30
Sustainable Tour ism as a Par t of Compr ehensive Envir onmental
Monitor ing. A Study of Ser bia
Marko D. PETROVIĆ1, Jelica J. MARKOVIĆ Univer sit y of Novi Sad, Ser bia
Abstract: The sustainable tour ism compr ises the fr eedom of tour ist tr avelling, satisfying the economic, social and aesthetic needs, with the pr eser vation of the character istics of the natur al and social envir onment and the cultur al and histor ical her itage. It should optimize the usage of envir onmental r esour ces that make the key element of tour ism development, maintaining the essential ecologic pr ocesses and helping in her itage pr eser vation, and pr oviding the sustainable long-ter m business.
As the consequences of the anthr opogenic activities ar e obvious in the deter ior ation of the envir onment quality, the analysis of the status and influence on the envir onment and humans, as w ell as on the flor a and fauna, must be under constant monitor ing. The aim is to detect the cor r esponding influences and changes and to establish their cause.
The paper appr oaches the str uctur e, the pr ocesses and the application of the compr ehensive monitor ing of the envir onment w ith t he aim of cr eating a database for the development of sustainable tour ism in Ser bia. The r isk of the anthr opogenic pollution of the envir onment, as a r esult of tour ist activities, and monitor ing of these activities in or der to cr eate a database for a planned and coor dinated activity of tour ism development w ill be consider ed in detail.
Key words:sustainable tour ism, development, compr ehensive monitor ing, Ser bia
1. Introduction
Contr ibuting a significant par t to the global gr oss national pr oduct and the total employment of many countr ies, tour ism has taken the leading r ole among the economic br anches of numer ous countr ies. The pr oblems of the r esponsible conduct of all the subjects in tour ism on the global level ar e dealt w ith by the UN Wor ld Tour ist Or ganization and the Wor ld Council for Tr avels and Tour ism, as w ell as other inter national or ganizations. Their aim is to establish the univer sal r ules of conduct for all the par ticipants in the development of tour ism and other member countr ies. The r esear ches have show n that the tour ist economy, as w ell as, the institutions in the field of tour ism have the task to establish, befor e all, the sustainable and r esponsible development w ith the aim to pr otect the envir onment as a r esour ce of the tour ist pr oduct (UNWTO, 2008; WCTT, 2011).
1
Corresponding author: Marko D. PETROVIĆ, E-mail: marko.d.petrovic@uns.ac.rs
31
The sustainable development of tour ism implies ''the development of tour ism w hich satisfies the needs of today's tour ists, tour ist destinations and all the par ticipants in tour ism w ith simultaneous pr otection and incr ease of the potentials for the use tour ist r esour ces in the futur e, w ithout jeopar dizing the possibility of futur e gener ations to satisfy their ow n needs'' (Stojanović, 2007, 12). Accor ding to author s Vučić et al. (2002) and Stanković (2004), sustainable tour ism implies the r ight to tour ism and to fr eedom of tour ist movements, satisfaction of economic, social and aesthetic needs, w ith the maintenance of the char acter istics of the natur al and social envir onment and cultur al and histor ic her itage. Sustainable tour ism should make optimal use of envir onment r esour ces, w hich r epr esent the key element of the tour ism development, maintaining the essential ecological pr ocesses and helping the pr otection of (natur al) her itage, as w ell as to pr ovide a sustainable long-ter m business.
The gener al str ategy of the envir onment pr otection is based on the maintenance of the fundamental ecological pr ocesses in the envir onment, on the pr otection of the genetic fund and the pr ovision for r ational usage of biological species of ecosystems (Vaughan et al., 2003). As the consequences of anthr opogenic activities ar e also evident in the decline of the quality of the envir onment, the analysis of state and impact on the envir onment and the impact on biodiver sity has to be the subject of continuous monitor ing. The aim is to timely detect the appr opr iate impacts and to identify and explain their cause. In that sense, monitor ing systems for deter mination of the state and changes of the envir onment ar e successfully used today.
In this paper , the str uctur e, pr ocesses and implementation of integr ated envir onment monitor ing ar e consider ed, by the aim, to cr eate the necessar y database for the development of sustainable tour ism of Ser bia. The detailed study will deal w ith the r isks of anthr opogenic envir onment pollution thr ough tour ist activities and their monitor ing, aiming to for m the basics for the planned and coor dinated activity of tour ism development.
2. Strategic Aims of Tourism Development
32
The concept of sustainable development can become a basis for pur pose-ser ving tour ism development in a countr y, if its pr inciples ar e included in the pr ocess of str ategic planning of tour ism development and if they ar e expr essed in the development str ategic aims. The definition of the main aims of tour ism development is the centr al issue in the scope of str ategic tour ism planning on a macr o level. Their impor tance is especially emphasized by the need to synchr onize the r elations among all the activities taking par t in the satisfaction of tour ists' needs. The heter ogeneity of these activities makes necessar y the existence of institutionalized fr amew or k defined by the state and its or gans.
The basic and pr ior ity aims of tour ism development w ithin the str ategic planning can be quite numer ous, diver se and often conflicting. Accor ding to Stojanović (2007), the basic str ategic aims of tour ism development in Ser bia ar e the follow ing: encour agement of economic development, incr ease of for eign-exchange ear nings and the incr ease of employment. Besides these basic aims, the follow ing aims ar e also mentioned: cr eation of a favour able image of the countr y, envir onment pr otection, the pr otection of cultur al and histor ic her itage, the impr ovement of life quality, the pr otection of consumer s and the encour agement of economic development in under developed r egions.
The r elation among cer tain exponents of tour ism policy, on differ ent levels, is especially impor tant for the definition and accomplishment of tour ism development goals. The matter of competence distr ibution among cer tain par ticipants in the development management is vital because of the usual existence of many decision-making centr es, w hich ar e often in conflict, and they can have an pow er ful influence on the conditions for achieving the defined aims.
3. Sustainable Tourism and Its Development
Ther e is no uniquely accepted definition of sustainable tour ism that assumes not only the adher ence to the pr inciples of sustainable development, but also the ethical changes in all the par ticipants, in the tour ist pr ocess. Sustainable tour ism in its basic sense implies an economic br anch w hich has a minimal influence on the envir onment and local cultur e, and w hich, at the same time, helps making pr ofit, new jobs and the pr otection of local ecosystems (Stanković, 1979; 2003). Actually, it is a r esponsible tour ism, w hich is fr iendly to the natur al and cultur al her itage. The simplest definition is that sustainable tour ism implies ''ever y aspect of tour ism, w hich contr ibutes to the pr otection of the envir onment, social and economic integrity and to the impr ovement of natur al, cr eated and cultur al values on a per manent basis'' (Romelić, Tomić, 2002, 19).
33
economic development and w elfar e of a local community. Sustainable tour ism includes all segments of the economy together w ith the instr uctions and criter ia that imply the decr ease of tour ist tr affic impact on the envir onment, especially the use of non-r enew able non-r esounon-r ces and the contnon-r ibution of the tounon-r ist activity to sustainable tounon-r ism and the envir onment pr otection. Accor ding to Vr atuša and Anastasijević (2002) sustainable development also implies the development of tour ism w hich satisfies the needs of today’s tour ists, tour ist destinations and all the par ticipants in tour ism, w ith the simultaneous pr otection and incr ease of potentials for the use of tour ist r esour ces in the futur e, w ithout jeopar dizing the possibility of futur e gener ations to satisfy their ow n needs. It implies the impr ovement of people’s life-style quality w ithin the possibility of the ecosystem that sur r ounds us.
Sustainable tour ism development implies the r ight to tour ism and fr eedom of tour ist movements, satisfaction of economic, social and aesthetic needs, with maintenance of the char acter istics of natur al and social envir onment and cultur al and histor ic her itage. Accor ding to UNWTO (2008) and WTTC (2011), sustainable tour ism should:
1) optimize the use of envir onment r esour ces, w hich r epr esent the key element of tour ism development, maintaining the essential ecological pr ocesses and helping the pr otection of natur al her itage and biodiver sity,
2) r espect social and cultur al authenticity of tour ist destinations, pr otect their built and moder n cultur al her itage and tr aditional values and contr ibute to the under standing and toler ance among cultur es and
3) pr ovide w ith sustainable long-ter m business making socio-economic benefits, w hich ar e fair ly distr ibuted to all the inter est gr oups, including stable business, possibilities of making a pr ofit and social car e for the communities of the host, as w ell as contr ibuting to the decr ease of pover ty.
Sustainable tour ism should also obtain a high level of tour ists’ pleasur e and pr ovide tour ists with content -r ich exper ience, incr easing their aw ar eness about the issues of sustainability and impr oving the pr actice of sustainable tour ism among them. To achieve the development of sustainable tour ism, an integr ated access to its planning and management is essential. Resear ches of Stanković (2004) show that some of the most impor tant pr inciples of the development of sustainable tour ism imply that:
Tour ism has to be developed w ith the help of the local community, w hich has a task to conduct the monitor ing.
Tour ism has to pr ovide local population w ith high-quality jobs and to establish a connection betw een local business and tour ism.
34
envir onment, the monitor ing of cumulative impact and the limits of acceptable changes.
Design cultur al, educational and vocational pr ogr ammes w ith the aim to impr ove natur al r esour ces.
As a subcomponent w ithin the field of sustainable tour ism, ecot our ism should be emphasized. It pr imar ily r epr esents a sustainable ver sion of tour ism based on the natur e, and it includes both r ur al and cultur al elements of tour ism. Ecotour ism tends to r each the r esults of sustainable tour ism in all for ms. Never theless, it is impor tant to clar ify that all the tour ist activities – w hether they ar e tightly connected w ith holidays, business, confer ences, congr esses or fair s, health, adventur e or ecotour ism – should have sustainability as their aim. It means that planning and development of tour ist infr astr uctur e; its further business, as w ell as its mar keting, should concentr ate on social, cultur al and economic sustainability cr iteria (Čomić, 1998; Cr nogor ac, 2002; Đekić, 2002).
Ecotour ism is defined, w ithin the mar ket, as a for m of tour ism based on natur e, but it has also been for mulated and studied since 1990 by nongover nmental or ganizations, exper ts on development and scientists and as a means of sustainable development. The ter m ecotour ism, ther efor e, r efer s, on one side, to the concept that includes a set of pr inciples, and on the other side to a special segment of the mar ket. The Inter national Ecotour ism Society (TIES) for med one of the fir st definitions of ecotour ism in 1991 as ''a r esponsible tr avel into the natur e w hich pr otects the envir onment and maintains the w elfar e of the local population''.
4. Methodology and Results: Environment Monitoring with Sustainable Tourism Development
35
Accor ding to pr evious classification, the systems of monitor ing ar e classified accor ding to the complexity of tasks they solve, the monitor ing objects, the r egional limits and the employed methods. A detailed scheme of the gener al classification of monitor ing types w as given by Živković and Stanković in 1999. Accor ding to this classification, the follow ing types of monitor ing ar e distinguished: envir onment monitor ing, biospher e monitor ing, atmospher e monitor ing, subter r anean and sur face w ater s monitor ing and litho-monitor ing. Also, ther e ar e differ ent classifications of envir onment monitor ing system. The str uctur e of envir onment monitor ing contains complex connections betw een the envir onment and the level of monitor ing.
Monitor ing is extr emely beneficial for the scientific management of tour ist destinations and pr otected ar eas (Fig. 1). Monitor ing identifies a ‘’nor mal’’ scope of changes of tour ist destinations by establishing a tempor ar y basis, accor ding to w hich the changes can be noticed, and appr opr iate activities of management to the r ecognized changes can be applied. When the management is r egulated, monitor ing has a key r ole in management application by identifying the necessar y adjustments and the decision w hen management aims ar e achieved. Monitor ing can also identify the need for scientific r esear ch in or der to explain the causes of tempor ar y changes.
Table 1. Monitor ing system classification (accor ding to Izr ael, 1980)
The principle of classification Monitoring systems Univer sality of the system Global monitor ing
National monitor ing Local monitor ing
Biospher e subsystems Geophysical monitor ing
Biological monitor ing Envir onmental monitor ing
Envir onmental type Monitor ing of the atmospher e
Monitor ing of the land Monitor ing of the ocean
Monitor ing of the sur face w ater Monitor ing factor s and r esour ces Monitor ing of pollutants
Monitor ing of pollution sour ces Globalism of the pr oblem Monitor ing of the ocean
Monitor ing of the ozonospher e Genetic monitor ing
Monitor ing indicator s Monitor ing the physical indicator s Monitor ing the biological indicator s Monitor ing the chemical indicator s
36
Figur e 1. Relationships betw een r esour ce inventor ies, monitor ing, r esear ch, and r esour ce management activities in tr avel destinations (Jenkins et al, 2006, 6)
Ecological monitor ing is a sequential measur ing of ecological systems dur ing the time w ith the main purpose to find new components, pr ocesses and functions. On the contr ar y, a r esear ch is a per iod of time, dur ing w hich a r esour ce in a r egion is quantified. It is often expected that ecological monitor ing can help explain the complex r elations in ecological systems, so that it can be, gener ally, said that monitor ing is a tool for deter mination of w hat has caused the change ( Woodley, 1993). In or der to detect and r emove the changes in the ecosystem the best w ay possible, constant monitor ing is done, and r ecent data ar e compar ed w ith those of the pr evious year s.
The aim of ecological monitor ing is a pr omotion of know ledge about ecological dynamics, pr ocesses and functions of ecosystems (Vaughan, 2003). Such know ledge is necessar y to help manager s of tour ist destinations identify pr oblems, make decisions based on ecology, for mulate plans for management and pr esent the public the r esults of ecological monitor ing implementation. Accor ding to Živković and Stanković (1999), monitor ing in pr otected ecosystems has a distinct role in the society because of defining something w hich exists in natur e and w hich is necessar y to be maintained. Ther efor e, special aims of monitor ing ar e defined in order to develop pr ototypes of monitor ing pr ogr ams:
Definition of the state and w ays of choosing the conditional quality indicator s of the ecosystem, so that tour ist destination manager s could make the best decisions.
37
Pr ovision of mor e data for the better under standing of natur e dynamics and conditions that exist in an ecosystem (Figur e 2. pr esents one w ay of achieving these goals).
Figur e 2. A multi-faceted appr oach for monitor ing know n and unknow n effects of system dr iver s on ecosystem integr ity (Jenkins et al., 2006, 8; modified fr om Woodley, 1993)
The impacts of ecosystems, both natur al and anthr opogenic, ar e the main factor s of changes in ecosystems of tour ist destinations, such as Ser bia. This could r efer to global or r egional changes in the climate and human factor s. The aim is to pr opose the kind of the expected change on the gr ounds of ecosystem impact and to pr ovide an ear ly w ar ning about the changes in an ecosystem. The monitor ing of the effects of the know n negative impacts w ill pr ovide useful infor mation for ecosystem management. The indicator s of ecosystem integr ity will pr ovide the possibility of an ear ly w ar ning about a danger for a long per iod of time. Ecological integr ity consists of chemical and physical integrity. The r esour ces of an ecosystem r epr esent a quality of tour ist destinations that ar e monitor ed dur ing the obser vation of changes in the ecosystem (Stojanović, 2007) . The gener al str ategy of the envir onment pr otection is based on the maintenance of fundamental ecological pr ocesses in the envir onment, on the pr otection of the genetic fund and the pr ovision of r ational use of ecosystem r esour ces. As the consequences of anthr opogenic activities ar e evident in the decr ease of quality of the envir onment, the analysis of state and envir onment impacts and human impacts, flor a and fauna have to be the subject of constant monitor ing. The aim is to timely detect adequate changes and deter mine their cause.
38
main pr inciples of monitor ing. Their pr actical r eali zation should be an element w hich assur es the balance among men, natur al r esour ces and pr oduction. In that sense, today, differ ent systems of monitor ing ar e used to determine the state and changes in the envir onment. The monit or ing of ant hr opogenic envir onment pollut ion is consider ed an integr ated part of monitor ing. It is defined ''a complex measur e w ith the aim to define the state of biospher e and obser ve the distur bance of ecological balance by anthr opogenic factor s of pollution'' (Woodley, 1993, 170). The monitor ing of anthr opogenic envir onment pollution r epr esents a system of successive obser vations of envir onment elements in space and time. It aims at gather ing and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data about the pr esence and distr ibution of pollution, to obser ve the emission and immission of pollution sour ces and their ar r angement, pollution tr anspor t, and finally to deter mine their concentr ation on cer tain measur ing points. The data about monitor ing par ameter s in Ser bia, e.g. the infor mation about polluter s and polluting matter s w hich cause or w hi ch can potentially cause per manent consequences on the envir onment system w hich is monitor ed, ar e necessar y for defining factor s and mechanisms of distur bance of biological pr ocesses, discover ing the w ays of pollution migr ation in the envir onment, as w ell as their tr ansfor mations and biological accumulations.
The tasks of the monitor ing of anthr opogenic envir onment pollution ar e or ganization of systematic obser vations of changes in the biospher e w hich ar e caused by anthr opogenic polluting matter s, the estimate of the obser ved changes and pr ognosis of tendencies in biospher e changes. The system of monitor ing the anthr opogenic envir onment pollution consists of the or ganization subsystem, the monitor ing pr ocess and the infor mation subsystems (Izr ael, 1980).
Accor ding to Woodley (1993), the str uctur e of monitor ing subsystems is made of smaller subsystems of individual envir onment polluting factor s monitor ing, such as pollution sour ce monitor ing, atmospher e pollut ion’s monitor ing, sur face w ater s pollution monitor ing, gr oundw ater s pollution monitor ing, sea pollution monitor ing, soil pollution monitor ing, monitor ing of r isks fr om biotopes pollution and monitor ing of r isks on human health.
5. Integrated Environment Monitoring
39
technological development dur ing w hich the aims and demands ar e becoming bigger and mor e complex (Kosar and Rašeta, 2005).
Standards ser ies ISO 9000 (especially JUS ISO 9004 – quality management and the elements of the quality system) have w ide implications on functioning of enterpr ises, and at some points they ar e explicitly the r equests of society, among w hich the one for pr otection the envir onment w hich should be a r esponsibility of an enter prise w hich has an efficient, quality system. Standar d ser ies ISO 14000 entir ely r efer to all aspects of ecological management. Accor ding to Jenkins et al. (2006), the system of ecological management, accor ding to standar d ser ies 14000, w hich ar e in the phase of definite adoption, thus has an aim of continuous impr ovement of envir onment per for mances on the level of society and ever y enterpr ise, by planning the r equests, aims and pr ogr ams, by intr oducing and pr oviding the functioning of all the system elements. The basic hier ar chy systems of social values and aims ar e obviously r eevaluated on inter national and national level by intr oducing components of the envir onment pr otection in development pr ocesses. Some of the most significant aims of the envir onment pr otection in Ser bia ar e the follow ing: cr eating the basis for making a human-or iented society; pr oviding conditions for the inter ests der iving fr om the concept of sustainable development and envir onment pr otection to be analyzed and r espected w hen planning the development of settlements and the use of soil; gr adually intr oducing the pr inciple ‘’the polluter pays’’ and the pr otection of ‘’satisfactor y’’ ecological balance and taking par t in biospher e pr otection (Cr nogor ac, 2002).
In the pr ogr am of integr al envir onment pr otection, a special attention is given to the intr oduction of economic instr uments in or der to establish an efficient system of r esour ce division. One of the har dest aspects of designing a pr ogr am of monitor ing is the integr ation of the pr oject of monitor ing so that the w hole pr ogr am of monitor ing gives mor e infor mation to the w hole community, and not only to some individual gr oup w hich car r ies out the monitor ing (Vaughan et al., 2003). Ther efor e, the exchange of infor mation among the teams that car r y out the monitor ing out of the limits of a countr y is also necessar y.
Although the integr ation is a subjective aim accor ding to w hich it is har d to find a pr ogr am for impr ovement identification, ther e ar e a few aspects of integr ation as str ategic aims of integr ated monitor ing, w hich can be apply in case of Ser bia:
Ecological integr ation may include the examination of ecological connections among components, pr ocesses and functions of an ecosystem w hen choosing the monitor ing indicator s. The most efficient str ategy of ecosyst em monitor ing could consist of a ser ies of individual measur ements used for the super vision of the entir e ecosystem.
40
Spatial integr ation can include the connection of the measur ements made in differ ent places, including differ ent pr ototypes of ecosystem monitor ing. It r equir es the know ledge about ecological pr ocesses, compar ative analysis of measur ements in differ ent places and the design of a monitor ing that allow s the inter polation of the measur ed data.
Tempor al integr ation includes the making of connections betw een the measur ements made in differ ent per iods of time (Stojanović, 2007). Thus, it is necessar y to deter mine the time for measur ing of differ ent ecological attr ibutes dur ing changes of the char acter istics of those attr ibutes.
Methodological integr ation includes the choice of measur ing methods that enable the shar ing of data betw een Ser bian neighbor ing countr ies that car r y out similar monitor ing.
Pr ogr am integr ation includes coor dination and communication of the activities of ecosystem monitor ing and the use of the r esulting data. Also, the coor dination and integr ation of monitor ing activities between differ ent pr ototypes of monitor ing pr ogr ams is impor tant in or der to achieve a gr eater efficiency of ecosystem monitor ing.
6. Conclusions
Sustainable tour ism is the most functional if it is accomplished w ith as few as possible disr uptions of ecological r elations and pr ocesses in the given space. The planning that pr ecedes sustainable tour ism is positive, contr ar y to the negative sanitization of the consequences. The positive impact of sustainable tour ism on natur al her itage r eflects in the pr otection of other activities. Sustainable tour ism effects the legal r egulation of the status of natur al goods, w hich is expr essed in the examples of national par ks, natur e r eser ves, the objects of the w or ld natur al and cultur al her itage (UNESCO), or of the objects fr om the list of the w or ld biospher e r eser ves (MAB).
The positive effect of sustainable tour ism is that it ar ouses the aw ar eness of people about natur al goods. Inadequately designed and over -dimensioned tour ism causes negative developments and pr ocesses: the pollution of air , w ater , soil, the changes of flor a and fauna, noise, landscape degr adation, etc. It is evident that ther e ar e pr oblematic collisions, w hich r efer to an unplanned access and a failur e to car r y thr ough the plans, the degr adation of natur al her itage by tour ist building. It is necessar y to point objectively and in w ide social dimensions to the conflicts and complementar ity in the r elations t our ism – envir onment.
41
by law (national par ks, natur e r eser ves etc.) or to the entir e natur e. Beside the Ser bian envir onment pr otection, the focus is also on the maintenance and impr ovement of its tour ist values. In that sense, it is essential to r espect and implement the integr ated monitor ing so that the consequences should be minimal.
Acknowledgment
The paper is suppor ted by Ministr y of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Ser bia (gr ant 176 020).
References
1. Čomić, Đ. 1988. Spatial planning of tour ism. Tour ism, 3, Tour ism Association of Cr oatia, Zagr eb (in Ser bian).
2. Cr nogor ac, Č. 2002. Protection of mountainous areas in the Republic Srpska (BIH) in the ter m of tour ism development, Tur izam 6, 26 -28 (in Ser bian).
3. Đekić, S. 2002. Sustainable development of tour ism as a component of sustainable r ur al development, Tur izam 6, 22-24(in Ser bian).
4. Izr ael, J. A. 1980. Main Pr inciples of Monitor ing the Natur al Envir onment and Climate. Symposium on the Development of Multimedia Monitor ing of Envir onmental Pollution Pr oceedings (pp. 3-6). Wor ld Meteor ological Or ganization. 5. Jenkins, K., Woodw ar d, A., Schr einer . E. 2006. A Fr amewor k for Long-t er m Ecological
Monit or ing in Olympic Nat ional Par k: Pr ot ot ype for t he Conifer ous For est Biome. U.S. Geological Sur vey, Reston.
6. Kosar , Lj., Rašeta, S. 2005. Qualit y challenges. The College of Hotel Management. Belgr ade (in Ser bian).
7. Macleod, D.V.L., Gillespie, S.A. 2010. Sust ainable Tour ism in Rur al Eur ope: Appr oaches t o Development, Taylor & Fr ancis Gr oup.
8. Romelić, J, Tomić, P. 2002. Sustainable tour ism in pr otected ar eas of Vojvodina, Tur izam 6, 19-22 (in Ser bian).
9. Stanković, S. 1979. Envir onmental pr otection and moder n tour ism. Geogr aphica Slovenica 9, 55-66.
10.Stanković, S. 2003. Envir onment, Tour ism and Planning. Jour nal of t he Ser bian Geogr aphical Societ y, Volume LXXXIII, Number 2, Belgr ade.
11.Stanković, S. 2004. Natur e pr otection and sustainable tour ism, Ekoist ina 2004, (in Ser bian).
42
13.The Inter national Ecotour ism Society, on http:/ / ww w .ecotour ism.or g, accessed on 09 August, 2012.
14.The Wor ld Tr avel & Tour ism Council (WTTC), on ht tp:/ / w ww .w ttc.or g, accessed on 18 August, 2012.
15.Vaughan, H., Whitelaw , G., Cr aig, B., Stew ar t. C. 2003. Linking ecological science to decision-making: deliver ing envir onmental monitor ing infor mation as societal feedback, Envir onment al Monit or ing and Assessment 88, 399-408.
16.Vr atuša, V., Anastasijević, N. 2002. Sustainable development, r egional development and r ur al tour ism in Ser bia at the beginning of the 21st centur y, Tur izam 6, 24-26 (in
Ser bian).
17.Vučić, S., Ranđelović, M., Đorđević, D. 2002. Sustainable tour ism as a r equir ement of cur r ent tour ism tr ends, Tur izam 6, 28-30 (in Ser bian).
18.Woodley, S. 1993. Monit or ing and measur ing ecosyst em int egr it y in Canadian Nat ional Par ks. Pages 155-175 in S. Woodley, J. Kay, and G. Fr ancis, editor s. Ecological Integr ity and Management of Ecosystems. St. Lucie Pr ess. Delr ay Beach, FL.
19.Wor ld Tour ism Or ganization (UNWTO), on http:/ / w ww .w or ld-tour ism.or g accessed on 22 August, 2012.
