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UM RELATO SOBRE AS SOMAS DE RIEMANN NA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA

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❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❙❆◆❚❆ ▼❆❘■❆

❈❊◆❚❘❖ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆❙ ◆❆❚❯❘❆■❙ ❊ ❊❳❆❚❆❙

▼❊❙❚❘❆❉❖ P❘❖❋■❙❙■❖◆❆▲ ❊▼ ▼❆❚❊▼➪❚■❈❆ ❊▼

❘❊❉❊ ◆❆❈■❖◆❆▲ ✕ P❘❖❋▼❆❚

❯▼ ❘❊▲❆❚❖ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❆ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ➚❙

❙❖▼❆❙ ❉❊ ❘■❊▼❆◆◆ ◆❆ ❊❉❯❈❆➬➹❖

❇➪❙■❈❆

❉■❙❙❊❘❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ▼❊❙❚❘❆❉❖

❆▲❊❳ ❈❆❚❯❩❩❖ ▲❖P❊❙

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❯▼ ❘❊▲❆❚❖ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❆ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ➚❙ ❙❖▼❆❙

❉❊ ❘■❊▼❆◆◆ ◆❆ ❊❉❯❈❆➬➹❖ ❇➪❙■❈❆

❆▲❊❳ ❈❆❚❯❩❩❖ ▲❖P❊❙

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛

❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✕ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✱ ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❞❛

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❛♥t❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ✭❯❋❙▼✱ ❘❙✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧

♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡

▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉r❛✳ ❱❛❧ér✐❛ ❞❡ ❋át✐♠❛ ▼❛❝✐❡❧ ❈❛r❞♦s♦

❇r✉♠

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(4)
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❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s q✉❡ s❡♠✲ ♣r❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r❛♠✳ ❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❱❡s♣ú❝✐♦ ❡ ❇❡❛tr✐③✱ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦✱ à ♠✐✲ ♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ◆❛❞✐❛ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✜❧❤❛ ■s❛❜❡❧❧❛✳ ❊ss❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ é ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês✳

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❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙

➚ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉r❛✳ ❱❛❧ér✐❛ ❈❛r❞♦s♦ ❇r✉♠✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❞✐❝❛s✱ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❡ ✐❞❡✐❛s✱ ♣♦r ❛♣♦♥t❛r s❡♠♣r❡ ♦ ♥♦rt❡ ❡ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

➚ ❞✐r❡t♦r❛ ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ■r♠ã♦ ●✉❡r✐♥✐✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ◆❡✐✈❛ ❙♣❛❞❛r✐✱ ♣♦r ❛❜r✐r ❛s ♣♦rt❛s ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡ à ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉❡❜♦r❛ ●❡r③s♦♥ ♣♦r t❡r ❝❡❞✐❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s t✉r♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

❆♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❛ t✉r♠❛ ❞❡ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❛♥♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❝♦❧❤❡r❛♠ ❡✱ ♥ã♦ ♠❡❞✐r❛♠ ❡s❢♦rç♦s✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛ssí❞✉♦s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s✱ ♦ ♠❡✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳

➚ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✭P❘❖❋▼❆❚✮ ❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❛♥t❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ✭❯❋❙▼✮✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉r❛✳ ❈❛r♠❡♥ ▼❛t✐❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡♥✲ ❝❛r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❞❡ tr❛③❡r ♦ P❘❖❋▼❆❚ ♣❛r❛ ❙❛♥t❛ ▼❛r✐❛✳

❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✭P❘❖❋▼❆❚✮ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❛♥t❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ✭❯❋❙▼✮✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ s✉❣❡stõ❡s✱ ❞✐❝❛s ❡✱ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞♦✳

➚ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❡ ◆í✈❡❧ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ✲ ❈❆P❊❙ ✲ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦✳

❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❞❛ t✉r♠❛ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷ ❞❛ ❯❋❙▼✱ ♣❡❧❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦ ❡✱ ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❚♦❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s✳

❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✱ ❈r✐st✐♥❡✱ ●✉st❛✈♦ ❡ ▲❡✐❧❛✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♥♦s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❡♠❛♥❛✱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡✉ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ ❡ ♣♦r ♥♦ss♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡✢❡①õ❡s ♥❛s ✈✐❛❣❡♥s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ s❡♠❡str❡ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷✳

❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❞♦✐s ❛♠♦r❡s✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✜❧❤❛ ■s❛❜❡❧❧❛✱ q✉❡ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡ ❝❛♥s❛ç♦ ♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♣❡❞✐❛ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❜r✐♥❝❛r✱ ❡✱ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦ ❧✐♠♣❛r ❛ ♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞♦ ♣❛♣❛✐✱ tr❛♥q✉✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲♦ ♥♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s✳ ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ◆❛❞✐❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ ♣♦r ❛ss✉♠✐r✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ss❛ ✜❧❤❛✱ ♥♦ss♦ ♠❛✐♦r t❡s♦✉r♦✳ ➚ ✈♦❝ês ♦ ♠❡✉ ❛♠♦r ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✳ ❆♠♦ ✈♦❝ês✳

➚s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛s ❊❧✐③❛♥❡ Pr✉♥❡r ❡ ❱❡r❛ ❘♦❞♦❧❢♦✱ r❡✈✐s♦r❛s ❞♦ ♠❡✉ ❆❜str❛❝t ❡ ❛ Pr♦✲ ❢❡ss♦r❛ ❆♥❞r❡✐❛ ❙♦✉③❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❖rt♦❣rá✜❝❛✳

❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❱❡♣ú❝✐♦ ❡ ❇❡❛tr✐③ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❝♦♥s✲ t❛♥t❡ ❡ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✳

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✧❆ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠♦s ❛❞q✉r✐r ♦ ❤á❜✐t♦ ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝✐♥❛r✱ ❡ ❡ss❡ ❤á❜✐t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r✲♥♦s ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛✳✧

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❘❊❙❯▼❖

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦

▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭Pr♦❢▼❛t✮ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❛♥t❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ✲ ❯❋❙▼

❯▼ ❘❊▲❆❚❖ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❆ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ➚❙ ❙❖▼❆❙ ❉❊

❘■❊▼❆◆◆ ◆❆ ❊❉❯❈❆➬➹❖ ❇➪❙■❈❆

❆❯❚❖❘✿ ❆▲❊❳ ❈❆❚❯❩❩❖ ▲❖P❊❙

❖❘■❊◆❚❆❉❖❘❆✿ ❱❆▲➱❘■❆ ❉❊ ❋➪❚■▼❆ ▼❆❈■❊▲ ❈❆❘❉❖❙❖ ❇❘❯▼ ❉❛t❛ ❡ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❞❛ ❉❡❢❡s❛✿ ❙❛♥t❛ ▼❛r✐❛✱ ✷✽ ❞❡ ❆❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳

❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❞❡ três ✜❣✉r❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❧❛♥❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♦ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧✳ ❙ã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♥✲ ❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ✉s✉❛✐s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ t✉r♠❛ ❞❡ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❛♥♦✳ ◆❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡stã♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ três ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳ ◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛r❣✉✲ ♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r à ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✱ ❞❡ ❝❡rt♦ ♠♦❞♦ ✐♥tr✐❣❛♥t❡✿ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦❄ ❇✉s❝❛✲s❡ ♥❡ss❡s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ❥✉st✐✜❝❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✲ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐♠❡❞❡s ✭✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✮❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘✐❡♠❛♥♥ ✭✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ três r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝✉r✈✐❧í♥❡❛s✱ ♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ❛ ❡❧✐♣s❡ ❡ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣♦❧✐♥♦✲ ♠✐❛❧ ❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦ OX✮✲✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ sã♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✱ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡

❧✐♠✐t❡s ❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✳ ◆❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ sã♦ r❡❧❛t❛❞❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ tr❛♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s r❡s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ◆♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ❞❡st❛❝❛ r❡✢❡①õ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❡ s✉❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉✲ sõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳

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❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚

▼❛st❡r✬s ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥

Pr♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❛st❡r✬s ❞❡❣r❡❡ ✐♥ ▼❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✭Pr♦❢▼❛t✮ ❙❛♥t❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✲ ❯❋❙▼

❆ ❘❊P❖❘❚ ❖◆ ❚❍❊ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❚❖ ❚❍❊ ❘■❊▼❆◆◆

❙❯▼❙ ■◆ ❇❆❙■❈ ❊❉❯❈❆❚■❖◆

❆❯❚❍❖❘✿ ❆▲❊❳ ❈❆❚❯❩❩❖ ▲❖P❊❙

❆❉❱■❙❖❘✿ ❱❆▲➱❘■❆ ❉❊ ❋➪❚■▼❆ ▼❆❈■❊▲ ❈❆❘❉❖❙❖ ❇❘❯▼ P❧❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❡ ♦❢ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✿ ❙❛♥t❛ ▼❛r✐❛✱ ✷✽ ♦❢ ❆✉❣✉st✱ ✷✵✶✹✳

❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t st✉❞② ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s✱ ❜② ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ♣❧❛♥❡ ✜❣✉r❡s✱ ❛♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❈❛❧❝✉❧✉s✱ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❯s✉❛❧ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❛r❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ s❝❤♦♦❧✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ✐s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ❛ ❝❧❛ss ♦❢ t❤✐r❞ ②❡❛r✳ ❆t t❤✐s st❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞✐❡s✱ st✉❞❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts s✉❝❤ ❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ q✉❛❞r✐❧❛t❡r❛❧s ❛♥❞ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡s✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ✐s ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤r❡❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡rs✳ ❆r❣✉♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ r❡✈✐❡✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛♥s✇❡r t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✱ s♦♠❡✇❤❛t ✐♥tr✐❣✉✐♥❣✿ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❈❛❧❝✉❧✉s ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ s❝❤♦♦❧❄✳ ❲❡ s❡❡❦✱ ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts✱ ❥✉st✐❢② t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t✇♦ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✲ t❤❡ ❆r❝❤✐♠❡❞❡s ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✭✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❛ ❝✐r❝❧❡✮✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦❢ ❘✐❡♠❛♥♥ ✭✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ t❤r❡❡ ❝✉r✈✐❧✐♥❡❛r r❡❣✐♦♥s✱ ❝✐r❝❧❡✱ ❡❧❧✐♣s❡✱ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❖❳ ❛①✐s✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ❧✐♠✐ts ❛♥❞ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✳ ■♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r t✇♦ ✐s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦r❦✳ ■♥ ✐t ❛r❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠❡♥ts✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥ts✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐✈❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ❜② st✉❞❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❢♦✉rt❤ ❝❤❛♣t❡r t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤ts r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✇♦r❦✱ ♣r❡s❡♥ts s♦♠❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✇♦r❦✳

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▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s

✷✳✶ ❍❡①á❣♦♥♦s ❡ ❞♦❞❡❝á❣♦♥♦s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ r✱ ♥❡ss❛ ♦r❞❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷ ■♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ♥♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸ ■♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❡❧✐♣s❡ ❝♦♠ ❡✐①♦ ❢♦❝❛❧ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠

✷✵ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ✐❣✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✹ ❆♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ ❘✐❡♠❛♥♥ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✶ P❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✷ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✸ ❚r❛♣é③✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ tr❛♣é③✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✺ ▲♦s❛♥❣♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✻ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ❧♦s❛♥❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✼ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✽ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣❡❧♦s

❛❧✉♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✾ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A8✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

✸✳✶✵ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❧✉♥♦ A12✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

✸✳✶✶ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❧✉♥♦ A1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽

✸✳✶✷ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❧✉♥♦ A10✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽

✸✳✶✸ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s A9 ❡ A1✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

✸✳✶✹ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s A5 ❡ A3✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵

✸✳✶✺ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❛❧✉♥❛s A3 ❡ A6✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶

✸✳✶✻ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s A11 ❡ A7✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷

✸✳✶✼ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s A7 ❡ A2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸

✸✳✶✽ ❈ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❖ ❡ r❛✐♦ r=OP ♦♥❞❡ P é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹

✸✳✶✾ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡①á✲ ❣♦♥♦s ❡ ❞♦❞❡❝á❣♦♥♦s ♥♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✷✵ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❞♦s

❤❡①á❣♦♥♦s✱ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

(11)

✸✳✷✶ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ ❝♦♠ ♥ ❧❛❞♦s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦ ♥♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✷✷ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❧✉♥❛ A9❀ ❡✱ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛

♣❡❧❛ ❛❧✉♥❛ A24✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷

✸✳✷✸ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A17❀ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛

♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A23❀ ❡✱ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸

✸✳✷✹ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A8❀ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

✸✳✷✺ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A13✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻

✸✳✷✻ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A9✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻

✸✳✷✼ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A19 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

✸✳✷✽ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✶✭❛✮ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A17✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

✸✳✷✾ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✶✭❜✮ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A17✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽

✸✳✸✵ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A7✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽

✸✳✸✶ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A6✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

✸✳✸✷ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A12✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

✸✳✸✸ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘✐❡♠❛♥♥ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦s ❝✉r✈✐❧í♥❡♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✸✹ ■♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ♥♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✉♥✐tár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✸✺ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐❧✉str❛r ❛ s♦❜r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡

❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦s✱ ♥♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✸✳✸✻ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ♥♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✸✼ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✷✵ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❡ ♦

r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ár❡❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✸✳✸✽ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐❧✉str❛r✱ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱

❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘✐❡♠❛♥♥✱ ♥♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✸✳✸✾ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡❧✐♣s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛

❞❛ ❡❧✐♣s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✸✳✹✵ ❊❧✐♣s❡s ❝♦♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✸✳✹✶ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✸✳✹✷ ■♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✶✵ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✸✳✹✸ ■♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✷✵ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✸✳✹✹ ❋✐❣✉r❛ q✉❡ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦

❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✸✳✹✺ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✭✶✮✱ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ A1 ❡ A3✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷

✸✳✹✻ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✭✶✮✱ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ A19 ❡ A10✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸

✸✳✹✼ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✭✶✲❛✮✱ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛A17 ❡ A4✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸

✸✳✹✽ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✭✶✲❜✮✱ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛A17 ❡ A4✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹

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✸✳✺✵ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✭✶✮✱ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ A22 ❡ A21✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

✸✳✺✶ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✭✶✲❛✮✱ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛A6 ❡A2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

✸✳✺✷ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✭✶✲❜✮✱ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛A6 ❡A2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻

✸✳✺✸ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✭✶✮✱ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ A18 ❡ A16✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻

✸✳✺✹ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✷✭❛✮ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s A1 ❡ A3✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼

✸✳✺✺ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✷✭❛✮ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s A17 ❡ A4✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼

✸✳✺✻ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✷✭❛✮ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s A23 ❡ A5✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽

✸✳✺✼ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✷✭❛✮ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s A24 ❡ A6✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽

✸✳✺✽ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✷✭❛✮ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s A9 ❡ A25✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾

✸✳✺✾ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✷✭❜✮ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s A1 ❡ A3✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾

✸✳✻✵ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✷✭❜✮ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s A17 ❡ A4✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵

✸✳✻✶ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✷✭❜✮ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s A23 ❡ A5✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵

✸✳✻✷ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✷✭❜✮ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s A24 ❡ A6✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶

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▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s

✷✳✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ① ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✷ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❛❜❡♠ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s tó♣✐❝♦s ❧✐st❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✸ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ① ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ s❛❜❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ár❡❛ ✷✺ ✷✳✹ ▼♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r❛♠ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ ár❡❛ ① q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✺ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ① q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ s✉❣❡r✐❞❛ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ár❡❛✱ ♦❜t✐❞♦s

❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ♥♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✉♥✐tár✐♦ ✭r = 1✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

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❙❯▼➪❘■❖

✶ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦❄ ✶✽ ✶✳✶ P♦r q✉❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✷ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✷✸

✷✳✶ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✷ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✶ ✭■♥✐❝✐❛❧✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✸ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✸✵

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■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❆ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ r❡✈❡❧❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡①❛t❛s r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡♥♦s ❛tr❛❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ s❡ ❝♦♥st❛t❛r ❡ss❛ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦✱ ❜❛st❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛r ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛✱ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♠❡♥♦s s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♠✳ ▲♦❣♦ s❡ ♦✉✈✐rá ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣♦st❛✿ ✧▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✦✧

▼❛s q✉❛❧ ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛❄ P♦r q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✧❜✐❝❤♦ ♣❛♣ã♦✧❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s❄ ❖r❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❜❡❧❡③❛✱ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❛ ❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳

❖ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ é tã♦ ❛♠♣❧♦ q✉❡✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s s❡ ❡st✉❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡✱ ♠❛✐s s❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ ♦ q✉ã♦ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦ ❡ ❝❤❡✐♦ ❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s é ❡ss❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❡ ♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦✱ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt♦✳

❖ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛s sér✐❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✱ ❛té ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡✲ r✐♦r✱ é ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡st✉❞♦s✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ♥ã♦ t✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✳

❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✖ P❈◆❊▼ ✖✱ ❇r❛s✐❧✱✭✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✼✮

❖s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛✲ ❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❛♠ às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛✱ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦s ❡ ❛❜str❛t♦s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ✐st♦ é ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥♦✈❛r ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ❝❛✲ ♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❡ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳

(16)

✶✺

tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ê♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❡q✉í✈♦❝♦s ♥❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s q✉❡ tê♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✉t✐❧✐tár✐♦s✳ ■ss♦ t♦r♥❛ ♣♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲ t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛té ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r ❛♦ ❡♥❢r❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✳

❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛r q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛✱ ♥ã♦ r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❡ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ à ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▲✐♠❛ ✭✷✵✵✼✱ ♣✳✶✻✺✮✿ ✧❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❬✳✳✳❪ t❡♠✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐❛✳ ◆❛ ❢❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✱ s❛❧✈♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡①❝❡çõ❡s✱ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❡st✉❞♦✉ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ♣♦✐s ❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦✧✳

◆❡ss❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ❛♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r ✉♠ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ♥♦✈♦✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦✲ ♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥st✐❣❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r s✉❛ r❡s♣♦st❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r s❡❣✉❡ à r✐s❝❛ ♦s r♦t❡✐r♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s✳

P❛r❛ ▲♦❝❦❤❛rt ✭✷✵✶✹✱ ♣✳✺✷✮

❖ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s✱ t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❡ ♣r♦✈❛s✱ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝♦♣✐❛ ♥❛ ❧♦✉s❛✱ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♣✐❛♠ ♥♦ ❝❛❞❡r♥♦✳ ❊❧❡s tê♠ ❡♥tã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠✐t❛r ❡ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s✳ ❆q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛♠ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ sã♦ ♦s ✬❜♦♥s✬ ❛❧✉♥♦s✳

❆ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❝✐t❛❞❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛✲ s❡ r❡♣❡♥s❛r ♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦✱ ♣♦♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥♦s P❈◆❊▼ ✭✶✾✾✾❛✮✳ ❙❡✲ ❣✉♥❞♦ ♦s P❈◆❊▼✱ ✧♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ s✐r✈❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çõ❡s ❡ ❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s✳❬✳✳✳❪✧✳

❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s P❈◆❊▼✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ é ✐♥st✐❣❛r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♥str✉❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❡s✱ t❡♥❤❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r s✉❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛✳

◆❡ss❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ❡ss❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✈ã♦ ❛♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦ ❞❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ♣♦r ❆❧♠♦✉❧♦✉❞ ✭✷✵✶✹❛✮✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡❧❡✿

P❛r❛ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛❥❛ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ♦ s❛❜❡r s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r ❡ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ s❛❜❡r s❡❥❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♣♦st❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳❬✳✳✳❪

❆s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s tê♠ ❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛❣✐r✱ s❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r✱ r❡✢❡t✐r ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉✐r ♣♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛✱ ❛❞q✉✐r✐♥❞♦ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✳❬✳✳✳❪ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❙❛❜❡r ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ é t❛♠❜é♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♥♦çõ❡s ❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥✲ t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣✉s ❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ s♦❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✳ ➱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛r ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s✱ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❞❡ss❡ ❝♦r♣✉s ❡ ❞❡♠♦♥strá✲❧♦s✳

❬✳✳✳❪❊♥s✐♥❛r ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ é ❝r✐❛r ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s à ♣r♦✲ ❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✳

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✶✻ ❆♦ r❡❢❡r✐r✲s❡ ❛♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ t❡♠ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳ ❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s✐♥t❡t✐③❛r ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③á✲❧❛ ❛ t❛❧ ♣♦♥t♦ q✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s✉r❣✐r❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✱ ❡ss❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ♣♦ss❛ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r s❡♠ q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❡❧❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳

❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✱ ❇❛ss❛♥❡③✐ ✭✷✵✶✸✱ ♣✳✶✻✮ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡✿

❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ❛rt❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✳

❆s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✲ t❛t❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❬✳✳✳❪✳ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♣r❡ss✉♣õ❡ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊✱ ♥❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ✈❛✐ ❛♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦ ❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳

❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛✲s❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛r ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ t❛✐s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥✲ t❛s ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❞ê❡♠ ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s✉❜sí❞✐♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s q✉❡✱ ❛ ❡❧❡✱ sã♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦s✳

❆ ♦♣çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❞❡✉✲s❡ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳ ▼✉✐t♦s sã♦ ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡❧❡♥❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛r t❛❧ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛✱ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ é q✉❡✿ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡✐①❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s tó♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ◆ã♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ t❡♠ s❡✉ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡✱ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✳

❖ ❢❛t♦ é q✉❡ ❞❡✐①♦✉✲s❡ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❢♦❝❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❣❡♦✲ ♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❡ s✉❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛❜str❛t♦s ❡ ❞✐st❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳ ❈r✐♦✉✲s❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ✉♠ ❛❜✐s♠♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐♦r ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦✲ ❢❡ss♦r✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❥á ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ▲✐♠❛✱ ♥❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ✶✺ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t♦✉✲s❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❢♦❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ r❡str✐♥❣✐♥❞♦✲♦ ❛♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛✳

❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ t✉r♠❛ ❢♦✐ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ três ♣❛rt❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✱ ❞❛s q✉❛✐s✱ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ✭q✉❛❞r❛❞♦✱ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✱ tr❛♣é③✐♦ ❡ ❧♦sâ♥❣♦✮ ❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ◆❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐♠❡❞❡s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ✐♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ♥♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✳ ◆❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘✐❡♠❛♥♥✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳

❆ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s é ❞❡✈✐❞❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s tê♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ❡✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡stá ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❧❛♥❛s✱ ♥❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s✳

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✶✼ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♠✐t❡ ❡ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧✳ ❱❛❧❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s tó♣✐❝♦s ❞❡✲ s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡❧✱ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳

❈♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❡ ♠❡❞✐r ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❛♣ós ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ tó♣✐❝♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ r❡✈✐✲ sã♦✱ ❛té ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘✐❡♠❛♥♥✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡✱ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛t✐✈❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐✲ ❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ s❡❥❛ ❡❧❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♦✉ ♣♦r ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳ ❈❛❜❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥ã♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♣♦♥❞❡✲ r❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❡❧❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❡✱ ✐ss♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦✳

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❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦❄

❆ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✱ s❡r✐❛✿ ✧➱ ✐♠♣♦ssí✲ ✈❡❧✦✧❘❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ é ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❡♥✲ s✐♥❛r ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❛❧❢❛❜❡t✐③❛❞❛✱ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❡①✐❣✐r ❞❡st❛ q✉❡ ❢❛ç❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ s✐♥tát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛✉❧❛ ❞❡ ▲í♥❣✉❛ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳

❯♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡①❛t❛s✱ ❛♣ós t❡r ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tó♣✐❝♦ tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛r✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❝✉r✈❛s✱ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ só❧✐❞♦s✱ ✢✉①♦ s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s à ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✳

❙t❡✇❛rt ✭✷✵✵✽✱ ♣✳ ✾✮ r❡s✉♠❡✿

❙✐r ■s❛❛❝ ◆❡✇t♦♥ ✐♥✈❡♥t♦✉ s✉❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣❧❛♥❡t❛s ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ s♦❧✳ ❍♦❥❡ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ é ✉s❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ór❜✐t❛s ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s ❡ ♥❛✈❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ ♥❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ♥❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♦ ♣r❡ç♦ ❞♦ ❝❛❢é✱ ♥❛ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ❝♦r❛çã♦✱ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ♣rê♠✐♦s ❞♦s s❡❣✉r♦s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s✳

❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❡ss❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛♣ós ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ t❡r ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ t❡r ♦❜t✐❞♦ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r✱ sã♦ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ✉♠ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝á✲❧♦✳

❆♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛✐s✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❛ ✐♥tr♦✲ ❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ár❡❛s✳

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✶✾

◆♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■■✱ ✈ár✐♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜t❡r ár❡❛s ♠❛✐s ❢❛❝✐❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡s✳ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❖ ♠❛✐♦r ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ◆❡✇t♦♥ ❡ ▲❡✐❜♥✐③✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ár❡❛s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞❛s r❡✈❡rt❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦✳

❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉t♦r✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❛s ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ❞❡ ◆❡✇t♦♥ ❡ ▲❡✐❜✐♥✐③✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛s t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝♦♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ❝✉r✈✐❧í♥❡♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦ ❛ ❆rq✉✐♠❡❞❡s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❡s♣✐r❛✐s✱ q✉❛✲ ❞r❛t✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣❛rá❜♦❧❛ ❡ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♥t✐❜✉✐çõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s à ❢ís✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛✳

❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛✉t♦r✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛♠ ❢♦r♠❛✲ t♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✱ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s q✉❛✐sq✉❡r✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s r❡t♦s✱ ❡r❛ ❢á❝✐❧✱ ❜❛st❛✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦ ✉s❛r ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞❛s✳ ▼❛✐s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣ré✈✐♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ s❡❝✉♥❞❛r✐st❛ ❝♦♥s✐❣❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✳

◆♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■❳✱ ❘✐❡♠❛♥♥ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ◆❡✇t♦♥ ❡ ▲❡✐❜✐♥✐③✳ ❇♦②❡r ✭✷✵✶✷✱ ♣✳✸✾✷✮ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡✿

❆ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ s♦♠❛s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s é ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞❡ ❘✐❡♠❛♥♥✱ ❡♠ ❤♦♥r❛ ❞♦ ❤♦✲ ♠❡♠ q✉❡ ❞❡✉ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ s❡❥❛ ✐♥t❡❣rá✈❡❧✳

◆❡st❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦✱ ❘♦♦♥❡② ✭✷✵✶✷✱ ♣✳✶✻✷✮❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛✿ ✧❘✐❡♠❛♥♥ r❡✲ ✜♥♦✉ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✱ s✉❣❡r✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ✜♥❛s ❢❛t✐❛s✱ ✉♠ ❞❡ ❢❛t✐❛s ✐♥s❝r✐t❛s ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t✐❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛s✳✧

❘❡str✐♥❣✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐♠❡❞❡s✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘✐❡♠❛♥♥✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❢♦r♠❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐ã♦✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❆rq✉✐♠❡❞❡s ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛✱ ❘✐❡♠❛♥♥ ❢❡③ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✱ ❛ ❜❛s❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ❆ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ❡✱ ❞❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ s❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r❡s r❡str✐çõ❡s✳ ❆❞♠✐t❡✲s❡ q✉❡✱ ♥❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❥á ♣♦ss✉❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ❡✱ ❞❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠✲s❡ r❛③õ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ❡✱ ❡st❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳

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✷✵ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐♠❡❞❡s ♦✉✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘✐❡♠❛♥♥✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳

✶✳✶ P♦r q✉❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡

❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦❄

❖ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛ ❞♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ♣♦r ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ▼❛✐s t❛r❞❡✱ ♥♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ é ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❡❧❛ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ t❡r ❡ss❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ✐♥str✉t✐✈♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❧♦❝♦s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞♦✉r❛❞♦✳

❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛❞q✉✐r❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♥❛s sér✐❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞✐st❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ✐❞❡❛❧✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ à ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣r❡❝ár✐❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛s sér✐❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✱ ❝r✐❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ❛❜✐s♠♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐♦r ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛t✉❛♠ ♥❛s sér✐❡s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♥ã♦ é ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳

❚❡♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣r❡❝ár✐❛✱ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ▲✐♠❛ ✭✷✵✵✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✻✮ ❞❡st❛❝❛ q✉❡✿

✧❬✳✳✳❪ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❥♦✈❡♠ ❡♥tr❛ ♥❛ ❢❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✱ ♥ã♦ t❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❧♦❣♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ❜❡♠ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ❡♥s✐♥❛r✳✧❆♦ ❡♥tr❛r ♥❛ ❢❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✱ s❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡ss❡s ❢✉t✉r♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡st✉❞❛♠ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✧❈á❧❝✉❧♦✱ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡✲ ①❛s✱ ❊q✉❛çõ❡s ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s✧❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♥ã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✧●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛✧✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳

❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛✉t♦r ♦❜s❡r✈❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ ❢❛t♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ♠❛✐s ❣r❛✈❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▲✐♠❛ ✭✷✵✵✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✵✮✱ ✧◆♦ss❛ ✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛ r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ❡♠ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥♦ ❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❞♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s✱ s✉❜st✐t✉í❞♦s ♣♦r ❡①❛❣❡r♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t✐✈✐st❛s ❡ ✉♠ ♣s❡✉❞♦✲❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦ ✈❛③✐♦ ❡ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳✧

❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛r ♥♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ é ❞❡✐①❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❧❡t✐✈♦ ❡✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✳

(22)

✷✶ ◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛✲s❡✿ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛r ❛s ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐✲ ♦♥❛r ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❡♥t❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❡❧❡s sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ♣r♦♥t❛s✱ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r ♥♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ✈♦♥t❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝r✐❛r✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣r♦♣♦r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦✳

Pr❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r s✉❜sí❞✐♦s ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥♦s tó♣✐❝♦s ❛q✉✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✳

✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛

❆♦ ♣r♦♣♦r ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✱ ❜✉s❝❛✲s❡ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r ♥♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❡✱ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ❇❛ss❛♥❡③✐ ✭✷✵✶✸✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✮

◆♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✱ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✈ár✐❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡♥s✐♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ♠❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥s✐✲ ❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳

◆❡ss❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦✱ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ✭✷✵✶✸✱ ♣✳✶✸✮ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡

✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ é ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦✱ ❡①✲ ♣r❡ss♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ q✉❡ t❡♠ ♣♦r ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦✉ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❡st❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳

❚❛✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s s❡r✈❡♠ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❞✉③✐r✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✐♠❜♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛♣r♦✲ ♣r✐❛❞❛✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s✱ ❢ís✐❝♦s ♦✉ ♥ã♦✳ ❊ss❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♠♦ ❡✱ t❛❧✈❡③✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ s❡ ❢❛ç❛♠ ♣r❡❞✐çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳

❱✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦ ❛ ❡ss❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ❆♥t♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳ ✻✶✮ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛✿ ✧❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡①♣r❡ss♦s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s✱ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s✱ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❛♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳✧

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