UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS
DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA ELÉTRICA
PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA ELÉTRICA
DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO
MODELAGEM E SIMULAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS A
EVENTOS DISCRETOS VIA REDES DE PETRI
ESTOCÁSTICAS: APLICAÇÃO EM MINERAÇÃO
CESAR MONTEIRO RIBEIRO
BELO HORIZONTE - MG
❈❊❙❆❘ ▼❖◆❚❊■❘❖ ❘■❇❊■❘❖
▼❖❉❊▲❆●❊▼ ❊ ❙■▼❯▲❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❙■❙❚❊▼❆❙ ❆
❊❱❊◆❚❖❙ ❉■❙❈❘❊❚❖❙ ❱■❆ ❘❊❉❊❙ ❉❊ P❊❚❘■
❊❙❚❖❈➪❙❚■❈❆❙✿ ❆P▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ▼■◆❊❘❆➬➹❖
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❉r✳ ❆❞r✐❛♥♦ ❈❤❛✈❡s ▲✐s❜♦❛
❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❆♥❞r❡② ▼❛✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ❈❛♠✐❧❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✳ ❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✜❧❤❛ ❈❧❛r✐❝❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❢♦✐ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝♦❧❡❣❛ ♥♦s ❡st✉❞♦s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❆❞r✐❛♥♦ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❆♥❞r❡②✱ ♠❡✉ ❝♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢✳ ❘♦❞♥❡②✱ ❛♦ ❉♦✉❣❧❛s ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❡ ❆r❧✐♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦s sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à s✉❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❞❛ s❡✉ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ à s✉❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡st♦❝ást✐❝❛ q✉❡ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ✐♥✲ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛✳ ❯♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s é ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❡✈♦❧✉✐ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ❡ ✐♥❝❡rt♦s✱ s❡ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛ ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s✱ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡❧❡❣❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✱ ❝✉❥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ é s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✉ír❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❜❡♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛ ❡ s❡r❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞❛s✳ ❙ã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s✱ ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✱ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥❛s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥ís✲ t✐❝❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ✷ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s❡❣✉✐✲ r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❝r♦♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❡ ♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✹✸ ❧✉❣❛r❡s✱ ✸✽ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❡ ✶✶✸ ❛r❝♦s✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❝♦❧♦r✐❞❛✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✷✺✺ ❧✉❣❛r❡s✱ ✶✼✵ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❡ ✻✵✻ ❛r❝♦s✳ ◆❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ t❡st❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❛❧✐st❛s✱ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❡ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✻✵✪ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❛ ❡ ❛s ♣❛r❛❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ♣♦r ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✹✵✪✳ ❖ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡♠♦♥str♦✉ s❡r ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ três ✈❡③❡s ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❢❡✐t♦ ❡♠ ❙■▼❆◆✳ ❆ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❢♦✐ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞❛ ♥♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❡rr♦s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡ ✹✪✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s✱ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐✱ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❙♦♠❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛r❡ t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♥❛t✉r❡✱ t❤❛t ❝❤❛♥❣❡s t❤❡✐r st❛t❡ ♦✈❡r t✐♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ♥❛t✉r❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t②✳ ❆ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ❡✈❡♥t s②st❡♠ ✐s ❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ s②st❡♠ t❤❛t ❡✈♦❧✈❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥ts ❛t ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❛♥❞ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥✱ ❜❡✐♥❣ s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ♦❢ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ❡✈❡♥t s②st❡♠✱ P❡tr✐ ♥❡ts ❛r❡ ❛♥ ❡❧❡❣❛♥t ✇❛② ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✱ ✇❤♦s❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐s s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✐r❡❝t✱ ❜❡s✐❞❡s ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛ ✇❡❧❧✲❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❢♦r♠❛❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❜❡✐♥❣ ✇✐❞❡❧② ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s t❤❛t ❤❛✈❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❝♦♥❝✉rr❡♥t ❛s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ♥♦♥✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✲ ❝❡♣ts ♦❢ P❡tr✐ ♥❡ts ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ♠♦❞❡❧ t❤❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❧♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❤❛✉❧✐♥❣ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ♦❢ ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥ ♣✐t ♠✐♥❡✳ ❚✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t P❡tr✐ ♥❡t ♠♦❞❡❧s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❛ ❝❤r♦♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♦r❞❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝②✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ♠♦❞❡❧ ❤❛s ♦♥❧② ✹✸ ♣❧❛❝❡s✱ ✸✽ tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✶✶✸ ❛r❝s✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦✉rt❤ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ❝❤❛r❛❝✲ t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦❧♦r❡❞ P❡tr✐ ♥❡t✱ ❤❛s ✷✺✺ ♣❧❛❝❡s✱ ✶✼✵ tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✻✵✻ ❛r❝s✳ ■♥ ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ✈❛❧✉❡s✱ t❤❡ ❧♦❛❞✐♥❣✴✉♥❧♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❤❛✉❧✐♥❣ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❛❜♦✉t ✻✵✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠✐♥❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐✈✐t② ✈❛❧✉❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ st♦♣s ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥t❡♥❛♥❝❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❛❜♦✉t ✹✵✪✳ ❚❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦r s❤♦✇♥ t♦ ❜❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡❧② t❤r❡❡ t✐♠❡s ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ ✐♥ ❙■▼❆◆✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐✈✐t② ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst s❡❝♦♥❞s ♦❢ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ Pr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ r❡s✉❧ts ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❡rr♦rs ❜❡❧♦✇ ✹✪✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ❡✈❡♥t s②st❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✱ P❡tr✐ ♥❡ts✱ ♦♣❡♥ ♠✐♥❡ ♣✐t✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✷✳✶ ❈❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷ ❖s t❡♠♣♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦ sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❝✉r✈❛
❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s✳ P♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲ ❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❊r❧❛♥❣ ♦✉ ❜❡t❛✱ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸ ❆s ❝❛r❣❛s ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦ sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s
❞✐s❝r❡t♦s✳ P♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✱ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❉❈❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✺ ❋❧✉①♦ r❡s✉♠✐❞♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✸ ❢❛s❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✶ ●r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✷ ❧✉❣❛r❡s ✭❝ír❝✉❧♦s✮ ❡ ✶ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ✭r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✷ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛❞❛ ✭❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮ ❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞♦ ❞✐s♣❛r♦ ✭❞✐r❡✐t❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✹ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❤ã✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✺ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ t❛r❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✻ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✐t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✼ ❘❡❞❡ R ♠❛r❝❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✸✳✽ ●r❛❢♦ ❞❛s ♠❛r❝❛çõ❡s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✶ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✷ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛ ❡♠ ♣r❛ç❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✸ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❝❛rr❡❣❛❞❡✐r❛ ❡ ❜r✐t❛❞♦r✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✹ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✺ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛r❝♦ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r ❡ r❡❞❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ s❡♠ ❡❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✻ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✼ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✷ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❡ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✹✳✽ ❋✉♥çã♦p❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡❧t❛ ❞❡ ❉✐r❛❝ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r
❝♦♥st❛♥t❡α ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ v ❡♥tr❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣❛r♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✳ ✹✺
✹✳✾ ❋✉♥çã♦p❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦[a, b]❝♦♠
♠♦❞❛ c ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ v ❡♥tr❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣❛r♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✶✵ ❋✉♥çã♦ p ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♠é❞✐❛ µ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦
♣❛❞rã♦σ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ v ❡♥tr❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣❛r♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✺✳✶ Pr♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ t♦t❛❧ ♠❡♥s❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✶✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❙■▼❆◆ ✭❆r❡♥❛✮ ❝♦♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✭▼✷✮ ♣❛r❛
♣r♦❞✉çõ❡s ♠❡♥s❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✹ ❊rr♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ▼✶✱ ▼✷ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✺ Pr♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✻ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❙■▼❆◆ ✭❆r❡♥❛✮ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦
❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❛❝✐♠❛✮ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❛❜❛✐①♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✼ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❛❝✐♠❛✮ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❛❜❛✐①♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆◆ ✭❆r❡♥❛✮ ❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ❞❡
P❡tr✐ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✺✳✾ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆◆ ✭❆r❡♥❛✮ ❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ❞❡
P❡tr✐ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✺✳✶✵ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❙■▼❆◆ ✭❆r❡♥❛✮ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦
❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❛❝✐♠❛✮ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❛❜❛✐①♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✺✳✶✶ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❛❝✐♠❛✮ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❛❜❛✐①♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✺✳✶✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆◆ ✭❆r❡♥❛✮ ❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ❞❡
P❡tr✐ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✶✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆◆ ✭❆r❡♥❛✮ ❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ❞❡
P❡tr✐ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✺✳✶✹ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❛❝✐♠❛✮ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❛❜❛✐①♦✮ ♣❛r❛ ✶ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✺✳✶✺ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❛❝✐♠❛✮ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❛❜❛✐①♦✮ ♣❛r❛ ✷ ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✶✻ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❛❝✐♠❛✮ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❛❜❛✐①♦✮ ♣❛r❛ ✸ ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✶✼ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❛❝✐♠❛✮ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❛❜❛✐①♦✮ ♣❛r❛ ✹ ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺✳✶✽ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✷ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✶✾ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ▼✷ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s✳ ✻✷
❆✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✶ ♣❛r❛ ✽ ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ❆✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✷ ♣❛r❛ ✹ ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✹✳✶ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✷ ❚❡♠♣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✸ ❚❡♠♣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✺✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✷ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦
❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❙■▼❆◆ ✭❆r❡♥❛✮ ❝♦♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✭▼✶✮ ♣❛r❛
♣r♦❞✉çõ❡s ♠❡♥s❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❙■▼❆◆ ✭❆r❡♥❛✮ ❝♦♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✭▼✷✮ ♣❛r❛
♣r♦❞✉çõ❡s ♠❡♥s❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ▼✶✱ ▼✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✻ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✼ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✽ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✶ ✲ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦s ❡ ✈❛❧♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉çõ❡s
♠❡♥s❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
❆✳✶ ❆r❝♦s ❞❡ ❧✉❣❛r ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ❆✳✷ ❆r❝♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧✉❣❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ❆✳✸ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ❆✳✹ ❆r❝♦s ❞❡ ❧✉❣❛r ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ❆✳✺ ❆r❝♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧✉❣❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ❆✳✻ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✷ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✈
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✈✐✐
❆❜str❛❝t ✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✈
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✼
✷✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❛ ❊✈❡♥t♦s ❉✐s❝r❡t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✸ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✺ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✻ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ♥❡❜✉❧♦s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✼ ❘❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✽ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✽✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ três ❢❛s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✽✳✷ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✶✾
✸✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❜❧♦❝♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❛ ♣❛ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷✳✸ Ps❡✉❞♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✸ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✹ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❞❛s r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❛ ✸✶
✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✶ ✲ ❈❛r❣❛ ❡ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r❛ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✺ ❇❧♦❝♦ ❞❛s ♣❛r❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✷ ✲ ❈❛r❣❛ ❡ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✼ ❇❧♦❝♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✽ ▲✐♠✐t❡s ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✾ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✹✼
✺✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✺✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✸✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ▼✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✻✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s s❡♠ ♣❛r❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✻✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ♣❛r❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✺✳✻✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✻✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✻✸
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✻✺
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ❉❡t❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✼✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦ é ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❡stá ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦✱ ❡ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡stã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦✳ ❆s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦ ✈❡❡♠ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳ ❆ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ s❡ ♠♦str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❝✉st♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ t❡st❡s q✉❡ s❡r✐❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳
❯♠❛ ♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦ é ✉♠❛ ♠✐♥❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥ér✐♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í✲ ❝✐❡✳ ◆♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s✿ ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞❡✐r❛s✱ ❜r✐t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ✈✐❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s✱ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✲ tr✉í❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦
❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦“♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ s❡❄”✳
◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡rí❛♠♦s t❡r ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❝♦♠♦✿ ◗✉❛❧ s❡r✐❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐♥❛ s❡ s✉❜st✐t✉✐r♠♦s ♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛❄ ❖✉✱ s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❤✉✈❛✱ ♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s t✐✈❡ss❡♠ ❛ s✉❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛✱ q✉❛❧ s❡r✐❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❛❄
◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❣❡r❛✲ ❞♦r❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣r❡✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣rát✐❝❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s é tã♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❡ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛ ❛ s✉❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳
✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❬✷✵✶✸❪ ❡ ❞❡ ❈❛str♦ ❬✷✵✶✹❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♣♦rt❢ó❧✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦r❛✳ ❋♦✐ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ♣♦rt❢ó❧✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s q✉❡✱ r❡s♣❡✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♦rç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦✱ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❛ ♦✉ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ t❡♠♦s ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ♦✉ ❛♠❜❛s sã♦ r❡s♣♦st❛s q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❬❈❤✇✐❢ ✫ ▼❡❞✐♥❛✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳
Simulação Otimização
Saídas
Y
Informação de retroalimentação Entradas
X
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ X✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❛t✉❛rá ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❛ s❡r❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡ r❡❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦Y✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛rá q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❢♦r s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡✲ ❞✐♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ót✐♠♦s ♦✉ s✉❜ ót✐♠♦s ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳
❉❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛❧t♦s ❝✉st♦s✱ sã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❬✷✵✶✸❪ ❡ ❞❡ ❈❛str♦ ❬✷✵✶✹❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦✉tr❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s✳ ❈♦♥str✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❧❛✲ t❛❢♦r♠❛✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❆r❡♥❛ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦✳ ❊♠ ❢❛s❡ ❢✉t✉r❛✱ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ s❡rá ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦ é ♣❛r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞♦ “Pr✐♦r✐③❛çã♦
❞❡ P♦rt❢ó❧✐♦ ❞❡ ■♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡”✱ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❯❋▼● ❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❊◆❆❈❖▼
✶✳✷✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✸
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❡st✉❞❛r r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐✱ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s✱ ❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ à ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦✳
✶✳✸ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❆té ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞✉❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❣❡r❛❞❛s✿✿
✶✳ ❬❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺❛❪ ❖♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ♣❡tr✐ ♥❡ts t♦ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✇✐t❤ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t②✳ ✶st P❛♥✲❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐❝s✳ ❇✉❡♥♦s ❆✐r❡s✱ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✼✽✲✶✺✽✻✳
✷✳ ❬❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺❜❪ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡tr✐✳ ❳▲❱■■ ❙✐♠♣ós✐♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ P♦rt♦ ❞❡ ●❛❧✐♥❤❛s✱ P❡r♥❛♠❜✉❝♦✳
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❣r❡ss♦ P❆◆❆❈▼✷✵✶✺ ♥❛ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛✳ ❉✐s✲ ❝✉t❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✱ ❢♦✐ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ❡ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❳▲❱■■ ❙❇P❖ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡rá ❡♠ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❆❝r❡s✲ ❝❡♥t❛ à ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡t❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s✳
❆ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❛s ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦ é ♣❡q✉❡♥❛✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛s ❞✉❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s tr❛③❡♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦s✳ Pr❛t❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✺❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ✈✐❛ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞❡✐r❛✲❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦✳ ❆ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❡s♦s ❛♦s ❛r❝♦s q✉❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛♠ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❢♦✐ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❛ s❡r tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝✐❝❧♦✳ ❖✉tr❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❈♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❛r♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛çõ❡s ✭tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s✮ q✉❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦✳
✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s ♥❛ ❢r♦t❛ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡ s❛t✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❛✳
❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s às r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ❝♦❜r✐r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s✱ t❡♠♦s ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝♦ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐✳ ❊ss❛s ❞✉❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❇r❛❤♠❛ ❬✷✵✵✼❪ ❞❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♣❡r♠✐t✐r❛♠ ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐③❛r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ❇r❛❤♠❛ ❬✷✵✵✼❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❛s ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❧✉❣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❢✉sã♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❏❡♥s❡♥ ❬✶✾✾✻❪ ❡st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧✉❣❛r❡s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝♦s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠ ❧✉❣❛r q✉❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛ ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡♣❡t✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❧✉❣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❢✉sã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ à ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❤á ✉♠ ❧✉❣❛r q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞❡✐r❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞❡✐r❛ é ♦❝✉♣❛❞❛✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ r❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✜❝❤❛✱ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❧✉❣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❢✉sã♦ r❡❝❡❜❡rã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ ✜❝❤❛✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❤á r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❛r❝♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✢❡①í✈❡❧✱ ♣♦✐s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ s✐♠✉❧❛r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞❡✐r❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✜❝❤❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ♥♦s ❧✉❣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❢✉sã♦✳ ❏á ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝♦✲✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣❡r❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ♠❛✐s ✢❡①í✈❡❧✱ ♣♦✐s ❢♦✐ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ n ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s✱ s❡♠ q✉❡ ❢♦ss❡♠ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✿ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦
■♥tr♦❞✉③ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❛s ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✿ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐
✶✳✹✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✺
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❛
❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❞♦✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡✳ ❉❡t❛❧❤❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦s ♦s s✉❜✲♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ❞♦s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✿ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s
❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝r✐❛❞♦s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✿ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦
✷✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❛ ❊✈❡♥t♦s ❉✐s❝r❡t♦s
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❈❛ss❛♥❞r❛s ✫ ▲❛❢♦rt✉♥❡ ❬✷✵✶✵❪✱ ♦ t❡r♠♦ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥✲ t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ❡ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧ ♦✉ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✈❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✳ ❖ t❡r♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❚❛✐s s✐st❡♠❛s tê♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧ ♣❡r✲ ❝❡❜❡♠ ❛s ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛ s✉❛ ✈♦❧t❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞á ♣❡❧❛ r❡❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❡stí♠✉❧♦s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s sã♦✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ✐♥st❛♥tâ♥❡♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❧❤❡s ❝♦♥❢❡r❡ ✉♠ ❝❛rát❡r ❞✐s❝r❡t♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❡st❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s sã♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐✲ ♥❛❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s ✭❙❊❉✮ ❬❘♦❜✐♥s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✹❪✱ ❡♠ ♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛s✱ tr❛t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❝❧áss✐❝❛✳ ❆ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞✐s❝r❡t❛ ❞♦s ❙❊❉✬s ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s✱ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❛tá✲❧♦s✳
❯♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❡✈♦❧✉✐ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ❡ ✐♥❝❡rt♦s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❈❛ss❛♥❞r❛s ✫ ▲❛❢♦rt✉♥❡ ❬✷✵✶✵❪✱ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❝❛✉s❛ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♦✉ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❉✐✈❡rs❛s sã♦ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ✭❡✳❣ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛s✱ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦✮ ❬❙❝❤r♦❡r ✫ ❚s❡♥❣✱ ✶✾✽✽❀ ❨✉r✐②✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✱ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✭❡✳❣✳ ❜❛♥❝♦s✱ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❝♦rr❡✐♦✮ ❬❱✐s✐♥t✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❪✱ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ✭❡✳❣✳ ♣r♦♥t♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝❡♥tr♦s ❝✐rúr❣✐❝♦s✮ ❬❍❛♠r♦❝❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸❪✱ ❡ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ❬❖✬❘❡✐❧❧② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳
✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦
Pr♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à s✉❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❞❛ s❡✉ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ à s✉❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡st♦❝ást✐❝❛ q✉❡ é r❡❣✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛✳ ❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦ t❡♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ❡ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ r❡♣❡t✐♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧✳ ❈♦♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♠ã♦s✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❛s ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛r ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❛s✳
✷✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s
▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ❡ ♦s s❡✉s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛ ❞❡ss❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳ ❆s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ♠✐♥❛s ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣❡r❢✉r❛çã♦✱ ❞❡s♠♦♥t❡✱ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❬❍✉str✉❧✐❞ ✫ ❋❡r♥❜❡r❣✱ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
P❛r❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥ér✐♦✱ ❛❧♦❝❛♠✲s❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❛✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❢r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧❛✈r❛✱ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✭♠✐♥ér✐♦ ♦✉ ❡stér✐❧✮ r❡t✐r❛❞♦ é ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❛té ✉♠ ❜r✐t❛❞♦r✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♠✐♥ér✐♦ é ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦✱ ♦✉ ❛té ♣✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❡stér✐❧✳
❙♦❜ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✱ ❙✉❜t✐❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✶❪ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ sã♦ ❛s ♠❛✐s ❝rít✐❝❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❧❛✈r❛✱ ❥á q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✺✵✪ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❡ss❛ ♣❛rt❡ é ❝rít✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ♣♦✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ❛s ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s q✉❛tr♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❛✳ ❯♠ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✳
✷✳✷✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ✾
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳ ❈❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛✈r❛ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s♣❛❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧❛✈r❛✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❢r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧❛✈r❛ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♦✉ ❜❧❡♥❞❛❣❡♠ ❬❋✐♦r♦♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ❈♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠✐♥ér✐♦ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐✲ ❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♠✐st✉r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ s❛t✐s❢❛③❡r ❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❬❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✳
❆ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦ sã♦ ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦s✱ ❡ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s
P❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐♥❛✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡♠ q✉❡ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞♦✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧ s❡❥❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛s r❡❣r❛s às q✉❛✐s ❝❛❞❛ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❛ ❡st❛ s✉❥❡✐t♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ t♦r♥❛r ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦ ❢❛③ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❛✿ ❝❛r❣❛ ❡ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ♠✐♥ér✐♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ s❡✉ ✐t✐♥❡rár✐♦ é r❡❣✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❡ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❜❧♦❝♦✳ ❙❡ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ é ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❛✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❜❧♦❝♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦ q✉❡✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝✐❝❧♦✱ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝❛r❣❛ q✉❡ ❝❛rr❡❣♦✉✳ ❊ss❛ é ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✶✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦
❊r❧❛♥❣ ❬❩✉❦❡r♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✶✺❪ ♦✉ ❜❡t❛ ❬❲❛❧❝❦✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛ss❡♠❡❧❤❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❬●❛✉ss✱ ✶✽✵✾❪✳ ❊❧✲▼♦s❧♠❛♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✷❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s ❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊r❧❛♥❣ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛✳ ❋❛r✐❞ ✫ ❑♦♥✐♥❣ ❬✶✾✾✹❪ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❊r❧❛♥❣ ♦✉ ❜❡t❛ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡❛❧ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✳ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❜❡t❛✱ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ s✉❜❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ s✉♣❡r❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✹ ❛té ✼✪ ❬❋❛r✐❞ ✫ ❑♦♥✐♥❣✱ ✶✾✾✹❪✳ ❖✉tr❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❚❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✺❪ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s✱ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s à r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❛❧ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❖ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ à ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♣❡❧❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧❛✈r❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞✐❛✳
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
tempo de carga (s)
densidade de probabilidade
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳ ❖s t❡♠♣♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦ sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❤✐st♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛✱ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s✳ P♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❊r❧❛♥❣ ♦✉ ❜❡t❛✱ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦s✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦✳ ❚♦r❦❛♠❛♥✐ ✫ ❆s❦❛r✐✲◆❛s❛❜ ❬✷✵✶✷❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s✲❝❛rr❡❣❛❞❡✐r❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❡ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦✳
✷✳✸✳ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ✶✶
210 220 230 240 250 260 270
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
carga (ton)
densidade de probabilidade
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳ ❆s ❝❛r❣❛s ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦ sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s✳ P♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✱ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦s✳
❞❡❧♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤õ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡❣✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ❞❡st✐♥♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❛✳
❏✉❧✐á ❬✷✵✶✵❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣át✐♦✲ ♣♦rt♦ ♥❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✐♥ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr♦✳ P❛♥t✉③❛ ❬✷✵✶✶❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❞♦✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❝é✉ ❛❜❡rt♦✳ ▼♦❧❝❦ ❬✷✵✵✷❪✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❣❡♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣át✐♦s ❞❡ ❡st♦❝❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦r❛✳
✷✳✸ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s
❉✐✈❡rs❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s q✉❡ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❞❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s✳ ❇✉rt ✫ ❈❛❝❝❡tt❛ ❬✷✵✶✸❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦✳ ❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❢♦✲ r❛♠ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❣r✉♣♦s✿ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r✱ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✱ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s✱ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✜❧❛s✳ ❖✉tr❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s s❡rã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛s ♥❡st❛ s❡çã♦✳
