❘❖◗❯❊ ❆◆❉❊❘❙❖◆ ❙❆▲❉❆◆❍❆ ❚❊■❳❊■❘❆
❏❖●❖❙ ❉■●■❚❆■❙ ❈❖▼❖ ❆❘❚■❋❮❈■❖
P❊❉❆●Ó●■❈❖ ◆❆ ❊❙❈❖▲❆ ❆❚❯❆▲
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡✲ q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❘❡♥❛t♦ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❈❡❧s♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛
© 2015, Roque Anderson Saldanha Teixeira.
Todos os direitos reservados
Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca do ICEx - UFMG
Teixeira, Roque Anderson Saldanha.
T266j Jogos digitais como artifício pedagógico na escola atual. / Roque Anderson Saldanha Teixeira. – Belo Horizonte, 2015.
xvii, 97 f.: il.; 29 cm.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais – Departamento de Ciência da Computação.
Orientador: Renato Antônio Celso Ferreira .
1. Computação - Teses. 2. Jogos digitais. 3. Jogos educativos I. Orientador. II. Título.
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣♦r ❣✉✐❛r ♠❡✉s ♣❛ss♦s ❡ ♠❡ ❞❛r ❢♦rç❛ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✳ ❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ P❛trí❝✐❛ ♣♦r ❡st❛r s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r✱ ♠❡ ❞❛r ❝♦r❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥stâ♥❝✐❛s✳ P♦r ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❞❡ ♠❡✉s s♦♥❤♦s ❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❛ r❡❛❧✐③á✲❧♦s✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❘❡♥❛t♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❞❡ ❜r❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s✱ ♣♦r t♦❞❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡ t♦❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s q✉❡ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ♠❡ ❣✉✐❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r❛♠ ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❢♦ss❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ❏ú❧✐♦✱ ❚✐♦ ❏♦sé ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❛♠ ❞❡ss❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ▲✉✐③ ❈❤❛✐♠♦✇✐❝③ ❡ ❘❛q✉❡❧ Pr❛t❡s✳
❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✱ s❡♠♣r❡ s♦❧✐❞ár✐♦s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ◆❡r②✱ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡✱ ❖s✈❛❧❞♦ ❡ t❛♥t♦s ♦✉tr♦s✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥❡ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ ♥♦s r❡❝❡❜❡r❛♠ ❞❡ ❜r❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s ❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ ❛❜❡rt♦s ❛ ♥♦✈❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s✳ ❖s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛t✐✈❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s ❡ ■s✐s ▼❛❝✐❡❧ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
➚ s❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞♦ ❉❈❈✲❯❋▼●✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❥✉❞❛r s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳
❊ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ❉❈❈ ❡ à ❯❋▼● ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❡ ♣♦r t♦❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
✏❲❤❡♥ ②♦✉✬r❡ r❡❛❧❧② ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞✱ ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ ❧❡❛r♥ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣✳✑ ✭❱❡st❡r❜❛❝❦✱ P❡t❡r✱ ✷✵✶✷ ✲❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❞♦ ❆♥❣r② ❇✐r❞s✮
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✶ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ▲❖●❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✷ ❆✳ ❙♣❛❝❡ ■♥✈❛❞❡rs✱ ❇✳ P❛❝✲▼❛♥✱ ❈✳ ❊♥❞✉r♦✱ ❉✳ ❘✐✈❡r ❘❛✐❞✱ ❊✳ ❉♦♥❦❡② ❑♦♥❣✱
❋✳ ❇❛s✐❝ ▼❛t❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✸ ✶✳ ❏♦❣♦ ❊✳❚ ✭❆t❛r✐ ✷✻✵✵✮✱ ✷✳ ▼✐st❡r② ❍♦✉s❡ ✭▼❙❳✮✱ ✸✳ ❆♣♣❧❡✭▼❛❝✐♥t♦s❤✮ ✳ ✶✹ ✸✳✹ ✶✳ ❙✉♣❡r ▼❛r✐♦ ❇r♦s ✭◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦✮✱ ✷✳ ❆❧❡① ❑✐❞ ✭❙❊●❆✮✱ ✸✳ ▲❖●❖ ✭▼❙❳✮ ✳ ✶✺ ✸✳✺ ✶✳ ❙✉♣❡r ▼❛r✐♦ ❇r♦s ✸ ✭◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦✮✱ ✷✳ ❙♦♥✐❝ ✭❙❊●❆✮✱ ✸✳ ❲❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡
❲♦r❧❞ ■s ❈❛r♠❡♥ ❙❛♥❞✐❡❣♦❄ ✭P❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✻ ✶✳ ❲♦❧❢❡♥st❡✐♥ ✸❉ ✭P❈✮✱ ✷✳ ❘❡s✐❞❡♥t ❊✈✐❧ ✭P❧❛②❙t❛t✐♦♥✮✱ ✸✳ ❙tr❡❡t ❋✐❣❤t❡r
■■ ✭◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦✮✱ ✹✳ ▼❛t❤ ❇❧❛st❡r ❊♣✐s♦❞❡ ■ ✭P❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✼ ✶✳ ❙♦♥✐❝ ✭❉r❡❛♠❝❛st✮✱ ✷✳ ●❚❆ ✭P❧❛②❙t❛t✐♦♥✮✱ ✸✳ ❩❡❧❞❛ ✭◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦✮✱ ✹✳ ❋r❡❞❞
❋✐s❤ ✭P❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✽ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ♣r♦♠♦❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ ❲✐✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✾ ✶✳▼✐♥❡❝r❛t✱ ✷✳ ❆♥❣r② ❇✐r❞s✱ ✸✳ ✾✹ ❣r❛✉s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✶✵ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ t❡s❡s ❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❈❆P❊❙ ✲ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✼ ❛ ✷✵✵✽ ❬❏ú♥✐♦r✱
✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✺✳✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛r ❥♦❣♦s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s ❬❈♦♥♥♦❧❧②✱
✷✵✵✾❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✺✳✷ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❣ê♥❡r♦s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✾✼✺ ❛ ✷✵✶✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✺✳✸ P♦ssí✈❡✐s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s ❡♠ ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳ ❬◆❡r②✱ ✷✵✶✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✻✳✶ ❇❧♦❝♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✲ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛✱ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ❣❛♠❡♣❧❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✻✳✷ ❚❡tr✐s ✲ ❇❧♦❝♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✻✳✸ ❈✉r✈❛ ❈❧áss✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✻✳✹ ❊♥t♦♠❜❡❞ ❡ ▲❛❜✐r✐♥t♦s ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✻✳✺ ❇❧♦❝♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✲ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛✱ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ❥♦❣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✻✳✻ ❆st❡r♦✐❞s ❡ ❋❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✻✳✼ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❛st❡ró✐❞❡s ♥♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❋❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✻✳✽ ❋❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✽✳✶ ❯s♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✽✳✷ ❯s♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✽✳✸ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✽✳✹ ❏♦❣♦s ♣♦r ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✽✳✺ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✻✶ ✽✳✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦s ❞♦s t❡st❡s ❡♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❥♦❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✽✳✼ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ❆✳✶ ❚❡tr✐s ✲ ❇❧♦❝♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ❆✳✷ ❈✉r✈❛ ❈❧áss✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ❆✳✸ ❇♦tõ❡s ❞❡ ❇ô♥✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ❆✳✹ ❇❧♦❝♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✲ ❚❡❧❛ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ❆✳✺ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ❆✳✻ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ❆✳✼ ❇❧♦❝♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✲ ❍❯❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ❆✳✽ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ❇✳✶ ❆st❡r♦✐❞s ❡ ❋❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ❇✳✷ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❛st❡ró✐❞❡s ♥♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❋❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ❇✳✸ ❋❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ❇✳✹ ❋❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✲ ■♥str✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ❇✳✺ ❋❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✲ ❍❯❉ ♠✉♥✐çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ❇✳✻ ❋❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✲ ❍❯❉ ❱✐❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✺✳✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❏♦❣♦ ① ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✲ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✲ ✈♦s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ Pró♣r✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✻✳✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ▲❛❜✐r✐♥t♦s ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✽✳✶ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡♠ ❝❛s❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✽✳✷ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✽✳✸ P♦♥t♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✽✳✹ P♦♥t♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✷ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❥♦❣♦s ❡ ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡s ✺ ✷✳✶ ❏♦❣♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✷ ❏♦❣♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣s✐❝ó❧♦❣♦s ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✸ ❖s ❏♦❣♦s ❉✐❣✐t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✹ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✶✶
✸✳✶ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ✐♥✈❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡ ✲ ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✹✵ ❛ ✻✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✸✳✷ ❖s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ✲ ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✼✵ ❡ ✽✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✸ ❖ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ✲ ❞❡ ✽✵ ❡ ✽✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✹ ▼í❞✐❛s Ó♣t✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ✶✻ ❜✐ts✲ ❛♥♦s ✽✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✸✳✺ ◆❛s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ✲ ✾✷ ❛ ✷✵✵✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✻ ●❡r❛çã♦ ✻✹✲✶✷✽ ❜✐ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✼ ◆♦✈❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ✲ ✭s❛✐♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❧tr♦♥❛✮ ✷✵✵✵ ❛ ✷✵✶✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✽ ■♥✈❛sã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s ❡ r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ✭s❛✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s❛ ❡ ✐♥❞♦
♠❛✐s ❧♦♥❣❡✮ ✷✵✶✵ ❛ ❤♦❥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✾ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✶✵ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✹ ❏♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✲ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ✷✺ ✹✳✶ ❆s ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✹✳✷ Pr♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✸ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✺ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❏♦❣♦s✿ ●ê♥❡r♦s ❡ ●❛♠❡ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✸✶ ✺✳✶ ●ê♥❡r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✺✳✷ ●❛♠❡ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✺✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❥♦❣♦s ❉✐❞át✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✺✳✹ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✻ ❏♦❣♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ✹✶
✻✳✶ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✻✳✶✳✶ ❇❧♦❝♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✻✳✶✳✷ ▲❛❜✐r✐♥t♦s ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✻✳✶✳✸ ❋❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✻✳✷ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✼ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✺✶
✽ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✺✺
✽✳✶ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ❉✐❣✐t❛✐s ♥❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✽✳✶✳✶ ❏♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✽✳✶✳✷ ❚❡st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✽✳✶✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✽✳✷ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✾ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✻✺ ✾✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ❆♥❡①♦ ❆ ❇❧♦❝♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✲●❉❉ ✻✾ ❆✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ❆✳✷ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❏♦❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ❆✳✷✳✶ ❇ô♥✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ❆✳✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ❆✳✸✳✶ ❚❡❧❛ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ❆✳✸✳✷ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ❆✳✸✳✸ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ❆✳✸✳✹ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ●❛♠❡P❧❛② ✲ ❍❯❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
❆✳✸✳✺ ❘❡❧❛tór✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ❆♥❡①♦ ❇ ❋❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧✲●❉❉ ✼✾ ❇✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ❇✳✷ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❏♦❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
❆♥❡①♦ ❈ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✽✺
❈✳✶ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ❈✳✶✳✶ ❚❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ❈✳✶✳✷ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ❈✳✶✳✸ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ❈✳✶✳✹ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❆❧✉♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✾✸
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❉❡s❞❡ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s ❜✉s❝❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡r✲ r❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❬❑❧♦♣❢❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r❛♠ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♣❡✲ ❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ▲❖●❖✱ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ✻✼ ❬P❛♣❡rt✱ ✶✾✼✷❪ ❬❈❤❛❦r❛❜♦rt② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾❪ ❡✱ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❲✐❦✐♣é❞✐❛ ✭✷✵✵✶✮❬❇♦✉❧♦s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❪ ❡ ❑❤❛♥ ❆❝❛❞❡♠② ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❬❉✐❥❦s♠❛♥ ✫ ❑❤❛♥✱ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ❖✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♥ã♦ ✈ê♠ t❡♥❞♦ t❛♥t♦ s✉❝❡ss♦✳ ➱ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s q✉❡ t✐✈❡r❛♠ s✉❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✽✵ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✳ ❊❧❡s ❛t✐♥❣✐r❛♠ s❡✉ ❛✉❣❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❑✐ts ▼✉❧t✐✲ ♠í❞✐❛✳ ❙✉❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❢♦✐ ♠❛r❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♠❛r❝❛♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ✜♠ ❞❛ ❡r❛ ❊❞✉t❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❬❉❡❧❧❛❣✐✉st✐♥❛✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✳
❆✐♥❞❛ ❤♦❥❡ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s ♥ã♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r❛♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❣ê♥❡r♦s✳ ❆ ❡s❝♦❧❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥ã♦ t❡r ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ss❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❡ss❛s ♥♦✈❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r tr❛③✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲❛ ♠❛✐s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❬❙❛♥t❛♥❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺❪✳
▼❛s✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❥♦❣♦ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡✜❝❛③ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ❏♦❣♦s ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r❛③❡r✳ ❊❧❡s sã♦ ót✐♠♦s ❡♠ ✐♠❡r❣✐r ♦s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡ r✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❬❙❤❛✛❡r✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ◆❛ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✻ ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❊♥t❡rt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥✱ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✧❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐✈❛✱ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥♦s ❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s rá♣✐❞❛s✧❬❙q✉✐r❡ ✫ ❏❡♥❦✐♥s✱ ✷✵✵✸❪✳ ❆♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s✱ ♦s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♦✿ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❛ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✱ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡
✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❡str✉t✉r❛s ❡ r❡❣r❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝✐t❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s✳ ❊ss❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s é ✐❞❡❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❬❑❧♦♣❢❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ♣♦r q✉❡ ❤á ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥tá✲❧♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦❄ ❊st✉❞♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❆r❝❛❞❡ ❞♦ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s q✉❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛♠ ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡ss❡s ❢❛t♦s✱ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❡ t❡♠❛ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ q✉❡ ✈✐✈❡♠♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞♦✳ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ t✈ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s✱ ❥♦❣♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ♦✉✲ tr❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡♥❝❤❡♠ ♦s ♦❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ❡ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ✈❡♠♦s ♥♦ss♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♥❣❡ss❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ sér✐❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❋r❡✐r❡ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✱ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ r❡s❣❛t❛r ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♣❡❧❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈❛✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝♦✲ ♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❬❋r❡✐r❡✱ ✶✾✾✻❪✳ ❊ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ s✉r✈❡② ❞❡ ▲♦✉r❡♥ç♦ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ❬▲♦✉r❡♥ç♦✱ ✷✵✶✷❪ q✉❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s♦✉ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çõ❡s ❡ t❡s❡s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❈❆P❊❙ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✼ ❛ ✷✵✶✵✱ sã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦✉❝♦s ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ❛tr❛t✐✈♦s ❛♦s ♦❧❤♦s ❞❡ s❡✉ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❛❧✈♦✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❝r✐❛r ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❏♦❣♦s q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rt✐❞♦s ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳ P❛r❛ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ❡st❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ t❛♠❜é♠✿
• ❋❛③❡r ❡st✉❞♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s
❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
• ❱❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s ❝✐t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❡❞❡♠ ♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s
❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❛t✉❛❧ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳
• ❆♣❧✐❝❛r té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s q✉❡
✶✳✷✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✸
✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ✲ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❥♦❣♦s ❡ ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡s✿ ❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ tr❛t❛ ❞❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡ é ✈✐st♦ ♣♦r ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ♣s✐❝ó❧♦❣♦s✳ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ t❛✐s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s sã♦ ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ✲ ❆ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✿ ❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ♠♦str❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❛t♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♠❛r❝❛♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ✲ ❖s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✲ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s✿ ▼✉✐t❛s ❜❛rr❡✐✲ r❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♠ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❊ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ✲ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❏♦❣♦s✿ ●ê♥❡r♦s ❡ ●❛♠❡ ❉❡s✐❣♥✿ P❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✱ ♥❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✈❛♠♦s ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ s♦❜r❡ ❣❛♠❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ ✲ ❖s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✿ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❞♦✐s ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❡s❝♦❧❛s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦✿ P❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❛t✉❛❧ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✈❛♠♦s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s✱ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✳ ❊ss❡s ❥♦❣♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ❱❛♠♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ss❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❥♦❣♦s ❡ ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s✳ ❱❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ❛♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ✜♠✳ ❱❡r❡♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s sã♦ ✈✐st♦s ♣♦r ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ♣s✐❝ó❧♦❣♦s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ✈❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞❛s t❛✐s ❛✜r♠❛çõ❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳
✷✳✶ ❏♦❣♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦
❆✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❬❍✉✐③✐♥❣❛✱ ✶✾✼✶❪ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠ q✉❡ ❜r✐♥❝❛❞❡✐r❛s ❡ ❥♦❣♦s sã♦ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛ ❧ú❞✐❝❛ ❞♦ s❡r✱ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❊ss❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rsã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ✐rr❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❛✉t♦r✱ ♥❛ ●ré❝✐❛ ❛♥t✐❣❛✱ três t❡r♠♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❛♠ ❥♦❣♦✿
• ♣❛✐❞é✐❛✿ ❥♦❣♦s ❡ ❜r✐♥❝❛❞❡✐r❛s ✐♥❢❛♥t✐s✱ s❡♠ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s❀ • át❤②r♠❛✿ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ r❡❝r❡❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❢út❡✐s✱ ♥ã♦ sér✐♦s❀
• ❛❣ô♥✿ ❥♦❣♦s ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦s✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❤❡❧ê♥✐❝❛✳
❏á ❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ❧❛t✐♥❛ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛✱ ❧✉❞✉s✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡ r❡❢❡r✐r ❛♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ à ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❆ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❧✉❞✉s ❞❡✐①♦✉ ❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r ❧✉❣❛r ❛♦ t❡r♠♦ ❥♦❝✉s ❞♦ ❧❛t✐♠ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✳ ❊ss❡ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡✉ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❧í♥❣✉❛s✿ ❥❡✉ ✭❢r❛♥❝ês✮✱ ❣✐♦❝♦ ✭✐t❛❧✐❛♥♦✮✱ ❥✉❡❣♦ ✭❡s♣❛♥❤♦❧✮✱ ❥♦❣♦ ✭♣♦rt✉❣✉ês✮✳ ❏á ❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❛♥❣❧♦✲s❛①ã✿ ♣❧❡❣❛ ❡ ♣❧❡❣❛♥ ❞ã♦ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ✐♥❣❧❡s❡s✿ ♣❧❛② ❡ ❣❛♠❡ ❬▲♦✉r❡♥ç♦✱ ✷✵✶✷❪✳
✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❥♦❣♦s ❡ ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡s
• ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❢ís✐❝❛ ♦✉ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ❛
♣❡r❞❛ ♦✉ ♦ ❣❛♥❤♦❀
• ❇r✐♥q✉❡❞♦✱ ♣❛ss❛t❡♠♣♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t♦❀
• P❛ss❛t❡♠♣♦ ♦✉ ❧♦t❡r✐❛✱ s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❛ r❡❣r❛s ❡ ♥♦ q✉❛❧✱ às ✈❡③❡s✱ s❡ ❛rr✐s❝❛ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦❀ • ❘❡❣r❛s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❥♦❣❛✳
❉❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ♦ ❥♦❣♦ é ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r❛③❡r♦s❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ♣♦r r❡❣r❛s ❛❝❡✐t❛s ❝♦♥s❡♥s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❖s ❥♦❣♦s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ s♦❧✐tár✐♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡✱ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡✴♦✉ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦✳
✷✳✷ ❏♦❣♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣s✐❝ó❧♦❣♦s ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s
❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❥♦❣♦s✱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ sã♦ ❛tr❛❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞✐✈❡rt✐❞♦s✳ ▼❛s ❞❡✈❡♠♦s ❢❛③❡r ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✿
✶✳ ❖ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛r ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s❄ ✷✳ ❏♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r❄
P❛r❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r à ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ q✉❡stã♦✱ ✈❛♠♦s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡st✉❞♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❙❚❊P ✭❙❝❤❡❧❧❡r ❚❡❛❝❤❡r ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠✮ ♦✉ ✧❚❤❡ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❆r❝❛❞❡✧✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts ✲ ▼■❚ ❞❡s❞❡ ✶✾✾✺✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❑❧♦♣❢❡r✱ ❖st❡r✇❡✐❧ ❡ ❙❛❧❡♥ ❬❑❧♦♣❢❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❪ ✭♣✳✹✲✺✮✱ ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❛♦ ❥♦❣❛r✱ ❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ ❡stá ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❡✐①♦s ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✿
✶✳ ▲✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢r❛❝❛ss❛r✿ ❡♠ ❥♦❣♦✱ ❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ é ❧✐✈r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡rr❛r✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢r❛❝❛ss♦ ✭❝❤✉t❡ ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ❣♦❧✱ ❝❛✐r ❞♦ s❦❛t❡✱ ❡t❝✮❀
✷✳ ▲✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✿ é ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛✱ s✉❣❡r❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ♣♦❞❡ t❡♥t❛r ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❡ ✈ár✐❛s ✈❡③❡s❀
✸✳ ▲✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✿ ❊♠ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ✈ár✐❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✿ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈❛✱ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❛✱ ❞ó❝✐❧✱ ❡t❝✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡❀ ✹✳ ▲✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦✿ ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r é ❧✐✈r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r q✉❛♥t♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ é
✷✳✷✳ ❏♦❣♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣s✐❝ó❧♦❣♦s ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s ✼
✺✳ ▲✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✿ ◆ã♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ s❡♠ s❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♥❡❧❡✳ ❉♦✐s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❥♦❣❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❥♦❣♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ■ss♦ ❝r✐❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♠ ❥♦❣♦s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳
❆s ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ❥♦❣♦s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♠❛s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ r❛r❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❛t✉❛❧✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈✐st❛s t❡♥t❛♠ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s sã♦ ❧✐✈r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❜✉s❝❛r ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❜❡rt❛ ❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ♠✐❧✐t❛ ❝♦♥tr❛ ♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ê♥❢❛s❡ ❡♠ ♥♦t❛s ❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✐①❛ ♣♦✉❝❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢r❛❝❛ss♦ ♦✉ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ✈❛r✐❛❞♦s ❬❑❧♦♣❢❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✳ ❏♦❣❛r t❛♠❜é♠ ❡①✐❣❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❏❛② ▲❡♠❦❡ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s tê♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✧st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣❧❛②❢✉❧♥❡ss✧✱ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐t✉❞❡ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛ ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ às q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝r✐❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❞❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈✐s❛çã♦✳ ❍✉✐③✐♥❣❛ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ ❛t✐t✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✧❛t✐t✉❞❡ ❧✉sór✐❛✧✱ ❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✧♠♦♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r s❡ ✈ê ♣r❡ss✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✱ ❛í ♦❝♦rr❡ ✉♠ ♠❡t❛✲r❡✢❡①♦ ✧q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡✧ q✉❡ é q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✳✧❬▲❡♠❦✱ ✷✵✶✸❪
❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦ ❥á ❢♦✐ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♥♦♠❡s ❞❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❏❡❛♥ P✐❛❣❡t ❡ ▲❡✈ ❙✳ ❱②❣♦ts❦②✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡r❣✐r❡♠ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s✱ ❛♠❜♦s s❡ ♠♦str❛♠ ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s ❛♦ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✳ P✐❛❣❡t ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❡♠ três ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s às três ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❬P✐❛❣❡t✱ ✶✾✾✵❪✿
• ❏♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ s❡♥sór✐♦✲♠♦t♦r✿ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❡stá
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ r❡✢❡①♦❀
• ❏♦❣♦s ❙✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦s ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ♣ré✲♦♣❡r❛tór✐❛ ✭✷✲✻ ❛♥♦s✮✿ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❡ ❢❛③ ❞❡
❝♦♥t❛❀
• ❏♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❘❡❣r❛s ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛s ✭✼✲✶✶ ❛♥♦s✮✿ ❥♦❣♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡✈❡
r❡s♣❡✐t❛r r❡❣r❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✱ ❞❛♠❛✱ ①❛❞r❡③✳
✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❥♦❣♦s ❡ ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡s
❆q✉✐ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ✈ê ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦s ❥♦❣♦s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✕ P❈◆✿ ✧❖s ❥♦❣♦s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥t❡✲ r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ❡st❡s s❡❥❛♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛tr❛❡♥t❡ ❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡ç❛♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çõ❡s ✈✐✈❛s ❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ♣❡r❛♥t❡ ♦s ❡rr♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s s❡ s✉❝❡❞❡♠ r❛♣✐❞❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❛ ❛çã♦✱ s❡♠ ❞❡✐①❛r ♠❛r❝❛s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s✳✧❬◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ✶✾✾✾❪✳
❆té ❛q✉✐ ❡st❛♠♦s ❢❛❧❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✳ ❊ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s❄ ❊ss❛s ❛✜r♠❛çõ❡s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞❛s❄
✷✳✸ ❖s ❏♦❣♦s ❉✐❣✐t❛✐s
❆s t❡♦r✐❛s ❞❡ P✐❛❣❡t ❡ ❱②❣♦ts❦② ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♠ ❛ ♠❛ss✐✈❛ ✐♥✈❛sã♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛r s❡ é ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ t❛✐s t❡♦r✐❛s sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛r❛ ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐✲ t❛✐s✱ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♠♦✿ ❛ ▲❆PP ❈❙ ●❛♠❡s ✲ P♦♥t✐❢í❝✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❈❛tó❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✭❈♦♦r❞✳ ▲✉❝✐❛ ❙❛♥t❛❡❧❧❛✮✱ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ●❛♠❡s ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❛ ❇❛❤✐❛ ✭❝♦♦r❞✳ ▲②♥♥ ❆❧✈❡s✮ ❡ ❚❉❆❈ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❛ P❛r❛í❜❛ ✭❋✐❧♦♠❡♥❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ●✳❙✳❈✳ ▼♦✐t❛✮✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r❛♠ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ♥♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬▲♦✉r❡♥ç♦✱ ✷✵✶✷❪✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛❢❡r✐r✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s t❡①t♦s ❞❡ ❬❏❡♥❦✐♥s✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✱ ❬Pr❡♥s❦②✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✱ ❬●r❡❡✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ ❬❆❧❞r✐❝❤✱ ✷✵✵✾❪ ❡ ❬▼❛tt❛r✱ ✷✵✶✵❪✱ q✉❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡stét✐❝❛✱ ❛ ✐♠❡rsã♦ ❡ ❛ s♦❝✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ♥♦s ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳
❆ ✐♠❡rsã♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ✉♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s só❧✐❞♦✳ ❉♦♥ ▼❡♥♥ ✭✶✾✾✸✮ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s só ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ s❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛r ❞❡ ✶✵✪ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❧❡❡♠❀ ✷✵✪ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦✉✈❡♠❀ ✸✵✪ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤á ✐♠❛❣❡♥s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❡stã♦ ♦✉✈✐♥❞♦❀ ✺✵✪ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✈ê ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❛❧❣♦ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦❀ ♠❛s q✉❛s❡ ✾✵✪ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❡s ♠❡s♠♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❬❑❧♦♣❢❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✳
✏❖s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛s✱ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✐r ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s s♦♥♦r♦s ✭✳✳✳✮✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✱ ♦r✐✉♥❞❛ ❞♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡♠ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♠í❞✐❛s✳✑
✷✳✹✳ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ✾
❈♦r❞❡✐r♦ ▼♦✐t❛✱ ✷✵✵✼❪ ✭♣❣ ✷✶✮✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬❑❧♦♣❢❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❪ ❬❙q✉✐r❡ ✫ ❏❡♥❦✐♥s✱ ✷✵✵✸❪✱ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐✈❛✱ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥♦s ❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ às ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s rá♣✐❞❛s✳
✷✳✹ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸
❍✐stór✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❡ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s s❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥✐③❛r❛♠ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥✲ t❛r❛♠ s❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✜♥s✳ ❱❡r❡♠♦s ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞♦s ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s✳ ❊ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
✸✳✶ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ✐♥✈❡♥t♦
❞♦ ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡ ✲ ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✹✵ ❛ ✻✵
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥tár✐♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r② ❈❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❬❉✐s❝♦✈❡r②✱ ✷✵✶✺❪ ❬◆❡r②✱ ✷✵✶✸❪✱ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❚❤♦♠❛s ❚✳ ●♦❧❞s♠✐t❤ ❏r ❡ ❘❛② ❊st❧❡ ▼❛♥♥ ❡♠ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✹✼✳ ❊st❡ ❥♦❣♦ s✐♠✉❧❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ♠íss❡✐s ❡♠ t❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❈❘❚✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✺✷✱ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞❡r ❙❤❛❢t♦ ❉♦✉❣❧❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❛ ✈❡❧❤❛ ✭❳❖❳✮ ♣❛r❛ ❊❉❙❆❈ ❝♦♠ ✸✺①✶✻ ♣✐①❡❧s✳ ▼❛s ❢♦✐ ❡♠ ✶✾✺✽✱ ♥♦s ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s
❇r♦♦❦❤❛✈❡♥ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r②✱ q✉❡ ♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠ ❍✐❣✐♥❜♦t❤❛♠ ❢❡③ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡ ❞❛ ❤✐stór✐❛✱ ♦ ❚❡♥♥✐s ❢♦r ❚✇♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ t❡❧❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦s❝✐❧♦s❝ó♣✐♦✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✻✶ ❙t❡✈❡ ❘♦ss❡❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♥♦ ▼■❚ ♦ ❙♣❛❝❡✇❛r✦✱ ✉♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦s ❡ ♦s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦s✱ q✉❡ ✈✐r❛♠ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
◆❡ss❛ ♠❡s♠❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ■❇▼✱ ❘❈❆ ❡ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❙❦✐♥♥❡r ♥♦s ❛♥♦s ✺✵✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❈❆■ ✭❈♦♠♣✉t❡r✲❆✐❞❡❞ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✮ ❡ ♦ ❊❆❖ ✭❊♥s❡✐❣♥❡♠❡♥t ❆ss✐sté ♣❛r ❖r❞✐♥❛t❡✉r✮ ♥❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛✳ ❖ ♠❛✐s ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❛
✶✷❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦
é♣♦❝❛ ❢♦✐ ♦ P▲❆❚❖✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ■❧❧✐♥♦✐s ❡ ❛ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❉❛t❛ ❈♦✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✻✸✱ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❏♦❤♥ ●❡♦r❣❡ ❑❡♠❡♥② ❡ ❚❤♦♠❛s ❊✉❣❡♥❡ ❑✉rt③✱ ❝♦♦r✲ ❞❡♥❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❇❆❙■❈ ❡♠ ❉❛rt✲ ♠♦✉t❤✳ ❆ ❇❆❙■❈ ✭❛❝rô♥✐♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❇❡❣✐♥♥❡r✬s ❆❧❧✲♣✉r♣♦s❡ ❙②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❈♦❞❡✮ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡s❝r❡✈❡ss❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❛rt♠♦✉t❤ ❚✐♠❡✲❙❤❛r✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❞✐❞át✐❝❛✳
❊♠ ✶✾✻✼ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ▲❖●❖ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛✿ ✸✳✶✮ ♣♦r ❲❛❧❧② ❋❡✉r✲ ③❡✐❣ ❡ ❙❡②♠♦✉r P❛♣❡rt✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ P✐❛❣❡t ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✳ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ▲❖●❖
✸✳✷ ❖s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ✲ ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✼✵ ❡ ✽✵
❊♠ ✶✾✻✻✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚❱✱ ❘❛❧♣❤ ❍❡♥r② ❇❛❡r ❝r✐❛ ♦ ❇r♦✇♥ ❇♦①✱ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❚❱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢❡③ ♠✉✐t♦ s✉❝❡ss♦✳ ❙❡✉ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠♣r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ▼❛❣♥❛✈♦① ❡♠ ✶✾✼✶ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝♦♥s♦❧❡ ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦✱ ♦ ❖❞②ss❡② ✶✵✵✳ ◆❡ss❛ ♠❡s♠❛ é♣♦❝❛ ◆♦❧❛♥ ❇✉s❤♥❡❧❧ ❝r✐♦✉ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛r❝❛❞❡✱ ♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♣❛❝❡✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❙♣❛❝❡✇❛r✦✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ♥❡ss❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♥♦ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ▲❖●❖ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ♣♦r ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ q✉✐♥t♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❇r✐❞❣❡✱ ❡♠ ▲❡①✐♥❣t♦♥✳
✸✳✸✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ✲ ❞❡ ✽✵ ❡ ✽✺ ✶✸
❆ ❆t❛r✐ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ♣✐♦♥❡✐r❛ ❛♦ ❧❛♥ç❛r ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❥♦❣♦ ✸❉ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❥♦❣♦ sér✐♦✱ ❇❛tt❧❡③♦♥❡✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s✳ ◆♦ ❏❛♣ã♦✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❚♦r✉ ■✇❛t❛♥✐✱ é ❧❛♥ç❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ◆❛♠❝♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❥♦❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥♦✱ P❛❝✲ ♠❛♥ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛✿✸✳✷✲❇✮ q✉❡ ❛❝❛❜♦✉ s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛r❝❛❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❢❛♠♦s♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s t❡♠♣♦s✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✽✶✱ ♥♦s ❊❯❆✱ ❛ ◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦ ❈♦✳ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡r ❙❤✐❣❡r✉ ▼✐②❛♠♦t♦ ❧❛♥ç❛ ❉♦♥❦❡② ❑♦♥❣ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛✿✸✳✷✲❊✮ ❡ ❏✉♠♣♠❛♥✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ♦s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s ❉♦♥❦❡② ❑♦♥❣ ❡ ▼❛r✐♦ ❇r♦s✳ ❆ ❙❊●❆ ❧❛♥ç❛ ❋r♦❣❣❡r✳
◆❡ss❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❥á s❡ ✈✐❛ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝♦♥s♦❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✼✼✱ ❛ ❆t❛r✐ ❧❛♥ç♦✉ ♥♦✈❡ tít✉❧♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❆t❛r✐ ✷✻✵✵ ❝♦♠ ✜♥s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ♦ ❇❛s✐❝ ▼❛t❤ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛✿✸✳✷✲❋✮✳ ❖ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ✉s❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥tr❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s s♦♥♦r♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ s❡ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡stá ❝♦rr❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❝♦rr❡t❛✳
◆❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ✈❡rs❛✈❛♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s♦❜r❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ s❡♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ t❡♦r✐❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❬❱❛❧❡♥t❡✱ ✶✾✾✼❪✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳ ❆✳ ❙♣❛❝❡ ■♥✈❛❞❡rs✱ ❇✳ P❛❝✲▼❛♥✱ ❈✳ ❊♥❞✉r♦✱ ❉✳ ❘✐✈❡r ❘❛✐❞✱ ❊✳ ❉♦♥❦❡② ❑♦♥❣✱ ❋✳ ❇❛s✐❝ ▼❛t❤✳
✸✳✸ ❖ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s
❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ✲ ❞❡ ✽✵ ❡ ✽✺
✶✹❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦
❧❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❊❚ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛✿ ✸✳✸✲❆✮✱ ♦✉tr♦s tít✉❧♦s ❞❡ t❡r❝❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠ q✉❛❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ r✉✐♠ ❞❡❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❛✈❛♠ ♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦s ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ❝✉st❛✈❛♠ q✉❛s❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r❡ç♦ ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❡♠ ♠❛✐s t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s✱ ♦s P❈s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛♠ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♠í❞✐❛s ❜❛r❛t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞✐sq✉❡t❡s✳ ■ss♦ ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛♦ q✉❡ ✜❝♦✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✧❈r❛s❤ ❞♦s ❱í❞❡♦ ●❛♠❡s✧❡♠ ✶✾✽✸ ❬❉✐s❝♦✈❡r②✱ ✷✵✶✺❪✳
❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♠❡♥t❡s ❝r✐❛t✐✈❛s ❡①♣❧♦r❛r❛♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❖s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❆♣♣❧❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛✿ ✸✳✸✲ ❈✮ ❡r❛♠ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♣♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❡♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s✱ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ✢❡①í✈❡✐s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✸ ♣❡❧♦ ❚❤❡ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ Pr♦❞✉❝ts ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❊①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✭❊P■❊✮ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦❧✉♠❜✐❛✱ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✼✳✵✵✵ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❥á ❡①✐st✐❛♠ ❡ ✶✷✺ ❡r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♠ês✳
❉❡♣♦✐s ❞♦ ❈r❛s❤ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞♦s ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡s✱ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠✉❞♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ ♦ ❏❛♣ã♦ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ s❡r ♦ ❢♦❝♦✳ ❆ ◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦ t❡♥t❛ r❡ss✉r❣✐r ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❜❛r❛t♦ ❋❛♠✐❧② ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ♦✉ ❋❛♠✐❝♦♠✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✳ ✶✳ ❏♦❣♦ ❊✳❚ ✭❆t❛r✐ ✷✻✵✵✮✱ ✷✳ ▼✐st❡r② ❍♦✉s❡ ✭▼❙❳✮✱ ✸✳ ❆♣✲ ♣❧❡✭▼❛❝✐♥t♦s❤✮
✸✳✹✳ ▼í❞✐❛s Ó♣t✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ✶✻ ❜✐ts✲ ❛♥♦s ✽✵ ✶✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✹✳ ✶✳ ❙✉♣❡r ▼❛r✐♦ ❇r♦s ✭◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦✮✱ ✷✳ ❆❧❡① ❑✐❞ ✭❙❊●❆✮✱ ✸✳ ▲❖●❖ ✭▼❙❳✮
✸✳✹ ▼í❞✐❛s Ó♣t✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ✶✻ ❜✐ts✲ ❛♥♦s ✽✵
❆ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛✈❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❦✐ts ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛✱ ❈❉✲❘❖▼s ✭✶✾✽✺✮✱ ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❡ s♦♠ ✭❙♦✉♥❞✲ ❇❧❛st❡r ✶✾✽✾✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳ ■ss♦ ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛♦ ✢♦r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❝♦♠ ❛rt❡s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s r✐❝❛s✱ ❛♥✐♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣♦s✲ s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♠❛✐s s♦✜st✐❝❛❞❛s✳ ❋♦✐ ♦ ❛✉❣❡ ❞❛ ❡r❛ ✧❊❞✉t❛✐♥♠❡♥t✧✭t❡r♠♦ q✉❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❥♦❣♦s✱ ♠❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❈❉s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❱ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s✮ ❬❈♦♥♥♦❧❧②✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✳ ❖s tít✉❧♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣r♦❧✐❢❡r❛r❛♠ ❡ ❣❡r❛r❛♠ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦s ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣❛✐s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ P✉❜❧✐s❤❡rs ❝♦rr❡r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❈❉s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♥ã♦ só ❝♦♠ ❥♦❣♦s✱ ♠❛s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥❝✐❝❧♦♣é❞✐❛s ❡ ❛t❧❛s✳ P❛✐s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣r❛✈❛♠ ✧❈❉✲❘❖▼s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✧❝♦♠✿ ❥♦❣♦s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s✱ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❣✉✐❛s ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛✳ ❖s ❥♦❣♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ sã♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ♦✉ ♥❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❛♥✐♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐✈❡rt✐❞❛s ❡ ♣♦♥t✉❛çã♦✳ ❙❛❧✈♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡①❝❡çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ▼❛t❤ ❇❧❛st❡r✱ ❈❛r♠❡♠ ❙❛♥ ❉✐❡❣♦ ✭✶✾✽✺✮ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛✿ ✸✳✺✲✸✮✱ ❘❡❛❞❡r ❘❛❜❜✐t ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♦✉tr♦s✳
❊♠ ✶✾✽✼ ❛ ◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦ ❥á ❞♦♠✐♥❛✈❛ ♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ♦❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✽✽ s✉r❣❡ ♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❚❡tr✐s✱ ❞♦ r✉ss♦ ❆❧❡①❡② P❛❥✐t♥♦✈ q✉❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐st❛ ♥ã♦ ❣❛♥❤♦✉ ♥❛❞❛ ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡r ❝♦♠ ❛ ◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❙❊●❆ ❧❛♥ç❛ ♦ ▼❡❣❛ ❉r✐✈❡✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✽✾ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❜r✐❣❛s ♥❛ ❥✉st✐ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❆t❛r✐ ❡ ❛ ◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦✱ q✉❡ ✈❡♥❝❡ ❡ t✐r❛ ❛ ❆t❛r✐ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳
