• Nenhum resultado encontrado

An alternative methodology for the extraction of humic substances from organic soils

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2017

Share "An alternative methodology for the extraction of humic substances from organic soils"

Copied!
6
0
0

Texto

(1)

$Q$OWHUQDWLYH0HWKRGRORJ\IRUWKH([WUDFWLRQRI+XPLF

6XEVWDQFHVIURP2UJDQLF6RLOV

-XOLR&HVDU5RFKDD$QGUp+HQULTXH5RVDDDQG0D\VD)XUODQE

D

'HSDUWDPHQWRGH4XtPLFD$QDOtWLFD,QVWLWXWRGH4XtPLFDGH$UDUDTXDUD81(63

&3$UDUDTXDUD63%UD]LO E

'HSDUWDPHQWRGH4XtPLFD2UJkQLFD,QVWLWXWRGH4XtPLFDGH$UDUDTXDUD81(63

&3$UDUDTXDUD63%UD]LO

5HFHLYHG0DUFK

(VWHWUDEDOKRDSUHVHQWDXPDPHWRGRORJLDDOWHUQDWLYDSDUDH[WUDomRGH6XEVWkQFLDV+~PLFDV6+ GHVRORV1HVWDPHWRGRORJLDDH[WUDomRpIHLWDFRP.2+0SRUKQDUD]mRVRORH[WUDWRU PY VRE DWPRVIHUD GH QLWURJrQLR $V 6+ VmR VHSDUDGDV SRU FHQWULIXJDomR FRP EDVH HP VXD VROXELOLGDGH HP S+ DOFDOLQR (VWD PHWRGRORJLD IRL FRPSDUDGD FRP R SURFHGLPHQWR XVXDOPHQWH XWLOL]DGRHPWUrVGLIHUHQWHVVRORVHXPDDPRVWUDGHYHUPLFRPSRVWR'HWHUPLQRXVHUHQGLPHQWR UD]mR (( WHRU GH FLQ]DV H FRPSRVLomR HOHPHQWDU & + 2 1 GDV 6+ H[WUDtGDV 2V JUXSRV IXQFLRQDLVIRUDPLGHQWLILFDGRVXWLOL]DQGRVHHVSHFWURVFRSLDQDUHJLmRGRLQIUDYHUPHOKRFRPWUDQV IRUPDGDGH)RXULHU(VWDPHWRGRORJLDDFUHVFHQWDXPDQRYDSHUVSHFWLYDjH[WUDomRGDV6+GHYLGR DRPHQRUWHPSRHHOHYDGRUHQGLPHQWRGDH[WUDomRHPUHODomRDRSURFHGLPHQWRXVXDO

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

.H\ZRUGVKXPLFVXEVWDQFHVH[WUDFWLRQFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFODVVRIQDWXUDOO\RFFXUULQJFRP SOH[DJHQWVLVWKHKXPLFVXEVWDQFHV+67KH\FRPSULVHD FRPSOH[PL[WXUHRISK\VLFDOO\DQGFKHPLFDOO\KHWHURJHQH RXV VXEVWDQFHV ZKLFK VKRZ D UHODWLYHO\ KLJK PROHFXODU ZHLJKW ZLWK D ODUJH QXPEHU RI R[\JHQFRQWDLQLQJ IXQF WLRQDOJURXSV&22+DQG2+LQSDUWLFXODU7KH+6DUH IRUPHGE\VHFRQGDU\V\QWKHVLVUHDFWLRQVGXULQJWKHGHFD\ SURFHVVDQGE\WUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIELRPROHFXOHVRULJLQDWLQJ IURPGHDGRUJDQLVPVDQGPLFURELDODFWLYLW\7KHVHFRP SRXQGVDUHLPSRUWDQWLQVRLOFRQVHUYDWLRQLQZDWHUKROGLQJ

FDSDFLW\ DQG LQ WKH FRPSOH[DWLRQ RI PHWDOV LQ DTXDWLF V\VWHPV

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

(2)

FRQFHUQLQJWKHIDFWRUVWKDWLQIOXHQFHWKHH[WUDFWLRQSURFH GXUHQHHGWREHDQVZHUHG

7KH SXUSRVH RI WKH SUHVHQW ZRUN LV WR UHSRUW RQ DQ DOWHUQDWLYH PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU WKH H[WUDFWLRQ RI +6 ZKLFK UHTXLUHG D VKRUW H[SHULPHQWDO WLPH SHULRGDQGJLYHKLJK \LHOGVZKHQFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHXVXDOSURFHGXUH

0DWHULDOVDQG0HWKRGV

6DPSOHV

7KHVWXG\KDVEHHQPDGHZLWKWKUHHVDPSOHVFROOHFWHG IURPVRLOVXUIDFHVRIGLIIHUHQWUHJLRQVRI6mR3DXOR6WDWH %UD]LO7ZRVDPSOHVDUHIURPWKHSHDWDUHFHQWDQGDQROG RQH FROOHFWHG IURP WKH UHJLRQV RI 5LEHLUmR 3UHWR DQG %DWDWDLV UHVSHFWLYHO\ $ VDPSOH RI VHGLPHQW IURP WKH &DQDQpLD LVODQG DQG D YHUPLFRPSRVW IURP D YLYDULXP ORFDWHGLQWKHFLW\RI6mR&DUORV

7KHSURSRUWLRQRIRUJDQLFPDWHULDOZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\ FDOFLQDWLRQ DW WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI ƒ& IRU K 7KH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHVRLOVLQWHUPVRIIHUWLOL]DWLRQ&D. 0J 3 6 &(& ZDV GRQH WKURXJKWKHPHWKRGRORJ\GH VFULEHG E\ 5DLMHW DO 3K\VLFDO DQG FKHPLFDO FKDUDF WHULVWLFVRIWKHVHVRLOVDUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH

([WUDFWLRQVHSDUDWLRQDQGSXULILFDWLRQRIWKHKXPLF VXEVWDQFHV

$OWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGRORJ\

7KHGULHGVRLOVDPSOHVZHUHJURXQGDQGSDVVHGWKURXJK DPPVLHYH)LYHJUDPVRIWKHUHVXOWLQJPDWHULDOZHUH WUDQVIHUUHGWRDURXQGERWWRPIODVNDQGP/RI.2+ 0ZHUHDGGHGSHUJUDPRIVRLO7KHVXVSHQVLRQZDVVWLUUHG XQGHU1DWPRVSKHUHIRUK7KHQWKHKXPLFPL[WXUHZDV FHQWULIXJHWHG DW J IRU PLQ 7KH QRQGLVVROYHG IUDFWLRQZDVVHSDUDWHGDQGGLVFDUGHG7KHVXSHUQDWDQW+6 ZDVHYDSRUDWHGLQYDFXRDQGGULHGLQDIRUFHGYHQWLODWLRQ VWRYHDWƒ&IRUIXUWKHUGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIH[WUDFWLRQ\LHOGV DQGDVKFRQWHQW1H[WWKH+6ZHUHSXULILHGIROORZLQJWKH SURFHGXUHV ¨VHSDUDWLRQ RI WKH QRQKXPLF FRQWDPLQDQWV© DQG¨VHSDUDWLRQRIWKHLQRUJDQLFFRQWDPLQDQWV©IRULWVVXE VHTXHQWFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ

8VXDOPHWKRGRORJ\

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ƒ&IRUIXUWKHUGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIH[WUDFWLRQ\LHOGVDQGDVK FRQWHQW1H[W+6ZHUHSXULILHGIROORZLQJWKHSURFHGXUH ¨VHSDUDWLRQRIWKHQRQKXPLFFRQWDPLQDQWV©DQG¨VHSDUD WLRQRIWKHLQRUJDQLFFRQWDPLQDQWV©IRULWVVXEVHTXHQWFKDU DFWHUL]DWLRQ

3XULILFDWLRQRIWKHKXPLFVXEVWDQFHV 6HSDUDWLRQRIWKHQRQKXPLFFRQWDPLQDQWV

7KH+6H[WUDFWFRQWDLQLQJQRQKXPLFVXEVWDQFHVZDV DSSOLHG WR D PDFURSRURXV UHVLQ $0%(5/,7( ;$' FROXPQ$IWHUSUHYLRXVWUHDWPHQWRIWKHUHVLQZLWKPHWKD QROGHLRQL]HG ZDWHU WKH +6 ZHUH GLOXWHG LQ GHLRQL]HG ZDWHU DQG HOXWHG LQ D P/PLQ GHVFHQGHQW IORZ 7KH HOXWLRQRIWKH+6ZLWK1D2+0ZDVSHUIRUPHGLQD P/PLQIORZ

6HSDUDWLRQRIWKHLQRUJDQLFFRQWDPLQDQWV

'ULHG +6 ZHUH SXULILHG GXULQJ K VKDNLQJ DW URRP WHPSHUDWXUHZLWKDP/VROXWLRQFRPSRVHGRIP/RI +&OFRQFP/RI+)VROXWLRQYYDQGGHLRQ L]HGZDWHUXSWROLWUH1H[WWKHVDPSOHVZHUHWUDQVIHUUHG WRGLDO\VLVWXELQJDQGGLDO\VHGLQRUGHUWRUHPRYHWKHVDOW FRQWHQWV7KHH[WHUQDOZDWHUZDVUHSODFHGWKUHHWLPHVDIWHU KDQGWKHQHYHU\KXQWLOWKH&OFRXOGQRWEHGHWHFWHG

7DEOH3K\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIVRLOVDPSOHVRYHQGULHGEDVLV

6DPSOH &RORU S+ 20 0J &D .

PH4FP

6 &(& 3PJJ &1

%DWDWDLV6RLO EODFN

5LEHLUmR3UHWR6RLO JUD\

&DQDQpLD6RLO \HORZ GDUN

9HUPLFRPSRVW EURZQ

(3)

WKLVSURFHGXUHGHFUHDVHGWKHDVKFRQWHQWVRIWKH+6EHORZ PP $IWHU WKDW WKH +6 ZHUH HYDSRUDWHGLQ YDFXR GULHG LQ D IRUFHG YHQWLODWLRQ VWRYH DW ƒ& DQG FKDUDF WHUL]HG E\ WKH VSHFWURVFRSLF DQDO\VLV LQ WKH YLVLEOH DQG LQIUDUHGUHJLRQDQGDOVRE\HOHPHQWDODQDO\VLV

'LDO\VLVWXELQJSXULILFDWLRQ

'LDO\VLVWXELQJPROHFXODUZHLJKWFXWRIIZDV FOHDQHGE\ERLOLQJLQPPVRGLXPK\GURJHQFDUERQDWH PRO/1D('7$IRUPLQIROORZHGE\ULQVLQJLQ ERLOLQJGHLRQL]HGZDWHU&OHDQWXELQJZDVVWRUHGLQGHLRQ L]HGZDWHUDWƒ&

&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ

<LHOGV

7KH\LHOGRI+6ZDVFDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQWKHVRLOPDVV VXEPLWWHGWRH[WUDFWLRQJDQGWKHZHLJKHGRUJDQLF PDWHULDO20H[WUDFWHG7KHUHVXOWVDUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH

$VKFRQWHQW

7KHDVKFRQWHQWRIWKHH[WUDFWHG+6ZDVREWDLQHGDIWHU LJQLWLRQDWƒ&IRUK

899,6VSHFWURVFRS\

((UDWLRVZHUHGHWHUPLQHGE\GLVVROYLQJPJRI +6LQP/RI01D+&2VROXWLRQS+EHWZHHQ LQDOOFDVHVDQGE\PHDVXULQJRSWLFDOGHQVLWLHVDW DQGQPRQD9DULDQ*%&$VSHFWURSKRWRPHWHU 7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHVHPHDVXUHPHQWVDUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH

,QIUDUHGVSHFWURVFRS\

7KHIXQFWLRQDOJURXSVRIWKH+6ZHUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\ )RXULHUWUDQVIRUP ,5 VSHFWURVFRS\ )LJ 7KH VSHFWUD ZHUHUHFRUGHGE\XVLQJD1LFROHW6;)7VSHFWURPHWHU .%UGLVFVZHUHXVHGWRSUHSDUHWKHVDPSOHV

(OHPHQWDODQDO\VLV

7KHHOHPHQWDODQDO\VLVRIWKH+6H[WUDFWHGZDVGHWHU PLQHGE\XVLQJD3HUNLQ(OPHU&HOHPHQWDODQDO\VHU 7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHVHPHDVXUHPHQWVDUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH

5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQV

7DEOHVKRZVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHHOHPHQWDOFRPSRVLWLRQ &+21\LHOGVRIWKHH[WUDFWLRQDQG((UDWLRRIWKH +6H[WUDFWHGE\WKHDOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGRORJ\DQGE\WKH XVXDOSURFHGXUHLQWKHGLIIHUHQWVRLOVDPSOHVDQGYHUPL FRPSRVW

<LHOGVDQGH[WUDFWLRQWLPH

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

7KHLQFUHDVHRIWKH\LHOGVDQGWKHUHGXFWLRQRIWKH+6 H[WUDFWLRQWLPHXVLQJWKHDOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGRORJ\LVDVVR FLDWHGZLWKWKHVXEVWLWXWLRQRIWKHDONDOLXVHGLQWKHH[WUDF WLRQ 7KH FRXQWHU LRQV 1D DQG . UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH LQWHUDFWLRQDQGVROYDWLRQRIWKHQHJDWLYHFKDUJHVGLVVRFL DWHGIURPWKHKXPLFPDFURPROHFXOHKDYHGLIIHUHQWEHKD YLRXUV LQ DTXHRXV PHGLXP 7DEOH 7KHVH GLIIHUHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFVUHVXOWHGLQWKHLQFUHDVHRIWKH\LHOGVDQGRQ WKHUHGXFWLRQRIWKHH[WUDFWLRQWLPHZKHQ.2+ZDVXVHG

7DEOH&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHHOHPHQWDOFRPSRVLWLRQ&+&1DQG((UDWLRVDQG\LHOGVRI+6H[WUDFWHGE\WKHXVXDOSURFHGXUH$DQGE\WKH

DOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGRORJ\%

(OHPHQWDOFRPSRVLWLRQDVKIUHH

6DPSOH <LHOGV & + 2 1 &+ &1 ((

$ % $ % $ % $ % $ % $ % $ % $ %

+6

+6

+6

+6

REWDLQHGE\GLIIHUHQFH

+6+6H[WUDFWHGIURP%DWDWDLVVRLO

+6+6H[WUDFWHGIURP5LEHLUmR3UHWRVRLO

+6+6H[WUDFWHGIURP&DQDQpLDLVODQGVRLO

(4)

7KHVPDOOHULRQLFUDGLXVRI.LQUHODWLRQWR1DDOORZV DJUHDWHUHIILFLHQF\LQWKHH[SDQVLRQRIWKHPDFURPROHFXOH LQWKHFRXQWHUEDODQFHDQGLQWKHFDSDFLW\RILQWHUDFWLRQRI WKHLQWUDDQGLQWHUPROHFXODUFKDUJHVSUHVHQWLQWKH+67KLV HIILFLHQF\FRQWULEXWHGVLJQLILFDQWO\WRWKHVROYDWLRQDQGWR WKHLQFUHDVHRIWKHH[WUDFWLRQ\LHOGVXVLQJ.2+7KHUHGXF WLRQ RI WKH H[WUDFWLRQ WLPH RI WKH +6 E\ WKH DOWHUQDWLYH PHWKRGRORJ\LVMXVWLILHGE\DEHWWHUPRELOLW\RIWKH.LRQV LQDTXHRXVVROXWLRQ7KLVPRELOLW\UHIOHFWHGGLUHFWO\RQWKH LQFUHDVHRIWKHVSHHGRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHFKDUJHV RIWKHSRO\HOHFWURO\WHDQGRIWKHFRXQWHULRQ

7KHGLIIHUHQFHRIWKH\LHOGVEHWZHHQWKHWZRPHWKRG RORJLHVZDVJUHDWHULQWKHSHDWVDPSOHVPDLQO\WKH%DWDWDLV SHDW LQ ZKLFK WKH KXPLF OHYHO DQG WKH RUJDQLF PDWHULDO FRQWHQWV DUH KLJKHU 7KLV VKRZV WKDW WKH LQFUHDVH RI WKH FRQGHQVDWLRQOHYHOPDNHVWKH1DFRXQWHULRQPRELOLW\LQ WKH SURFHVV RI VROYDWLRQ RI WKH PDFURPROHFXOH GLIILFXOW 7KHVHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHPDWUL[DQG WKH SURSHUWLHV RI WKH +6 DUH UHOHYDQW IRU FKRRVLQJ WKH DGHTXDWHVROYHQWIRUWKHHIIHFWLYHH[WUDFWLRQRIWKH+6

$QRWKHUIDFWRUWKDWFRQWULEXWHGWRWKHLQFUHDVHRIWKH \LHOGV RI WKH DOWHUQDWLYH PHWKRGRORJ\ LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH XVXDOPHWKRGRORJ\ZDVWKHRPLVVLRQRIDQDFLGLILFDWLRQ VWHSRIWKHVRLOEHFDXVHWKHUHLVDORVVRIRUJDQLFPDWHULDO LQWKHIRUPRIORZPROHFXODUZHLJKWIXOYLFDFLG

&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI+6

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mR3UHWRVRLOVLQGLFDWHVJUHDWHU GHFRPSRVLWLRQ ZKLFKLVDFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKHSHDW7KH VDPSOHV RI WKH VHGLPHQWV DQG YHUPLFRPSRVW LQVWHDG VKRZHGORZHU&1UDWLRVEHFDXVHRIWKHORZKXPLFOHYHORI RUJDQLFPDWHULDO7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHHOHPHQWDODQDO\VLVRI WKH +6 H[WUDFW 7DEOH DUH FRPSDWLEOH ZLWK WKH YDOXHV IRXQGLQWKHOLWHUDWXUH

7KHVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVUHODWHGWRWKHGHFRPSRVLWLRQOHYHO DQGDURPDWLFLW\FDQEHUHDVVXUHGE\WKHYDOXHVRIWKH(( UDWLR7DEOH7KH((UDWLRGHSHQGVRQWKHKXPLILFDWLRQ GHJUHHDQGPROHFXODUVL]HRIWKHKXPLFVXEVWDQFHV7KXV ORZ((UDWLRVDUHLQGLFDWLYHRIUHODWLYHO\H[WHQVLYHPR OHFXODU FRQGHQVDWLRQ ZKLOH KLJKHU UDWLRV DUH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWKPDWHULDOVKDYLQJEHWWHUDFFHVVWRWKHLULQWHUQDOIXQF WLRQDOJURXSV7KHYDOXHVIRXQGDUHLQDFFRUGDQFHWRWKH OLWHUDWXUH

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

7KHLQIUDUHGVSHFWUDRIWKHSXULILHGPDWHULDOV)LJ VKRZ DEVRUSWLRQ EDQGV FRPSDWLEOH ZLWK WKH OLWHUD WXUH

EDQGVDURXQGFPDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDQ2+ UHODWHGWRFOD\

EURDGEDQGVDURXQGFPDVVLJQHGWRQ2+RI DOFRKROVSKHQROVDQGFDUER[\OLFDFLGVDQG1+RIDPLQHV DQGDPLGHV

ZHDNEDQGVEHWZHHQDQGFPDWWULEXWHG WRQ&+DOLSKDWLF

VWURQJEDQGVQHDUFPDVVLJQHGWRQ& 2RI FDUER[\OLFDFLGVDQGWKHLUGHULYDWLYHVNHWRQHVTXLQRQHV DPLQHVDQGDPLGHV

VWURQJEDQGVQHDUFPDWWULEXWHGWRQ& &RI DURPDWLF ULQJV DQG WRQ& 2RIFRQMXJDWHGNHWRQHVDQG

FDUER[\ODWHLRQV

EDQGVQHDUFPDVVLJQHGWRG1+RIDPLGHV EDQGVEHWZHHQDQGFPDWWULEXWHGWRG 2+ RI DOFRKROV SKHQROV DQG FDUER[\OLF DFLGVQ &2

SKHQRO\FG&+DOLSKDWLFDQGQ&22RIFDUER[\ODWHLRQV

PHGLXPEDQGVLQWKHUHJLRQVRIDQGFP DUHDVVLJQHGWRQ&2RISRO\VDFFKDULGHVDOFRKROVDQGG

6L2

'LIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHQDWXUHRIWKHIXQFWLRQDOJURXSV SUHVHQWLQWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH+6FDQQRWEHREVHUYHGZKHQ FRPSDUHGZLWKWKHVSHFWUXPRIH[WUDFWHG+6E\WKHWZR PHWKRGRORJLHVIURPWKHGLIIHUHQWVRLOV,WLQGLFDWHVVWUXF WXUDO UHVHPEODQFH EHWZHHQ WKH +6 SUHVHQW LQ VRLOV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 7DEOH 7KH PDLQ GLIIHUHQFH 7DEOH7KHUPRG\QDPLFSURSHUWLHVRI1DDQG.LQDTXHRXVVROXWLRQ

ºRQ ,RQLFUDGLXVKLGUDWHG

P

,RQLFPRELOLW\ XFPVY.

.

(5)

EHWZHHQWKH+6VHHPVWREHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHFRQWHQWDQG WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI WKH R[\JHQDWHG JURXSV DV LWFDQEH REVHUYHGE\WKHUHVXOWVRIWKHHOHPHQWDODQDO\VLV7DEOH

&RQFOXVLRQV

7KHH[WUDFWLRQDQGSXULILFDWLRQRIWKH+6DUHLQGLVSHQ VDEOH UHTXLVLWHV IRU WKH VWXGLHV RI LWV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG SURSHUWLHV7KHVHVWDJHVDUHFRQVLGHUHGERULQJWLPHFRQ VXPLQJDQGWLULQJIRUUHVHDUFKHUV7KLVPHWKRGRORJ\DGGV DQHZSHUVSHFWLYHWRWKHH[WUDFWLRQRIKXPLFVXEVWDQFHVGXH WRWKHVKRUWWLPHDQGKLJK\LHOGVRIWKHH[WUDFWLRQLQUHODWLRQ WR WKH XVXDO HVSHFLDOO\ IRU SHDW VDPSOHV ZKLFK SUHVHQW KLJKHUOHYHOVRIFRQGHQVDWLRQDQGKLJKFRQWHQWVRIRUJDQLF PDWHULDO

$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV

7KHILQDQFLDOVXSSRUWRIWKLVZRUNE\)$3(63VFKRODU VKLSWR5RVD$+&13T%UD]LODQGWKH'$$'*HU PDQ\LVJUDWHIXOO\DFNQRZOHJGHG

5HIHUHQFHV

6DDU5$:HEHU-+(QYLURQ6FL7HFKQRO

6WHYHQVRQ),+XPXVFKHPLVWU\:LOH\1HZ<RUN S

6HQHVL1,Q2UJDQLFVXEVWDQFHVLQVRLODQGZDWHU QDWXUDOFRQVWLWXHQWVDQGWKHLULQIOXHQFHVRQFRQWDPL QDQW EHKDYLRXU%HFN $- -RQHV .& +D\HV 0+% 0LQJHOJULQ 8 (GV 5R\DO 6RFLHW\ RI &KHPLVWU\&DPEULGJHS

%XUED 3 5RFKD -& .ORFNRZ')UHVHQLXV -$QDO&KHP

+D\HV0+%,Q+XPLFVXEVWDQFHVLQVRLOVHGLPHQWDQG ZDWHU *HRFKHPLVWU\ LVRODWLRQ DQG FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ $LNHQ 5* 0FNQLJKW 0' :HUVKDZ 5/ 0DF &DUWK\3(GV:LOH\&KLFKHVWHUS

&ODSS &( +D\HV 0+% 6ZLIW 56 ,Q 2UJDQLF VXEVWDQFHVLQVRLODQGZDWHU1DWXUDOFRQVWLWXHQWVDQG WKHLULQIOXHQFHVRQFRQWDPLQDQWEHKDYLRXU %HFN$--RQHV.&+D\HV0+%0LQJHOJULQ8(GV5R\DO 6RFLHW\RI&KHPLVWU\&DPEULGJHS

:HUVKDZ 5/ 3LQFNQH\ '- /ODJXQR (& 9LFHQWH%HFNHWW9$QDO&KLP$FWD 6WHHOLQN & :HUVKDZ 5/ 7KRUQ .$ :LOVRQ 0$,Q+XPLFVXEVWDQFHV,,,QVHDUFKRIVWUXFWXUH +D\HV0+%0DF&DUWK\30DOFRQ5/6ZLIW 5(GV:LOH\&KLFKHVWHUS

:LOVRQ 0$ ,Q +XPLF VXEVWDQFHV ,, ,Q VHDUFK RI VWUXFWXUH +D\HV 0+% 0DF&DUWK\ 3 0DOFRQ 5/6ZLIW5(GV:LOH\&KLFKHVWHUSS *DGHO)%UXFKHW$:DW5HV .XFNXN5+LOO:%XUED3'DYLHV$1)UH

VHQLXV-$QDO&KHP

3DUVRQV-:,Q+XPLFVXEVWDQFHVDQGWKHLUUROHLQ WKHHQYLURQPHQW)ULPPHO)+&KULVWPDQ5)(GV :LOH\&KLFKHVWHUS

6FKQLW]HU06NLQQHU6,06RLO6FLHQFH

5DLM%4XDJJLR-$&DQWDUHOOD+)HUUHLUD0( /RSHV $6 %DWDJOLD 2& ,Q $QiOLVH TXtPLFD GR VRORSDUDILQVGHIHUWLOLGDGH)XQGDomR&DUJLOO&DPSL QDVSSSSS

0DOFROP5/$QDO&KLP$FWD 7RZQ503RZHOO-.+$QDO&KLP$FWD

*ULIILWK 60 6FKQLWL]HU 06RLO 6FL 6RF $PHU

3URF

5p3RSSL17DODPRQL-4XtPLFD1RYD

6ZLIW 56 ,Q +XPLF 6XEVWDQFHV ,, LQ VHDUFK RI VWUXFWXUH+D\HV0+%0DF&DUWK\30DOFROP 5/6ZLIW56(GV:LOH\1HZ<RUNS .LHOODQG-$PHU&KHP6RF $WNLQV3:,Q3K\VLFDOFKHPLVWU\D(G%XWOHU

7DQQHU2[IRUGS

6WHYHQVRQ),+XPXVFKHPLVWU\:LOH\1HZ<RUN S

0LQGHUPDQ*-(FRO

'XEDFK 31 0HKWD & -DNDE 7 0DUWLQ ) 5RXOHW1*HRFKLPLFDHW&RVPRFKLPLFD$FWD

%XUED36KNLQHY96SLYDNRY%< )UHVHQLXV-$QDO&KHP

(6)

&KHQ<6HQHVL16FKLQLW]HU06RLO6FL6RF$P

-

%UDXQ$EEW * ,Q 3URJUHVV LQ K\GURJHRFKHPLVWU\ 0DWWKHVV*)ULPPHO)++LUVFK36FKXO]+

'8VGRZVNL((GV6SULQJHU9HUODJ%HUOLQ S

:HLQ%UXNQHU$(URVV.LVV.6]DNiOODV*$FWD

&KLP+XPJ

Referências

Documentos relacionados

The aim of the present work was to optimize a procedure for extraction of humic substances (HS) from peat, using continuous flow with different extractants (NaOH, KOH and Na 4 P 2 O

The humin fraction was obtained after extraction of the humic and fulvic acids, following the procedure described by the International Humic Substances Society, based on

Organic elemental analyses and lnfrared analysis of humic substances In Amazon waters and soils were typical for humic substances except for the low content of

Assays were carried out to evaluate the dissolved oxygen uptake resulting from mineralization of humic substances (fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA)) from different

VHHG PLFURELROL]DWLRQ ZLWK UKL]REDFWHULD LQFUHDVHG 3$/ DFWLYLW\ DQG WKDW QR DOWHUDWLRQV ZHUH REVHUYHG LQ HQ]\PH DFWLYLW\ LQ UHODWLRQ WR FRQWURO DIWHU SDWKRJHQ LQRFXODWLRQ +RZHYHU

The aim of this work was to compare the most commonly used methods to measure total organic carbon in soils and humic substances of Brazilian soil samples, as well as to revise

As concentrações de substâncias húmicas que resul- tam em máximo acúmulo de matéria seca total das plantas indicadoras de milho pouco variam (de 20,50 a 26,71 mmol L -1 de C na

Organic C concentrations of free light fraction (FLF), of fulvic acid fraction (FAF), humic acid (HAF), humin (HF) and of humic substances (HS), and the total organic carbon (TOC)