❑✐❞▼❛t❤s ✕ P❛❞❞❧❡ ❇❛❧❧ ❡ ❑✐❞▼❛t❤s ✕ ❙❤✉✤❡ ❜♦❛r❞✳ ❊♠ ✉♠❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝r✐❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ❝❤❡❝❦❧✐st ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛ss❡♠ ♦s três s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✳ ❚❛❧ ❝❤❡❝❦❧✐st✱ ❞❡s❝❛rt♦✉ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ✉s❛❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡str✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ té❝♥✐❝♦s✱ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♠❛✐s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ♠❛♣❡❛r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❡ s✐t✉✲ ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s ♥♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✳ ◆❛ ❢❛s❡ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✜③❡r❛♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡st❡s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ♣♦r ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳ ❚❛✐s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡ss❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✉ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉✲ ♥♦s ❛♦ ✉s❛r❡♠ ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s s❛❧✐❡♥t❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡✈❡r✐❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r✱ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ■ss♦ ❧❡✈❛r✐❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❝✐t❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦ ♥♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥á✲❧♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳
❏á ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❈❛t❛♣❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳❬✷✼❪ é ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡r❣♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❡ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❆✉r❡❧✐♥❤♦✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛r❛♠ ❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❊r❣♦✲ ❧✐st ❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❛♠ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r q✉❡ ❡①✐st✐❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
✸✹ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
❆s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❛❜❛✐①♦ sã♦ ✉♠❛ r❡✲❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ▲✉③ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✽❪ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶ ❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ■■ ❊◆■◆❊❉ ✲ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❯◆■❖❊❙❚❊ ❡♠ ❈❛s❝❛✈❡❧✲Pr✳
✸✳✶ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s
✸✳✶✳✶ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ✶✿ ❯s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❙❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❆✉❧❛
◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡♠♦s ❞✉❛s t✉r♠❛s ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞♦ ❈♦❧é❣✐♦ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ✶✹ ❞❡ ❉❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ P❡❛❜✐r✉✲Pr✳ ❆s t✉r♠❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ✶♦ ❆♥♦ ❳ ✭♥♦♠❡ ✜❝tí❝✐♦✮ ❡ ♦ ✶♦ ❆♥♦ ❨ ✭♥♦♠❡ ✜❝tí❝✐♦✮✳
❈♦♠ ❛ t✉r♠❛ ❞♦ ✶♦ ❆♥♦ ❳ ✭♥♦♠❡ ✜❝tí❝✐♦✮✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ✸♦ ❇✐♠❡str❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡ P❧❛♥♦ ❈❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦ ❡ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ✶♦ ●r❛✉✱ ❡❧❛❜♦r♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❝♦♠ ✺ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✭❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ r♦t❡✐r♦✮ ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ❡♠ ❞✉♣❧❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✳
❚❛❧ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❏♦ã♦ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❞❛ ▲✉③✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦r ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛✱ ❡①♣❧❛♥♦✉ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐❛ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♦ q✉❡ é ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✱ s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♥❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♠♦str♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛✱ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t♦✉ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ✜③❡ss❡♠ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♥❛ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦s✳
❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤♦✉ ❛s ❞✉♣❧❛s ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛s✱ s❛♥❛♥❞♦ ❞ú✈✐❞❛s ❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ♣♦ss❡ ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r t❛♠❜é♠ ❛✈❛❧✐♦✉ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❝♦rr❡t❛s ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❖s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✜③❡r❛♠ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✹ ❛✉❧❛s✱ ❡ só ♥❛s ❛✉❧❛s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s ❞♦ ✸♦ ❇✐♠❡str❡ é q✉❡ ✈♦❧t❛r❛♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r❡♠ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❞❡ ✜①❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛③❡r❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛✈❛❧✐❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ♣r♦✈❛s✳
❆❜❛✐①♦✱ ❡stá ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ r♦t❡✐r♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❢♦✐ ♣❛ss❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✿
Colégio Estadual 14 de Dezembro
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Ensino Fundamental e Médio
Aluno(a): __________________________ Número:________ Turma: _______
Aluno(a): __________________________ Número:________ Turma: _______
CONTEÚDO: PLANO CARTESIANO
ATIVIDADE 1:
1. Abra o software. Em Arquivo, escolha “Gravar Como” e coloque o seu nome e a de seu colega.
2. Vá ao menu Exibir e escolha a opção malha. Será exibida uma malha para que você insira os pontos no plano cartesiano.
3. Escolha o botão após acioná-lo você poderá marcar pontos no plano cartesiano. 4. Marque no plano cartesiano os seguintes pontos: A(2,3); B (1,-2); C (-3,2); D (-1,-2); E
(4,0) e F(0,-3).
ATIVIDADE 2:
5. Agora vamos modificar a exibição do gráfico. Com o botão direito do mouse, clique na
área do gráfico e escolha a opção “Janela de Visualização”. Escolha “Eixo x” , escolha
6. Experimente alterar a cor dos pontos no plano cartesiano clicando com o botão direito em
cima de A e na opção “Propriedades”. Escolha a cor vermelha e dê enter. Faça o mesmo
para o ponto B e coloque a cor amarela.
ATIVIDADE 3:
7. Desfaça as ações que você fez no item 6.
8. Tente mudar a cor de fundo do plano cartesiano para a cor que você desejar.
ATIVIDADE 2: FUNÇÃO DO 1º GRAU
ATIVIDADE 4:
1. Escolha no menu Arquivo a opção “Novo”.
2. Na barra entrada edite uma função de cada vez e dê enter pra vê-la no plano cartesiano. Use as seguintes funções:
a) y = x + 1 b) f(x) = 3x – 2 c) g(x) = -x + 4 d) h(x) = -2x+1
Para cada função abaixo, observando os desenhos, diga quais funções são crescentes e quais são decrescentes.
ATIVIDADE 5:
Escolha o botão e, no plano cartesiano marque os pontos A(0,1) e B(2,3). Veja que quando o 2º ponto é marcado, é traçada a reta que representa o gráfico da função do 1º grau. Observe que canto superior esquerdo, aparece uma lista de Objetos Dependentes com a lei da função referente aos pontos traçados. Clique com o botão direito do mouse em cima do lei da função e selecione a opção y = kx + d. Veja a figura abaixo:
