Measurement of the
0blifetime and mass in the ATLAS experiment
G. Aad et al.* (ATLAS Collaboration)
(Received 10 July 2012; published 4 February 2013) A measurement of the 0
b lifetime and mass in the decay channel 0b! J=c ðþÞ0ðpÞ is
presented. The analysis uses a signal sample of about 2200 0 b and
0
b decays that are reconstructed in
4:9 fb1 of ATLAS pp collision data collected in 2011 at the LHC center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. A simultaneous mass and decay time maximum likelihood fit is used to extract the 0
blifetime and mass. They are
measured to be b¼ 1:4490:036ðstatÞ0:017ðsystÞ ps and mb¼ 5619:70:7ðstatÞ1:1ðsystÞ MeV.
DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.87.032002 PACS numbers: 14.20.Mr
I. INTRODUCTION The 0
b baryon (and its charge conjugate 0
b) is the lightest baryon containing a b ( b) quark. With a mass of about 5620 MeV [1,2] it is not produced at B factories, where the collision center-of-mass energy is tuned to pro-duce pairs of B mesons. Currently, hadron colliders are the only facilities where the properties of b baryons can be studied. This paper presents a measurement of the 0
bmass and lifetime in the ATLAS experiment [3] using the decay channel 0b! J=cðþÞ0ðpÞ (the charge conju-gate mode is implied throughout the paper unless explicitly stated otherwise). The 0
b lifetime, although measured by many experiments [1,4–6], still suffers from a large experimental uncertainty.
The decay B0
d ! J=cðþÞK0SðþÞ has the same topology as the studied 0
bdecay. The B0dmass and lifetime are measured with good precision [1], and therefore this decay provides a useful tool to validate the 0b results, as both measurements are subject to similar systematic uncer-tainties. The lifetime ratio, b=Bd, can be predicted by
heavy quark expansion calculations [7] and perturbative QCD [8] and is of great theoretical interest. The lifetime and mass are determined using a simultaneous unbinned maximum likelihood fit to the reconstructed mass and decay time of each selected candidate.
II. DATA SAMPLES AND TRIGGER SELECTION The ATLAS experiment [3] is a general-purpose detec-tor at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It covers nearly the entire solid angle around the interaction point with layers of tracking detectors, calorimeters, and muon cham-bers. The coordinate system has the z axis aligned with the beam direction. The transverse momentum pT and pseu-dorapidity of reconstructed particles are defined with
respect to that direction. This analysis uses two ATLAS subsystems: the inner detector (ID) and the muon spec-trometer (MS). Both are situated in a magnetic field and serve as tracking detectors. The ID consists of three types of detector: the silicon pixel detector (Pixel), the silicon microstrip detector (SCT), and the transition radiation tracker (TRT). The MS consists of monitored drift tube chambers (MDT) and cathode strip chambers (CSC) for precision muon measurements, resistive plate chambers (RPC) and thin gap chambers (TGC) employed by the muon-trigger system. Tracks are reconstructed in the ID, and the MS is used to identify muons. Only tracks with pT above 400 MeV and pseudorapidityjj < 2:5 are used in this analysis.
The analysis is based on data collected in 2011 using single-muon, dimuon, and J=c triggers. The ATLAS trig-ger system [9] has three levels: the hardware-based Level-1 trigger and the two-stage High Level Trigger (HLT). At Level-1 the muon trigger uses dedicated fast muon-trigger chambers to search for patterns of hits corresponding to muons passing different pTthresholds. Regions of interest (RoI) around these Level-1 hit patterns then serve as seeds for the HLT muon reconstruction. Since the rate from the low-pTmuon triggers was too high for all accepted events to be saved, prescale factors were applied to a subset of the triggers to reduce the output rate. The muon transverse momentum thresholds for single and dimuon triggers range from 4 to 22 GeV. The J=c dimuon triggers require that the muons originate from a common vertex and have opposite charge, and that the dimuon mass is in the range 2:5 GeV < m< 4:3 GeV. The majority of the sample was collected by the J=c trigger with a pT threshold of 4 GeV applied to each muon. This was the lowest-pT unprescaled trigger in the 2011 data taking; however, other complementary triggers were used, too. The pTspectrum of the selected muons peaks at 5 GeV; the lowest muon pT is above 2.5 GeV.
A Monte Carlo (MC) sample of 5 106antibaryon 0b events is used to study systematic effects and to correct for the efficiency and acceptance of the detector. The sample is generated using the PYTHIA 6MC generator [10] with the 2011 ATLAS AUET2B L0tune [11], and the events are *Full author list given at the end of the article.
Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distri-bution of this work must maintain attridistri-bution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.
filtered so that each accepted event has a decay 0b ! J=cðþÞ 0ð pþÞ with the muons having transverse momenta of at least 2.5 GeV. The MC sample is generated with a 0
blifetime of MCb ¼ 1:391 ps.
III. RECONSTRUCTION AND SIGNAL SELECTION A. J=c and 0 preselection The decay 0
b! J=cðþÞ0ðpÞ has a cascade topology. The J=cdecays instantly at the same point as the 0b (secondary vertex), while the 0 lives long enough to form a displaced tertiary vertex. There are four final-state particles: two muons from the J=c, and a proton and a pion from the 0 decay.
The dimuon and dihadron (V0) pairs are preselected by requiring that their tracks be successfully fitted to a com-mon vertex satisfying some basic quality requirements. The J=c and V0preselection is very loose, so that poten-tial candidates are not excluded at this stage. The dimuon candidates are accepted if the J=c vertex-refitted invariant mass lies in the range 2:8 GeV < m< 3:4 GeV. The dihadron candidates are accepted if the invariant mass is in the range 1:08 GeV < mp< 1:15 GeV. The masses of a proton and a pion are assigned to the tracks when the invariant mass is calculated; p and pþ combinations are tested so that both 0 and 0candidates are accepted.
B. Reconstruction of 0b! J=cðþÞ0ðpÞ The muon and hadron track pairs preselected with the criteria described in the previous section are then refitted with a constraint of a 0
b! J=cðþÞ0ðpÞ topol-ogy. The muons are constrained to intersect at a single vertex, while their invariant mass is set equal to the known mass of the J=c, mJ=c ¼ 3096:92 MeV [1]. The two hadronic tracks are constrained to a second vertex, and their invariant mass is fixed to the mass of the 0, m
0 ¼
1115:68 MeV [1]. The combined momentum of the refitted V0track pair is constrained to point to the dimuon vertex in three dimensions. The fit is performed on all four tracks simultaneously, taking into account the constraints described above (cascade topology fit) and the full track error matrices. The quality of the fit is characterized by the value of 2=Ndof, where a global 2 involving all four tracks is used. The corresponding number of degrees of freedom, Ndof, is six. Furthermore, for each track quadru-plet, that can be successfully fitted to the 0
b decay topol-ogy, a B0
d! J=cðþÞK0SðþÞ topology fit is attempted (i.e. a pion mass is assigned to the hadronic tracks and the V0 mass is constrained to the mass of K0S, mKS ¼ 497:65 MeV [1]). This is to identify possible B
0 d decays mistaken for 0b.
The 0
b candidates are then subjected to the following selections:
(i) The global 2=N dof< 3.
(ii) The transverse momentum of the cascade-refitted V0, p
T;V0> 3:5 GeV.
(iii) The transverse decay length of the cascade-refitted V0 vertex measured from the 0
b vertex, Lxy;V0> 10 mm.
(iv) The invariant mass must be in the range 5:38 GeV < mJ=c0< 5:90 GeV.
(v) If the four tracks forming a 0
bcandidate also result in an acceptable B0d fit, the candidate must have a difference of cumulative 2probabilities of the two fits,P0
b PBd > 0:05.
With these criteria, 4074 0b and 4081 0b candidates (including background) are selected. No track quadruplet is successfully fitted as both a 0
b and a 0b decay. The mass distributions of the selected candidates are shown in Fig.1. In the rest of the paper the 0
band 0b samples are combined.
IV. MASS AND PROPER DECAY TIME FIT The proper decay time of the 0
bcandidate is calculated from the measured decay distance and the candidate’s momentum as follows: ¼Lxym PDG pT ; where mPDG¼ 5619:4 MeV [1], p T is the reconstructed 0b transverse momentum, and Lxy is the 0b transverse decay distance measured from the primary vertex (PV). On average there are 6.8 collision vertices per event in the selected data resulting from multiple collisions at each LHC bunch crossing (pileup events). The collision vertex that in three-dimensional space lies closest to the trajectory of the reconstructed 0b candidate is used as the PV.
An unbinned maximum likelihood fit is used to determine the 0
bmass and lifetime. The mass and proper decay time are fitted using a likelihood function defined as follows: (MeV) 0 Λ ψ J/ M 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 Candidates / 17 MeV 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 candidates 0 b Λ candidates 0 b Λ ATLAS -1 = 4.9 fb L = 7 TeV s
FIG. 1 (color online). Invariant mass distribution of the se-lected 0
b and 0
L ¼Y N i¼1
½fsigMsðmijmiÞTsðijiÞwsðmi; iÞ
þ ð1 fsigÞMbðmijmiÞTbðijiÞwbðmi; iÞ;
where fsig denotes the fraction of signal candidates; miis the invariant mass of the ith candidate and i is its proper decay time. The corresponding errors, mi and
i, are estimated on a candidate-by-candidate basis by
the cascade topology fit. Ms and Mb are probability density functions (PDFs) describing the signal and back-ground mass dependence;TsandTb describe the depen-dence on the proper decay time. The invariant mass and proper decay time error distributions, wsðbÞðm; Þ ¼ w0sðbÞðmÞw00sðbÞðÞ, are extracted from data. It has been verified that using separate PDFs for the signal and back-ground component produces the same result when a single PDF is used, w ws¼ wb. For this reason the latter case is used.
The background can be divided into two categories: prompt and nonprompt backgrounds. The prompt back-ground consists of J=c candidates produced directly in the pp collision that are randomly combined with V0 candidates, which also include fake combinatorial 0 or KS0candidates. The prompt background decay length is due to the finite resolution of the vertex reconstruction. The nonprompt background includes events where the J=c candidate originates in the decay of a b hadron. This type of background has a lifetime due to its origin in long-lived b hadrons [e.g. B0
d! J=cðþÞK0SðþÞ, with the KS0meson misidentified as 0, forming a nonprompt back-ground for 0
b].
The signal component of the mass PDF, Ms, is a Gaussian function with a mean equal to mb and width
Smm. The mass error scale factor Sm determines how much the errors mi are overestimated or underestimated.
The background component is a first order polynomial with a slope b.
Using the estimated decay time error , the proper decay time resolution is modeled with a Gaussian function:
Rð 0jÞ ¼ 1 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 p S e ð0Þ2 2ðSÞ2; (1)
where Sdenotes the proper decay time error scale factor, and and 0 stand for the reconstructed and true proper decay times, respectively.
The signal and nonprompt background proper decay time distributions are modeled as exponential functions, Eð0; BÞ, for 0> 0, with B being the fitted parameter denoting either the 0
blifetime or the pseudolifetime of the long-lived background. The prompt background compo-nent is modeled by a sum of two functions: a Dirac function Diracð0Þ and a symmetric exponential (Laplace distribution) Esymð0Þ, to account for the non-Gaussian tails of the prompt background observed in data.
The functions are convolved with the resolution model (1) to obtain the PDFs of the measured proper decay time:
TsðjÞ ¼ "ð0Þ1Eð0; bÞ Rð 0j
Þ;
TbðjÞ ¼ ½f1Tpð0Þ þ ð1 f1ÞTnpð0Þ Rð 0jÞ; (2) with the nonprompt and prompt components defined as
Tnpð0Þ ¼ f2Eð0; bkg;1Þ þ ð1 f2ÞEð0; bkg;2Þ; Tpð0Þ ¼ f3Diracð0Þ þ ð1 f3ÞEsymð0; bkg;3Þ: The efficiency correction function "ð0Þ in Eq. (2) accounts for the decay-time-dependent selection bias.
Two sources are responsible for the selection bias in the 0
b decay time: the V0 reconstruction efficiency and the trigger selection. The V0reconstruction efficiency depends on the decay distance from the center of the detector, as tracks from decays further away from the center leave fewer hits in the ID. Since the 0b decay length and the distance of the 0 vertex from the center of the detector are correlated (the latter includes the former), this biases the measured proper decay time toward smaller values. The other source of the bias is the muon trigger, which affects the distribution of the muon transverse impact parameter d0. Applying the tag-and-probe method to J=c decays, the trigger efficiency as a function of d0 is measured for a single-muon trigger in data. The simulation shows that the dimuon-trigger efficiency can be expressed as a product of single-muon efficiencies.
The MC events are reweighted to reproduce the observed trigger bias. The efficiency correction "ð0Þ is determined using this weighted MC sample. It is mod-eled as a simple exponential, "ð0Þ / e0=cb, where c
b
denotes the slope of the efficiency correction. The expo-nential form is chosen for "ð0Þ because it describes the MC well and is particularly easy to convolve with the resolution model. The slope of the exponential, cb, is extracted from a fit to the MC decay time efficiency plot shown in Fig.2. The extracted value is cb ¼ 113 56 ps;
i.e. for a decay time of 6 ps the efficiency decreases by 5%. A. Parameters determined from the fit
The full PDF has 12 free parameters: the 0b mass and lifetime, mband b; the fraction of signal events, fsig; the
error scale factors Smand S; the slope of the mass depen-dence of the background, b; the pseudolifetimes of the long-lived background, bkg;1 and bkg;2; the exponential slope of the non-Gaussian prompt background, bkg;3; and the relative fractions of the various background contribu-tions, f1, f2, and f3.
Other quantities are calculated from the fit parameters. The number of signal and background candidates, Nsigand Nbkg, are calculated as Nsig ¼ fsigN and Nbkg¼ ð1 fsigÞN,
where N is the total number of candidates. The mass and proper decay time resolutions are calculated from the fit parameters, too. By analogy with a Gaussian distribution, the mass resolution m is defined as half of that mass range for which the integral ofMsretains 68.3% of the number of signal events symmetrically around the fitted 0
b mass. The proper decay time resolution is determined in the same fashion by integrating the prompt background PDF.
V. EXTRACTION OF THE LIFETIME AND MASS A. Results of the maximum likelihood fit The results of the maximum likelihood fit are listed in Table I. The table shows only the most important fitted parameters, calculated parameters, and a 2=N
dof value which quantifies the fit quality. The 2=N
dof value is calculated from the data set binned in mass and decay time with 61 degrees of freedom. The sizes of the bins are commensurate with the measured mass and decay time resolutions, and only bins with more than 11 entries are used for the 2calculation. This requirement is imposed so that the error on the number of entries in each bin can be taken as Gaussian. The lifetime result is corrected for the selection bias (see Sec.IV); the size of the correction is þ19 fs. The estimated correlation between the mass and
lifetime is small, 0.002. Projections of the PDF onto the mass and proper decay time axes are shown in Fig.3.
B. Systematic uncertainties
Systematic errors are estimated by changing various parameters of the analysis and observing the shift in the extracted mass and lifetime. The shift with respect to the baseline result is then quoted as a systematic uncertainty. The non-negligible systematic uncertainties are summa-rized in TableII. The individual errors are added in quad-rature, yielding total systematic errors of the lifetime and mass measurements, syst ¼ 17 fs and systm ¼ 1:1 MeV, respectively. Details of the determination of the systematic uncertainties follow.
1. Event selection and reconstruction bias Two effects that lead to a selection bias for 0
b candi-dates as a function of decay time have been identified: the dominant contribution comes from the muon trigger, which slightly biases the transverse impact parameter of
(MeV) 0 Λ ψ J/ m 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 Candidates / 17 MeV 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0.7 MeV ± = 5619.7 b Λ m 0.03 ± = 1.18 M S 0.8 MeV ± = 31.1 M σ 57 ± = 2184 sig N 160 ± = 5970 bkg N = 1.09 dof N / 2 χ = 7 TeV s -1 = 4.9 fb L Data Fitted model Signal Background ATLAS (ps) τ -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Candidates / 0.46 ps 10 2 10 3 10 0.036 ps ± = 1.449 b Λ τ 0.02 ± = 1.05 τ S 0.003 ps ± = 0.117 τ σ = 1.09 dof N / 2 χ = 7 TeV s -1 = 4.9 fb L Data Fitted model Signal Background ATLAS
FIG. 3 (color online). Projections of the fitted PDF onto the mass (top panel) and the proper decay time (bottom panel) axes for 0
b candidates. The errors of the listed fit result values are
statistical only. The 2=N
dofvalue is calculated from the data set
binned in mass and decay time with the number of degrees of freedom, Ndof ¼ 61. ’ (ps) τ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 E ff ici enc y 0.018 0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 56 ps ± = 113 b Λ c ATLAS Simulation = 7 TeV s b Λ c ’ τ -e ’) ~ τ ( ε
FIG. 2 (color online). Extraction of the efficiency correction for 0
b. The MC efficiency is fitted with an exponential function.
The y axis has a suppressed zero. The displayed error is statis-tical only.
TABLE I. Results of the simultaneous mass and decay time maximum likelihood fit for 0
b. The uncertainties shown are
statistical only. The number of degrees of freedom used for the 2 calculation is N
dof¼ 61.
Parameter Value Par. Value
mb 5619:7 0:7 MeV 2=N dof 1.09 b 1:449 0:036 ps Nsig 2184 57 fsig 0:268 0:007 Nbkg 5970 160 Sm 1:18 0:03 m 31:1 0:8 MeV S 1:05 0:02 0:117 0:003 ps
muons, d0, toward smaller values. The second bias comes from the V0 reconstruction. The event selection bias is corrected using the MC simulation to determine the effi-ciency as a function of the decay time as described in Sec. IV. The slope of the efficiency correction function, cb, is determined with a statistical accuracy of 50% (56 ps). Using standard error propagation, the contribution of this uncertainty to the overall error is evaluated to be 9 fs.
Since the two bias corrections rely on MC simulation, systematic uncertainties due to the corrections are esti-mated. These are determined separately for the V0 recon-struction bias and for the trigger bias. In the MC simulation the bias correction shifts the 0
blifetime by 26 fs, of which 10 fs are due to the V0 reconstruction and 16 fs are due to the trigger requirement. The systematic error due to the V0 bias correction is estimated by varying the 0
b trans-verse momentum in the MC simulation (using kinematic reweighting) to probe the pTdependence of the correction. The magnitude of the variation is about 3 times the differ-ence between the mean pT in data and the MC simulation. The corresponding error is estimated to be 4 fs. To ensure a good description of the trigger bias, the MC sample is reweighted using single-muon-trigger efficiencies expressed as a function of muon d0values that are extracted from data. The weighting functions are parametrized as linear func-tions, wðd0Þ / 1 þ ad0, and their slope a is determined by a linear fit in bins of the measured muon pT and . To assess the systematic error on the trigger bias correction, the weighting parameters a are varied by their errors. This produces a lifetime shift of 7 fs, which is used as a system-atic error. The total systemsystem-atic error calculated as a qua-dratic sum of the individual contributions is 12 fs.
To assess the systematic error in the mass measurement due to the event selection, the MC distribution of m ¼ mMC m, where mMCis the generated mass, is fitted with a double Gaussian. The systematic error, given by the shift of the mean of the double Gaussian, is estimated to be 0.9 MeV. The mass shift is caused by the muon-trigger pT thresholds: muons with larger pT have higher probability of being selected than low-pT muons. As a consequence, muons whose pT is mismeasured as larger than the true
value have a higher probability of being reconstructed than muons whose pTis mismeasured as smaller, which creates a small asymmetry of the mass peak.
2. Background fit models
Alternative background models are used to assess the sensitivity of the results to the choice of background parametrization. A second-order polynomial and an expo-nential mass dependence of the Mb PDF are tested. In addition the decay time dependence is modified by adding a third exponential into the nonprompt background com-ponent,Tnp. The alternative background PDFs fit the data well. These changes result in a lifetime shift of 2 fs and a mass shift of 0.2 MeV. In the fit model the decay time and mass are assumed to be uncorrelated. To test this assump-tion the fit’s mass range limits, mminand mmax, are varied independently by 60 MeV. This changes the relative con-tribution of the background from the left and right side-bands, and the mass and lifetime are extracted again for these new mass ranges. While the change of mmax has a minimal impact on the extracted mass and lifetime, the change of mminproduces a lifetime shift of 9 fs. This value is added to the total systematic error due to background modeling.
3. B0dcontamination The number of B0
d candidates misidentified as 0b is estimated by a fit to the mass distribution of the candidates which fall in the 0
b signal region, 5:52 GeV < mJ=c0<
5:72 GeV, under the hypothesis that they are B0 d! J=cðþÞKS0ðþÞ decays. A fit to a Gaussian peak on a linear background yields 82 46 B0
d candidates. Since these candidates are treated as 0b, their pseudolife-time is scaled up by the ratio of the 0
b and B0d masses, Bd ¼ Bdm
PDG b =m
PDG
Bd ¼ 1617 fs (the decay time change
due to the difference in pT reconstructed under the two hypotheses is negligible). If all such background candi-dates contribute to the fitted 0
b lifetime, it would cause a shift of 7 fs. This is quoted as a conservative estimate of the systematic error. The error on the mass measurement is estimated by relaxing the P0
b PBd cut to double the
estimated B0
dbackground. This results in a 0bmass shift of 0.2 MeV.
4. Residual misalignment of the ID
The distribution of the transverse impact parameter, d0, of tracks originating from the PV is used to estimate the geometrical distortions due to residual misalignment. The geometry in the MC simulation is distorted by adjusting the positions of the ID modules so that the d0 of tracks coming from the PV is biased by the same amount as observed in data. The mass-lifetime fit is performed with simulated data using the default (ideal) geometry and the sample with geometry distortions. A shift of 1 fs is TABLE II. Summary of the systematic uncertainties of the
lifetime measurement, syst , and the mass measurement, systm ,
for 0 b.
Systematic uncertainty syst (fs) systm (MeV)
Selection/reco. bias 12 0.9
Background fit models 9 0.2
B0d contamination 7 0.2
Residual misalignment 1
Extra material 3 0.2
Tracking pT scale 0.5
Total systematic error 17 1.1
observed between the two measurements and is assigned as a systematic error due to residual misalignment. No significant mass shift is observed.
5. Uncertainty in the amount of ID material Inaccurate modeling of the amount of material in the ID could affect the measurement since the tracking algorithm estimates the particle energy loss using a material map. To explore this uncertainty, the MC simulation is repeated with 20% more material in the ID silicon detectors (Pixel and SCT) and their supporting services, which is large compared to the estimated uncertainty of 6% (9%) in the Pixel (SCT) detectors (see Ref. [12]). The resulting shifts of 3 fs in lifetime and 0.2 MeV in mass are conservative estimates of the systematic uncertainties from this source.
6. Uncertainty in the tracking momentum scale The KS0mass value is used to estimate the uncertainty in the track momentum determination. The K0
Smass extracted from a fit to the invariant mass agrees with the PDG’s world average within 0.03%. Such a shift corresponds to a track momentum scale shift of 0.05%. The momentum scale can be further tested using the reconstructed J=c mass. The observed mass shift corresponds to a momentum scale error of0:03%, in agreement with the assumption of0:05%. Shifting the momenta of all tracks in the MC simulation by this amount yields a 0
b mass shift of 0.5 MeV. No significant lifetime shift is observed.
7. Other systematic errors
Other sources of systematic errors are investigated, such as an alternative choice of the PV (e.g. using the collision vertex whose tracks have the highest sum of p2
T) and the use of a PDF with the error distributions modeled sepa-rately for signal and background. These changes do not result in a significant mass or lifetime shift.
C. Cross-check with B0d! J=cðþÞK0SðþÞ The B0
d! J=cðþÞKS0ðþÞ channel has the same decay topology as 0
b! J=cðþÞ0ðpÞ and can be used to cross-check the 0b results and to determine the ratio of the 0
band B0dlifetimes. The analysis and systematic error studies, described in the previous sections, are repeated for the B0
d. The B0d channel is subjected to exactly the same kinematic cuts as for the 0
b channel and therefore has similar systematic effects. The mass range used for the K0
Spreselection is 440 MeV < mþ< 570 MeV, and the B0dinvariant mass must lie in the range 5:1 GeV < mJ=cK0
S< 5:5 GeV. This selection is
chosen to be as close as possible to the 0
b selection rather than to maximize the B0
d signal yield. Using the maximum likelihood fit, the B0
dlifetime and mass are mea-sured to be Bd¼1:5090:012ðstatÞ0:018ðsystÞps and
mBd ¼ 5279:6 0:2ðstatÞ 1:0ðsystÞ MeV. These values
are consistent with the world averages, PDG
Bd ¼ 1:519
0:007 ps and mPDG
Bd ¼ 5279:50 0:30 MeV [1].
VI. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The 0
b lifetime and mass are measured to be b ¼ 1:449 0:036ðstatÞ 0:017ðsystÞ ps;
mb ¼ 5619:7 0:7ðstatÞ 1:1ðsystÞ MeV:
These results agree with the world average values of the 0
blifetime, PDGb ¼ 1:425 0:032 ps, and mass, mPDGb ¼ 5619:4 0:7 MeV [1], and with a recent determination of the 0
b mass by the LHCb experiment, mLHCbb ¼ 5619:19 0:70ðstatÞ 0:30ðsystÞ MeV [2]. The ratio of the 0
b and B0d lifetimes is
R ¼ b=Bd ¼ 0:960 0:025ðstatÞ 0:016ðsystÞ:
The statistical and systematic errors are propagated from the errors of the lifetime measurements. The systematic errors are conservatively assumed to be uncorrelated. This value is between the recent determination by D0, RD0¼ 0:864 0:052ðstatÞ 0:033ðsystÞ [6], and the measure-ment by CDF, RCDF ¼ 1:020 0:030ðstatÞ 0:008ðsystÞ [5]. It agrees with the heavy quark expansion calculations which predict the value of the ratio between 0.88 and 0.97 [7] and is compatible with the next-to-leading-order QCD predictions with central values ranging between 0.86 and 0.88 (uncertainty of0:05) [8].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/ IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva,
Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowl-edged gratefully, in particular, from CERN and the ATLAS
Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide.
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G. A. Hare,136T. Harenberg,174S. Harkusha,89D. Harper,86R. D. Harrington,45O. M. Harris,137J. Hartert,47 F. Hartjes,104T. Haruyama,64A. Harvey,55S. Hasegawa,100Y. Hasegawa,139S. Hassani,135S. Haug,16 M. Hauschild,29R. Hauser,87M. Havranek,20C. M. Hawkes,17R. J. Hawkings,29A. D. Hawkins,78D. Hawkins,162
T. Hayakawa,65T. Hayashi,159D. Hayden,75C. P. Hays,117H. S. Hayward,72S. J. Haywood,128M. He,32d S. J. Head,17V. Hedberg,78L. Heelan,7S. Heim,87B. Heinemann,14S. Heisterkamp,35L. Helary,21C. Heller,97 M. Heller,29S. Hellman,145a,145bD. Hellmich,20C. Helsens,11R. C. W. Henderson,70M. Henke,57aA. Henrichs,53
A. M. Henriques Correia,29S. Henrot-Versille,114C. Hensel,53T. Henß,174C. M. Hernandez,7 Y. Herna´ndez Jime´nez,166R. Herrberg,15G. Herten,47R. Hertenberger,97L. Hervas,29G. G. Hesketh,76 N. P. Hessey,104E. Higo´n-Rodriguez,166J. C. Hill,27K. H. Hiller,41S. Hillert,20S. J. Hillier,17I. Hinchliffe,14
E. Hines,119M. Hirose,115F. Hirsch,42D. Hirschbuehl,174J. Hobbs,147N. Hod,152M. C. Hodgkinson,138 P. Hodgson,138A. Hoecker,29M. R. Hoeferkamp,102J. Hoffman,39D. Hoffmann,82M. Hohlfeld,80M. Holder,140
S. O. Holmgren,145aT. Holy,126J. L. Holzbauer,87T. M. Hong,119L. Hooft van Huysduynen,107C. Horn,142 S. Horner,47J-Y. Hostachy,54S. Hou,150A. Hoummada,134aJ. Howard,117J. Howarth,81I. Hristova,15J. Hrivnac,114 T. Hryn’ova,4P. J. Hsu,80S.-C. Hsu,14Z. Hubacek,126F. Hubaut,82F. Huegging,20A. Huettmann,41T. B. Huffman,117 E. W. Hughes,34G. Hughes,70M. Huhtinen,29M. Hurwitz,14U. Husemann,41N. Huseynov,63,sJ. Huston,87J. Huth,56 G. Iacobucci,48G. Iakovidis,9M. Ibbotson,81I. Ibragimov,140L. Iconomidou-Fayard,114J. Idarraga,114P. Iengo,101a
O. Igonkina,104Y. Ikegami,64M. Ikeno,64D. Iliadis,153N. Ilic,157T. Ince,20J. Inigo-Golfin,29P. Ioannou,8 M. Iodice,133aK. Iordanidou,8V. Ippolito,131a,131bA. Irles Quiles,166C. Isaksson,165M. Ishino,66M. Ishitsuka,156 R. Ishmukhametov,39C. Issever,117S. Istin,18aA. V. Ivashin,127W. Iwanski,38H. Iwasaki,64J. M. Izen,40V. Izzo,101a B. Jackson,119J. N. Jackson,72P. Jackson,142M. R. Jaekel,29V. Jain,59K. Jakobs,47S. Jakobsen,35T. Jakoubek,124
J. Jakubek,126D. K. Jana,110E. Jansen,76H. Jansen,29A. Jantsch,98M. Janus,47G. Jarlskog,78L. Jeanty,56 I. Jen-La Plante,30D. Jennens,85P. Jenni,29P. Jezˇ,35S. Je´ze´quel,4M. K. Jha,19aH. Ji,172W. Ji,80J. Jia,147Y. Jiang,32b
M. Jimenez Belenguer,41S. Jin,32aO. Jinnouchi,156M. D. Joergensen,35D. Joffe,39M. Johansen,145a,145b K. E. Johansson,145aP. Johansson,138S. Johnert,41K. A. Johns,6K. Jon-And,145a,145bG. Jones,169R. W. L. Jones,70
T. J. Jones,72C. Joram,29P. M. Jorge,123aK. D. Joshi,81J. Jovicevic,146T. Jovin,12bX. Ju,172C. A. Jung,42 R. M. Jungst,29V. Juranek,124P. Jussel,60A. Juste Rozas,11S. Kabana,16M. Kaci,166A. Kaczmarska,38P. Kadlecik,35
M. Kado,114H. Kagan,108M. Kagan,56E. Kajomovitz,151S. Kalinin,174L. V. Kalinovskaya,63S. Kama,39 N. Kanaya,154M. Kaneda,29S. Kaneti,27T. Kanno,156V. A. Kantserov,95J. Kanzaki,64B. Kaplan,175A. Kapliy,30 J. Kaplon,29D. Kar,52M. Karagounis,20K. Karakostas,9M. Karnevskiy,41V. Kartvelishvili,70A. N. Karyukhin,127 L. Kashif,172G. Kasieczka,57bR. D. Kass,108A. Kastanas,13M. Kataoka,4Y. Kataoka,154E. Katsoufis,9J. Katzy,41 V. Kaushik,6K. Kawagoe,68T. Kawamoto,154G. Kawamura,80M. S. Kayl,104V. A. Kazanin,106M. Y. Kazarinov,63 R. Keeler,168R. Kehoe,39M. Keil,53G. D. Kekelidze,63J. S. Keller,137M. Kenyon,52O. Kepka,124N. Kerschen,29 B. P. Kersˇevan,73S. Kersten,174K. Kessoku,154J. Keung,157F. Khalil-zada,10H. Khandanyan,164A. Khanov,111 D. Kharchenko,63A. Khodinov,95A. Khomich,57aT. J. Khoo,27G. Khoriauli,20A. Khoroshilov,174V. Khovanskiy,94
E. Khramov,63J. Khubua,50bH. Kim,145a,145bS. H. Kim,159N. Kimura,170O. Kind,15B. T. King,72M. King,65 R. S. B. King,117J. Kirk,128A. E. Kiryunin,98T. Kishimoto,65D. Kisielewska,37T. Kitamura,65T. Kittelmann,122
E. Kladiva,143bM. Klein,72U. Klein,72K. Kleinknecht,80M. Klemetti,84A. Klier,171P. Klimek,145a,145b A. Klimentov,24R. Klingenberg,42J. A. Klinger,81E. B. Klinkby,35T. Klioutchnikova,29P. F. Klok,103S. Klous,104 E.-E. Kluge,57aT. Kluge,72P. Kluit,104S. Kluth,98N. S. Knecht,157E. Kneringer,60E. B. F. G. Knoops,82A. Knue,53 B. R. Ko,44T. Kobayashi,154M. Kobel,43M. Kocian,142P. Kodys,125K. Ko¨neke,29A. C. Ko¨nig,103S. Koenig,80
L. Ko¨pke,80F. Koetsveld,103P. Koevesarki,20T. Koffas,28E. Koffeman,104L. A. Kogan,117S. Kohlmann,174 F. Kohn,53Z. Kohout,126T. Kohriki,64T. Koi,142G. M. Kolachev,106,aH. Kolanoski,15V. Kolesnikov,63 I. Koletsou,88aJ. Koll,87M. Kollefrath,47A. A. Komar,93Y. Komori,154T. Kondo,64T. Kono,41,tA. I. Kononov,47
R. Konoplich,107,uN. Konstantinidis,76S. Koperny,37K. Korcyl,38K. Kordas,153A. Korn,117A. Korol,106 I. Korolkov,11E. V. Korolkova,138V. A. Korotkov,127O. Kortner,98S. Kortner,98V. V. Kostyukhin,20S. Kotov,98
V. M. Kotov,63A. Kotwal,44C. Kourkoumelis,8V. Kouskoura,153A. Koutsman,158aR. Kowalewski,168 T. Z. Kowalski,37W. Kozanecki,135A. S. Kozhin,127V. Kral,126V. A. Kramarenko,96G. Kramberger,73 M. W. Krasny,77A. Krasznahorkay,107J. K. Kraus,20S. Kreiss,107F. Krejci,126J. Kretzschmar,72N. Krieger,53 P. Krieger,157K. Kroeninger,53H. Kroha,98J. Kroll,119J. Kroseberg,20J. Krstic,12aU. Kruchonak,63H. Kru¨ger,20
T. Kruker,16N. Krumnack,62Z. V. Krumshteyn,63T. Kubota,85S. Kuday,3aS. Kuehn,47A. Kugel,57cT. Kuhl,41 D. Kuhn,60V. Kukhtin,63Y. Kulchitsky,89S. Kuleshov,31bC. Kummer,97M. Kuna,77J. Kunkle,119A. Kupco,124 H. Kurashige,65M. Kurata,159Y. A. Kurochkin,89V. Kus,124E. S. Kuwertz,146M. Kuze,156J. Kvita,141R. Kwee,15
A. La Rosa,48L. La Rotonda,36a,36bL. Labarga,79J. Labbe,4S. Lablak,134aC. Lacasta,166F. Lacava,131a,131b H. Lacker,15D. Lacour,77V. R. Lacuesta,166E. Ladygin,63R. Lafaye,4B. Laforge,77T. Lagouri,79S. Lai,47
E. Laisne,54M. Lamanna,29L. Lambourne,76C. L. Lampen,6W. Lampl,6E. Lancon,135U. Landgraf,47 M. P. J. Landon,74J. L. Lane,81V. S. Lang,57aC. Lange,41A. J. Lankford,162F. Lanni,24K. Lantzsch,174S. Laplace,77 C. Lapoire,20J. F. Laporte,135T. Lari,88aA. Larner,117M. Lassnig,29P. Laurelli,46V. Lavorini,36a,36bW. Lavrijsen,14
P. Laycock,72O. Le Dortz,77E. Le Guirriec,82C. Le Maner,157E. Le Menedeu,11T. LeCompte,5
F. Ledroit-Guillon,54H. Lee,104J. S. H. Lee,115S. C. Lee,150L. Lee,175M. Lefebvre,168M. Legendre,135F. Legger,97 C. Leggett,14M. Lehmacher,20G. Lehmann Miotto,29X. Lei,6M. A. L. Leite,23dR. Leitner,125D. Lellouch,171
B. Lemmer,53V. Lendermann,57aK. J. C. Leney,144bT. Lenz,104G. Lenzen,174B. Lenzi,29K. Leonhardt,43 S. Leontsinis,9F. Lepold,57aC. Leroy,92J-R. Lessard,168C. G. Lester,27C. M. Lester,119J. Leveˆque,4D. Levin,86 L. J. Levinson,171A. Lewis,117G. H. Lewis,107A. M. Leyko,20M. Leyton,15B. Li,82H. Li,172,vS. Li,32b,wX. Li,86
Z. Liang,117,xH. Liao,33B. Liberti,132aP. Lichard,29M. Lichtnecker,97K. Lie,164W. Liebig,13C. Limbach,20 A. Limosani,85M. Limper,61S. C. Lin,150,yF. Linde,104J. T. Linnemann,87E. Lipeles,119A. Lipniacka,13 T. M. Liss,164D. Lissauer,24A. Lister,48A. M. Litke,136C. Liu,28D. Liu,150H. Liu,86J. B. Liu,86L. Liu,86M. Liu,32b
Y. Liu,32bM. Livan,118a,118bS. S. A. Livermore,117A. Lleres,54J. Llorente Merino,79S. L. Lloyd,74 E. Lobodzinska,41P. Loch,6W. S. Lockman,136T. Loddenkoetter,20F. K. Loebinger,81A. Loginov,175C. W. Loh,167
T. Lohse,15K. Lohwasser,47M. Lokajicek,124V. P. Lombardo,4R. E. Long,70L. Lopes,123aD. Lopez Mateos,56 J. Lorenz,97N. Lorenzo Martinez,114M. Losada,161P. Loscutoff,14F. Lo Sterzo,131a,131bM. J. Losty,158aX. Lou,40
A. Lounis,114K. F. Loureiro,161J. Love,21P. A. Love,70A. J. Lowe,142,fF. Lu,32aH. J. Lubatti,137C. Luci,131a,131b A. Lucotte,54A. Ludwig,43D. Ludwig,41I. Ludwig,47J. Ludwig,47F. Luehring,59G. Luijckx,104W. Lukas,60
D. Lumb,47L. Luminari,131aE. Lund,116B. Lund-Jensen,146B. Lundberg,78J. Lundberg,145a,145b
O. Lundberg,145a,145bJ. Lundquist,35M. Lungwitz,80D. Lynn,24E. Lytken,78H. Ma,24L. L. Ma,172G. Maccarrone,46 A. Macchiolo,98B. Macˇek,73J. Machado Miguens,123aR. Mackeprang,35R. J. Madaras,14H. J. Maddocks,70 W. F. Mader,43R. Maenner,57cT. Maeno,24P. Ma¨ttig,174S. Ma¨ttig,41L. Magnoni,29E. Magradze,53K. Mahboubi,47
S. Mahmoud,72G. Mahout,17C. Maiani,135C. Maidantchik,23aA. Maio,123a,cS. Majewski,24Y. Makida,64 N. Makovec,114P. Mal,135B. Malaescu,29Pa. Malecki,38P. Malecki,38V. P. Maleev,120F. Malek,54U. Mallik,61
D. Malon,5C. Malone,142S. Maltezos,9V. Malyshev,106S. Malyukov,29R. Mameghani,97J. Mamuzic,12b A. Manabe,64L. Mandelli,88aI. Mandic´,73R. Mandrysch,15J. Maneira,123aP. S. Mangeard,87
L. Manhaes de Andrade Filho,23bJ. A. Manjarres Ramos,135A. Mann,53P. M. Manning,136 A. Manousakis-Katsikakis,8B. Mansoulie,135A. Mapelli,29L. Mapelli,29L. March,79J. F. Marchand,28 F. Marchese,132a,132bG. Marchiori,77M. Marcisovsky,124C. P. Marino,168F. Marroquim,23aZ. Marshall,29 F. K. Martens,157L. F. Marti,16S. Marti-Garcia,166B. Martin,29B. Martin,87J. P. Martin,92T. A. Martin,17
V. J. Martin,45B. Martin dit Latour,48S. Martin-Haugh,148M. Martinez,11V. Martinez Outschoorn,56 A. C. Martyniuk,168M. Marx,81F. Marzano,131aA. Marzin,110L. Masetti,80T. Mashimo,154R. Mashinistov,93
J. Masik,81A. L. Maslennikov,106I. Massa,19a,19bG. Massaro,104N. Massol,4P. Mastrandrea,147
A. Mastroberardino,36a,36bT. Masubuchi,154P. Matricon,114H. Matsunaga,154T. Matsushita,65C. Mattravers,117,d J. Maurer,82S. J. Maxfield,72A. Mayne,138R. Mazini,150M. Mazur,20L. Mazzaferro,132a,132bM. Mazzanti,88a S. P. Mc Kee,86A. McCarn,164R. L. McCarthy,147T. G. McCarthy,28N. A. McCubbin,128K. W. McFarlane,55,a J. A. Mcfayden,138G. Mchedlidze,50bT. Mclaughlan,17S. J. McMahon,128R. A. McPherson,168,lA. Meade,83 J. Mechnich,104M. Mechtel,174M. Medinnis,41R. Meera-Lebbai,110T. Meguro,115R. Mehdiyev,92S. Mehlhase,35
A. Mehta,72K. Meier,57aB. Meirose,78C. Melachrinos,30B. R. Mellado Garcia,172F. Meloni,88a,88b L. Mendoza Navas,161Z. Meng,150,vA. Mengarelli,19a,19bS. Menke,98E. Meoni,160K. M. Mercurio,56P. Mermod,48
L. Merola,101a,101bC. Meroni,88aF. S. Merritt,30H. Merritt,108A. Messina,29,zJ. Metcalfe,102A. S. Mete,162 C. Meyer,80C. Meyer,30J-P. Meyer,135J. Meyer,173J. Meyer,53T. C. Meyer,29J. Miao,32dS. Michal,29L. Micu,25a
R. P. Middleton,128S. Migas,72L. Mijovic´,135G. Mikenberg,171M. Mikestikova,124M. Mikuzˇ,73D. W. Miller,30 R. J. Miller,87W. J. Mills,167C. Mills,56A. Milov,171D. A. Milstead,145a,145bD. Milstein,171A. A. Minaenko,127 M. Min˜ano Moya,166I. A. Minashvili,63A. I. Mincer,107B. Mindur,37M. Mineev,63Y. Ming,172L. M. Mir,11 G. Mirabelli,131aJ. Mitrevski,136V. A. Mitsou,166S. Mitsui,64P. S. Miyagawa,138J. U. Mjo¨rnmark,78T. Moa,145a,145b
V. Moeller,27K. Mo¨nig,41N. Mo¨ser,20S. Mohapatra,147W. Mohr,47R. Moles-Valls,166J. Monk,76E. Monnier,82 J. Montejo Berlingen,11F. Monticelli,69S. Monzani,19a,19bR. W. Moore,2G. F. Moorhead,85C. Mora Herrera,48 A. Moraes,52N. Morange,135J. Morel,53G. Morello,36a,36bD. Moreno,80M. Moreno Lla´cer,166P. Morettini,49a M. Morgenstern,43M. Morii,56A. K. Morley,29G. Mornacchi,29J. D. Morris,74L. Morvaj,100H. G. Moser,98 M. Mosidze,50bJ. Moss,108R. Mount,142E. Mountricha,9,aaS. V. Mouraviev,93,aE. J. W. Moyse,83F. Mueller,57a
J. Mueller,122K. Mueller,20T. A. Mu¨ller,97T. Mueller,80D. Muenstermann,29Y. Munwes,152W. J. Murray,128 I. Mussche,104E. Musto,101a,101bA. G. Myagkov,127M. Myska,124J. Nadal,11K. Nagai,159R. Nagai,156K. Nagano,64
A. Nagarkar,108Y. Nagasaka,58M. Nagel,98A. M. Nairz,29Y. Nakahama,29K. Nakamura,154T. Nakamura,154 I. Nakano,109G. Nanava,20A. Napier,160R. Narayan,57bM. Nash,76,dT. Nattermann,20T. Naumann,41G. Navarro,161
H. A. Neal,86P. Yu. Nechaeva,93T. J. Neep,81A. Negri,118a,118bG. Negri,29M. Negrini,19aS. Nektarijevic,48 A. Nelson,162T. K. Nelson,142S. Nemecek,124P. Nemethy,107A. A. Nepomuceno,23aM. Nessi,29,bb M. S. Neubauer,164A. Neusiedl,80R. M. Neves,107P. Nevski,24P. R. Newman,17V. Nguyen Thi Hong,135
R. B. Nickerson,117R. Nicolaidou,135B. Nicquevert,29F. Niedercorn,114J. Nielsen,136N. Nikiforou,34 A. Nikiforov,15V. Nikolaenko,127I. Nikolic-Audit,77K. Nikolics,48K. Nikolopoulos,17H. Nilsen,47P. Nilsson,7 Y. Ninomiya,154A. Nisati,131aR. Nisius,98T. Nobe,156L. Nodulman,5M. Nomachi,115I. Nomidis,153S. Norberg,110 M. Nordberg,29P. R. Norton,128J. Novakova,125M. Nozaki,64L. Nozka,112I. M. Nugent,158aA.-E. Nuncio-Quiroz,20
G. Nunes Hanninger,85T. Nunnemann,97E. Nurse,76B. J. O’Brien,45S. W. O’Neale,17,aD. C. O’Neil,141 V. O’Shea,52L. B. Oakes,97F. G. Oakham,28,eH. Oberlack,98J. Ocariz,77A. Ochi,65S. Oda,68S. Odaka,64J. Odier,82
H. Ogren,59A. Oh,81S. H. Oh,44C. C. Ohm,29T. Ohshima,100H. Okawa,24Y. Okumura,30T. Okuyama,154 A. Olariu,25aA. G. Olchevski,63S. A. Olivares Pino,31aM. Oliveira,123a,iD. Oliveira Damazio,24E. Oliver Garcia,166
D. Olivito,119A. Olszewski,38J. Olszowska,38A. Onofre,123a,ccP. U. E. Onyisi,30C. J. Oram,158aM. J. Oreglia,30 Y. Oren,152D. Orestano,133a,133bN. Orlando,71a,71bI. Orlov,106C. Oropeza Barrera,52R. S. Orr,157B. Osculati,49a,49b
R. Ospanov,119C. Osuna,11G. Otero y Garzon,26J. P. Ottersbach,104M. Ouchrif,134dE. A. Ouellette,168 F. Ould-Saada,116A. Ouraou,135Q. Ouyang,32aA. Ovcharova,14M. Owen,81S. Owen,138V. E. Ozcan,18aN. Ozturk,7
A. Pacheco Pages,11C. Padilla Aranda,11S. Pagan Griso,14E. Paganis,138C. Pahl,98F. Paige,24P. Pais,83 K. Pajchel,116G. Palacino,158bC. P. Paleari,6S. Palestini,29D. Pallin,33A. Palma,123aJ. D. Palmer,17Y. B. Pan,172
E. Panagiotopoulou,9P. Pani,104N. Panikashvili,86S. Panitkin,24D. Pantea,25aA. Papadelis,145a Th. D. Papadopoulou,9A. Paramonov,5D. Paredes Hernandez,33W. Park,24,ddM. A. Parker,27F. Parodi,49a,49b
J. A. Parsons,34U. Parzefall,47S. Pashapour,53E. Pasqualucci,131aS. Passaggio,49aA. Passeri,133a F. Pastore,133a,133b,aFr. Pastore,75G. Pa´sztor,48,eeS. Pataraia,174N. Patel,149J. R. Pater,81S. Patricelli,101a,101b T. Pauly,29M. Pecsy,143aM. I. Pedraza Morales,172S. V. Peleganchuk,106D. Pelikan,165H. Peng,32bB. Penning,30
A. Penson,34J. Penwell,59M. Perantoni,23aK. Perez,34,ffT. Perez Cavalcanti,41E. Perez Codina,158a M. T. Pe´rez Garcı´a-Estan˜,166V. Perez Reale,34L. Perini,88a,88bH. Pernegger,29R. Perrino,71aP. Perrodo,4 V. D. Peshekhonov,63K. Peters,29B. A. Petersen,29J. Petersen,29T. C. Petersen,35E. Petit,4A. Petridis,153
C. Petridou,153E. Petrolo,131aF. Petrucci,133a,133bD. Petschull,41M. Petteni,141R. Pezoa,31bA. Phan,85 P. W. Phillips,128G. Piacquadio,29A. Picazio,48E. Piccaro,74M. Piccinini,19a,19bS. M. Piec,41R. Piegaia,26 D. T. Pignotti,108J. E. Pilcher,30A. D. Pilkington,81J. Pina,123a,cM. Pinamonti,163a,163cA. Pinder,117J. L. Pinfold,2
F. Podlyski,33L. Poggioli,114M. Pohl,48G. Polesello,118aA. Policicchio,36a,36bA. Polini,19aJ. Poll,74 V. Polychronakos,24D. Pomeroy,22K. Pomme`s,29L. Pontecorvo,131aB. G. Pope,87G. A. Popeneciu,25a D. S. Popovic,12aA. Poppleton,29X. Portell Bueso,29G. E. Pospelov,98S. Pospisil,126I. N. Potrap,98C. J. Potter,148 C. T. Potter,113G. Poulard,29J. Poveda,59V. Pozdnyakov,63R. Prabhu,76P. Pralavorio,82A. Pranko,14S. Prasad,29
R. Pravahan,24S. Prell,62K. Pretzl,16D. Price,59J. Price,72L. E. Price,5D. Prieur,122M. Primavera,71a K. Prokofiev,107F. Prokoshin,31bS. Protopopescu,24J. Proudfoot,5X. Prudent,43M. Przybycien,37H. Przysiezniak,4 S. Psoroulas,20E. Ptacek,113E. Pueschel,83J. Purdham,86M. Purohit,24,ddP. Puzo,114Y. Pylypchenko,61J. Qian,86 A. Quadt,53D. R. Quarrie,14W. B. Quayle,172F. Quinonez,31aM. Raas,103V. Radescu,41P. Radloff,113T. Rador,18a F. Ragusa,88a,88bG. Rahal,177A. M. Rahimi,108D. Rahm,24S. Rajagopalan,24M. Rammensee,47M. Rammes,140
A. S. Randle-Conde,39K. Randrianarivony,28F. Rauscher,97T. C. Rave,47M. Raymond,29A. L. Read,116 D. M. Rebuzzi,118a,118bA. Redelbach,173G. Redlinger,24R. Reece,119K. Reeves,40E. Reinherz-Aronis,152
A. Reinsch,113I. Reisinger,42C. Rembser,29Z. L. Ren,150A. Renaud,114M. Rescigno,131aS. Resconi,88a B. Resende,135P. Reznicek,97R. Rezvani,157R. Richter,98E. Richter-Was,4,ggM. Ridel,77M. Rijpstra,104 M. Rijssenbeek,147A. Rimoldi,118a,118bL. Rinaldi,19aR. R. Rios,39I. Riu,11G. Rivoltella,88a,88bF. Rizatdinova,111
E. Rizvi,74S. H. Robertson,84,lA. Robichaud-Veronneau,117D. Robinson,27J. E. M. Robinson,81A. Robson,52 J. G. Rocha de Lima,105C. Roda,121a,121bD. Roda Dos Santos,29A. Roe,53S. Roe,29O. Røhne,116S. Rolli,160 A. Romaniouk,95M. Romano,19a,19bG. Romeo,26E. Romero Adam,166L. Roos,77E. Ros,166S. Rosati,131a K. Rosbach,48A. Rose,148M. Rose,75G. A. Rosenbaum,157E. I. Rosenberg,62P. L. Rosendahl,13O. Rosenthal,140 L. Rosselet,48V. Rossetti,11E. Rossi,131a,131bL. P. Rossi,49aM. Rotaru,25aI. Roth,171J. Rothberg,137D. Rousseau,114 C. R. Royon,135A. Rozanov,82Y. Rozen,151X. Ruan,32a,hhF. Rubbo,11I. Rubinskiy,41B. Ruckert,97N. Ruckstuhl,104
V. I. Rud,96C. Rudolph,43G. Rudolph,60F. Ru¨hr,6A. Ruiz-Martinez,62L. Rumyantsev,63Z. Rurikova,47 N. A. Rusakovich,63J. P. Rutherfoord,6C. Ruwiedel,14,aP. Ruzicka,124Y. F. Ryabov,120P. Ryan,87M. Rybar,125
G. Rybkin,114N. C. Ryder,117A. F. Saavedra,149I. Sadeh,152H. F-W. Sadrozinski,136R. Sadykov,63 F. Safai Tehrani,131aH. Sakamoto,154G. Salamanna,74A. Salamon,132aM. Saleem,110D. Salek,29D. Salihagic,98
A. Salnikov,142J. Salt,166B. M. Salvachua Ferrando,5D. Salvatore,36a,36bF. Salvatore,148A. Salvucci,103 A. Salzburger,29D. Sampsonidis,153B. H. Samset,116A. Sanchez,101a,101bV. Sanchez Martinez,166H. Sandaker,13 H. G. Sander,80M. P. Sanders,97M. Sandhoff,174T. Sandoval,27C. Sandoval,161R. Sandstroem,98D. P. C. Sankey,128
A. Sansoni,46C. Santamarina Rios,84C. Santoni,33R. Santonico,132a,132bH. Santos,123aJ. G. Saraiva,123a T. Sarangi,172E. Sarkisyan-Grinbaum,7F. Sarri,121a,121bG. Sartisohn,174O. Sasaki,64Y. Sasaki,154N. Sasao,66
I. Satsounkevitch,89G. Sauvage,4,aE. Sauvan,4J. B. Sauvan,114P. Savard,157,eV. Savinov,122D. O. Savu,29 L. Sawyer,24,nD. H. Saxon,52J. Saxon,119C. Sbarra,19aA. Sbrizzi,19a,19bD. A. Scannicchio,162M. Scarcella,149 J. Schaarschmidt,114P. Schacht,98D. Schaefer,119U. Scha¨fer,80S. Schaepe,20S. Schaetzel,57bA. C. Schaffer,114
D. Schaile,97R. D. Schamberger,147A. G. Schamov,106V. Scharf,57aV. A. Schegelsky,120D. Scheirich,86 M. Schernau,162M. I. Scherzer,34C. Schiavi,49a,49bJ. Schieck,97M. Schioppa,36a,36bS. Schlenker,29E. Schmidt,47
K. Schmieden,20C. Schmitt,80S. Schmitt,57bM. Schmitz,20B. Schneider,16U. Schnoor,43A. Schoening,57b A. L. S. Schorlemmer,53M. Schott,29D. Schouten,158aJ. Schovancova,124M. Schram,84C. Schroeder,80 N. Schroer,57cM. J. Schultens,20J. Schultes,174H.-C. Schultz-Coulon,57aH. Schulz,15M. Schumacher,47 B. A. Schumm,136Ph. Schune,135C. Schwanenberger,81A. Schwartzman,142Ph. Schwemling,77R. Schwienhorst,87
R. Schwierz,43J. Schwindling,135T. Schwindt,20M. Schwoerer,4G. Sciolla,22W. G. Scott,128J. Searcy,113 G. Sedov,41E. Sedykh,120S. C. Seidel,102A. Seiden,136F. Seifert,43J. M. Seixas,23aG. Sekhniaidze,101a
S. J. Sekula,39K. E. Selbach,45D. M. Seliverstov,120B. Sellden,145aG. Sellers,72M. Seman,143b N. Semprini-Cesari,19a,19bC. Serfon,97L. Serin,114L. Serkin,53R. Seuster,98H. Severini,110A. Sfyrla,29 E. Shabalina,53M. Shamim,113L. Y. Shan,32aJ. T. Shank,21Q. T. Shao,85M. Shapiro,14P. B. Shatalov,94 K. Shaw,163a,163cD. Sherman,175P. Sherwood,76A. Shibata,107S. Shimizu,29M. Shimojima,99T. Shin,55 M. Shiyakova,63A. Shmeleva,93M. J. Shochet,30D. Short,117S. Shrestha,62E. Shulga,95M. A. Shupe,6P. Sicho,124
A. Sidoti,131aF. Siegert,47Dj. Sijacki,12aO. Silbert,171J. Silva,123aY. Silver,152D. Silverstein,142 S. B. Silverstein,145aV. Simak,126O. Simard,135Lj. Simic,12aS. Simion,114E. Simioni,80B. Simmons,76 R. Simoniello,88a,88bM. Simonyan,35P. Sinervo,157N. B. Sinev,113V. Sipica,140G. Siragusa,173A. Sircar,24 A. N. Sisakyan,63,aS. Yu. Sivoklokov,96J. Sjo¨lin,145a,145bT. B. Sjursen,13L. A. Skinnari,14H. P. Skottowe,56
K. Skovpen,106P. Skubic,110M. Slater,17T. Slavicek,126K. Sliwa,160V. Smakhtin,171B. H. Smart,45 S. Yu. Smirnov,95Y. Smirnov,95L. N. Smirnova,96O. Smirnova,78B. C. Smith,56D. Smith,142K. M. Smith,52
M. Smizanska,70K. Smolek,126A. A. Snesarev,93S. W. Snow,81J. Snow,110S. Snyder,24R. Sobie,168,lJ. Sodomka,126 A. Soffer,152C. A. Solans,166M. Solar,126J. Solc,126E. Yu. Soldatov,95U. Soldevila,166
E. Solfaroli Camillocci,131a,131bA. A. Solodkov,127O. V. Solovyanov,127V. Solovyev,120N. Soni,85V. Sopko,126 B. Sopko,126M. Sosebee,7R. Soualah,163a,163cA. Soukharev,106S. Spagnolo,71a,71bF. Spano`,75R. Spighi,19a
G. Spigo,29R. Spiwoks,29M. Spousta,125,iiT. Spreitzer,157B. Spurlock,7R. D. St. Denis,52J. Stahlman,119 R. Stamen,57aE. Stanecka,38R. W. Stanek,5C. Stanescu,133aM. Stanescu-Bellu,41S. Stapnes,116 E. A. Starchenko,127J. Stark,54P. Staroba,124P. Starovoitov,41R. Staszewski,38A. Staude,97P. Stavina,143a,a
G. Steele,52P. Steinbach,43P. Steinberg,24I. Stekl,126B. Stelzer,141H. J. Stelzer,87O. Stelzer-Chilton,158a H. Stenzel,51S. Stern,98G. A. Stewart,29J. A. Stillings,20M. C. Stockton,84K. Stoerig,47G. Stoicea,25aS. Stonjek,98
P. Strachota,125A. R. Stradling,7A. Straessner,43J. Strandberg,146S. Strandberg,145a,145bA. Strandlie,116 M. Strang,108E. Strauss,142M. Strauss,110P. Strizenec,143bR. Stro¨hmer,173D. M. Strom,113J. A. Strong,75,a R. Stroynowski,39J. Strube,128B. Stugu,13I. Stumer,24,aJ. Stupak,147P. Sturm,174N. A. Styles,41D. A. Soh,150,x
D. Su,142HS. Subramania,2A. Succurro,11Y. Sugaya,115C. Suhr,105M. Suk,125V. V. Sulin,93S. Sultansoy,3d T. Sumida,66X. Sun,54J. E. Sundermann,47K. Suruliz,138G. Susinno,36a,36bM. R. Sutton,148Y. Suzuki,64 Y. Suzuki,65M. Svatos,124S. Swedish,167I. Sykora,143aT. Sykora,125J. Sa´nchez,166D. Ta,104K. Tackmann,41
A. Taffard,162R. Tafirout,158aN. Taiblum,152Y. Takahashi,100H. Takai,24R. Takashima,67H. Takeda,65 T. Takeshita,139Y. Takubo,64M. Talby,82A. Talyshev,106,gM. C. Tamsett,24J. Tanaka,154R. Tanaka,114S. Tanaka,130 S. Tanaka,64A. J. Tanasijczuk,141K. Tani,65N. Tannoury,82S. Tapprogge,80D. Tardif,157S. Tarem,151F. Tarrade,28
G. F. Tartarelli,88aP. Tas,125M. Tasevsky,124E. Tassi,36a,36bM. Tatarkhanov,14Y. Tayalati,134dC. Taylor,76 F. E. Taylor,91G. N. Taylor,85W. Taylor,158bM. Teinturier,114M. Teixeira Dias Castanheira,74P. Teixeira-Dias,75 K. K. Temming,47H. Ten Kate,29P. K. Teng,150S. Terada,64K. Terashi,154J. Terron,79M. Testa,46R. J. Teuscher,157,l
J. Therhaag,20T. Theveneaux-Pelzer,77S. Thoma,47J. P. Thomas,17E. N. Thompson,34P. D. Thompson,17 P. D. Thompson,157A. S. Thompson,52L. A. Thomsen,35E. Thomson,119M. Thomson,27W. M. Thong,85 R. P. Thun,86F. Tian,34M. J. Tibbetts,14T. Tic,124V. O. Tikhomirov,93Y. A. Tikhonov,106,gS. Timoshenko,95
P. Tipton,175S. Tisserant,82T. Todorov,4S. Todorova-Nova,160B. Toggerson,162J. Tojo,68S. Toka´r,143a K. Tokushuku,64K. Tollefson,87M. Tomoto,100L. Tompkins,30K. Toms,102A. Tonoyan,13C. Topfel,16 N. D. Topilin,63I. Torchiani,29E. Torrence,113H. Torres,77E. Torro´ Pastor,166J. Toth,82,eeF. Touchard,82 D. R. Tovey,138T. Trefzger,173L. Tremblet,29A. Tricoli,29I. M. Trigger,158aS. Trincaz-Duvoid,77M. F. Tripiana,69 N. Triplett,24W. Trischuk,157B. Trocme´,54C. Troncon,88aM. Trottier-McDonald,141M. Trzebinski,38A. Trzupek,38 C. Tsarouchas,29J. C-L. Tseng,117M. Tsiakiris,104P. V. Tsiareshka,89D. Tsionou,4,jjG. Tsipolitis,9S. Tsiskaridze,11 V. Tsiskaridze,47E. G. Tskhadadze,50aI. I. Tsukerman,94V. Tsulaia,14J.-W. Tsung,20S. Tsuno,64D. Tsybychev,147
A. Tua,138A. Tudorache,25aV. Tudorache,25aJ. M. Tuggle,30M. Turala,38D. Turecek,126I. Turk Cakir,3e E. Turlay,104R. Turra,88a,88bP. M. Tuts,34A. Tykhonov,73M. Tylmad,145a,145bM. Tyndel,128G. Tzanakos,8 K. Uchida,20I. Ueda,154R. Ueno,28M. Ugland,13M. Uhlenbrock,20M. Uhrmacher,53F. Ukegawa,159G. Unal,29
A. Undrus,24G. Unel,162Y. Unno,64D. Urbaniec,34G. Usai,7M. Uslenghi,118a,118bL. Vacavant,82V. Vacek,126 B. Vachon,84S. Vahsen,14J. Valenta,124S. Valentinetti,19a,19bA. Valero,166S. Valkar,125E. Valladolid Gallego,166
S. Vallecorsa,151J. A. Valls Ferrer,166P. C. Van Der Deijl,104R. van der Geer,104H. van der Graaf,104 R. Van Der Leeuw,104E. van der Poel,104D. van der Ster,29N. van Eldik,29P. van Gemmeren,5I. van Vulpen,104 M. Vanadia,98W. Vandelli,29A. Vaniachine,5P. Vankov,41F. Vannucci,77R. Vari,131aT. Varol,83D. Varouchas,14 A. Vartapetian,7K. E. Varvell,149V. I. Vassilakopoulos,55F. Vazeille,33T. Vazquez Schroeder,53G. Vegni,88a,88b
J. J. Veillet,114F. Veloso,123aR. Veness,29S. Veneziano,131aA. Ventura,71a,71bD. Ventura,83M. Venturi,47 N. Venturi,157V. Vercesi,118aM. Verducci,137W. Verkerke,104J. C. Vermeulen,104A. Vest,43M. C. Vetterli,141,e
I. Vichou,164T. Vickey,144b,kkO. E. Vickey Boeriu,144bG. H. A. Viehhauser,117S. Viel,167M. Villa,19a,19b M. Villaplana Perez,166E. Vilucchi,46M. G. Vincter,28E. Vinek,29V. B. Vinogradov,63M. Virchaux,135,aJ. Virzi,14
O. Vitells,171M. Viti,41I. Vivarelli,47F. Vives Vaque,2S. Vlachos,9D. Vladoiu,97M. Vlasak,126A. Vogel,20 P. Vokac,126G. Volpi,46M. Volpi,85G. Volpini,88aH. von der Schmitt,98H. von Radziewski,47E. von Toerne,20
V. Vorobel,125V. Vorwerk,11M. Vos,166R. Voss,29T. T. Voss,174J. H. Vossebeld,72N. Vranjes,135
M. Vranjes Milosavljevic,104V. Vrba,124M. Vreeswijk,104T. Vu Anh,47R. Vuillermet,29I. Vukotic,30W. Wagner,174 P. Wagner,119H. Wahlen,174S. Wahrmund,43J. Wakabayashi,100S. Walch,86J. Walder,70R. Walker,97 W. Walkowiak,140R. Wall,175P. Waller,72B. Walsh,175C. Wang,44H. Wang,172H. Wang,32b,llJ. Wang,150J. Wang,54
