Physical qualities of 13-year-old scholars who went through traditional sportive formation

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p ^hysical ^qualities ^of 13- ^yeaR - ^old ^scholaRs ^who

went thRough tRaditional spoRtive foRmation

João Luiz Bitencourt da Silva¹ jlbitencourt@uol.com.br Alam dos Reis Saraiva¹ alamsaraiva00@bol.com.br Gerson da Cruz Monte Júnior¹ gersonmonte@click21.com.br Maria de Nazaré Dias Portal² nazaredias_01@hotmail.com Jorge Roberto Perrout de Lima³ jorge.perrout@ufjf.edu.br Estélio Henrique Martin Dantas¹estelio@cobrase.org.br

doi:10.3900/fpj.8.6.400.e

Silva JLB, Saraiva AR, Monte Júnior GC, Portal MND, Lima JRP, Dantas EHM. Physical qualities of 13-year-old scholars who went through traditional sportive formation Fit Perf J. 2009 Nov-Dec;8(6):400-6.;8(6):400-6.

ABSTRACT

Introduction: This study had as objective to evaluate the effects of traditional methodology of sportive formation regarding the physical qualities of 13-year-old scholars, who went through a 16-week intervention.

Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 40 scholars divided into two groups (GT=20 and GC

=20), as the coordination (Burpee test), explosive strength (vertical impulsion), aerobic resistance and agility (Shuttle Run test), velocity (50m) and flexibility (goniometry) were evaluated. The statistics were descriptive and inferential (t test, Wilcoxon, Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney) with p≤0.05. Results: Intergroup comparisons did not present statistically significant differences; however, in the intragroups comparisons, we found differences with regard to the explosive strength (∆%=6.85; p=0.000), coordination (∆%=13.64; p=0.000), velocity (∆%=- 3.58; p=0.002), aerobic resistance (∆%=7.44; p=0.000) and flexibility EAQ (∆%=10.59; p=0.000). The same did not occur with GC. Discussion: The results showed that the use of a traditional methodology was not effective for the development of physical qualities of 13-year-old schoolchildren.

KEYWORDS

Adolescent; Training; Methodology.

1 Laboratório de Biociências da Motricidade Humana – LABIMH – Universidade Castelo Branco – UCB – Rio de Janeiro/RJ – Brazil

2 Universidade Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro – UTAD – Programa de Doutorado em Ciências do Desporto – Vila Real – Portugal

3 Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora – UFJF – Faculdade de Educação Física e Desportos – Departamento de Fundamentos da Educação Física – Juiz de Fora/MG – Brazil

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qualidadesfísicasdeescolaResde 13 anossubmetidosàfoRmaçãoespoRtivatRadicional

RESUMO

Introdução: O estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da metodologia de formação esportiva tradicional sobre as qualidades físicas de escolares com 13 anos, submetidos a 16 semanas de intervenção. Materiais e Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 40 escolares divididos em dois grupos (GT=20 e GC=20) para avaliar a coordenação (teste de Burpee), força explosiva (impulsão vertical), resistência aeróbica e agilidade (teste de Shuttle Run), velocidade (50m lançado) e flexibilidade (goniometria). A estatística foi feita de forma descritiva e inferencial (Teste t, Wilcoxon, Kruskal Wallis e Mann-Whitney) com p≤0,05. Resultados: Nas comparações intergrupos não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas, no entanto, na análise intragrupos, houve diferenças com relação à força explosiva (∆%=6,85; p=0,000), coordenação (∆%=13,64; p=0,000), velocidade (∆%= -3,58; p=0,002), resistência aeróbica (∆%=7,44; p=0,000) e flexibilidade EAQ (∆%=10,59; p=0,000). O mesmo não ocorreu com o GC. Discussão: Os resultados permitiram concluir que a utilização de uma metodologia tradicional não se mostrou mais eficaz no desenvolvimento de qualidades físicas de escolares na idade de 13 anos.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

Adolescente; Capacitação; Metodologia.

calidadesfísicasdelosescolaResde 13 añossometidosalafoRmacióndepoRtivatRadicional

RESUMEN

Introducción: El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de la metodología de formación deportiva tradicional sobre las calidades físicas de estudiantes de 13 años, sometidos a 16 semanas de intervención. Materiales y Métodos: La muestra ha sido compuesta por 40 escolares divididos en dos grupos (GT=20 y GC=20). Han sido evaluadas la coordinación (examen de Burpee); fuerza explosiva (impulso vertical);

resistencia aeróbica y la agilidad (examen de Shuttle Run), velocidad (50m lanzados) y flexibilidad (goniometría). La estadística fue hecha de forma descriptiva e inferencial (examen t, Wilcoxon, Kruskal Wallis y Mann-Whitney) con un p≤0,05. Resultados: En las comparaciones intergrupos no se han observado diferencias estadísticamente significativas, sin embargo, intragrupos en la fuerza explosiva (∆%=6,85; p=0,000), coordinación (∆%=13,64; p=0,000), velocidad (∆%= -3,58; p=0,002), resistencia aeróbica (∆%=7,44; p=0,000) y flexibilidad de extensión de la articulación del cuadril (∆%=10,59; p=0,000). No ocurrió con el GC. Discusión: Los resultados han permitido concluir que la utilización de una metodología tradicional no se ha mostrado más eficaz en el desarrollo de calidades físicas de estudiantes, en la edad de 13 años.

PALABRAS CLAVE

Adolescente; Capacitación; Metodología.

INTRODUCTION

The swift change of values and rules of conducts established by recent society, stimulated by the power- ful technology, creates roles that lead to alterations in the standards and individual and social functions of the sport, turning it into an activity, in general, of great com- plexity, by this reason it represents a social phenomenon of great relevance in the modern world¹.

This phenomenon of universal characteristics reflects the political and ideological values of a society, compos- ing a real culture form, because it has the strength of conducting man to new cultural manifestations, providing integration among individuals, minimizing violence and disorder and offering important reactions to nega- tive symptoms provoked by this social environment².

In school environment, this changing phenomenon is transmitted in Physical Education classes, understood

as an area that treats body culture and has as purpose to introduce and integrate the student in this educational sphere, creating citizens that will produce, reproduce and transform it³.

So, it must be cautious, because, in some moment of these classes, it can be clearly seen that there is an advantage in certain body standards for the choice of participating of some sporting modalities, providing some privileges and preferences to the biggest and strongest, not reminding of the other qualities inherent to the student⁴.

In order for this not happens, it must be applied a methodology that respects the student’s potentiality, with all the goals and purposes being reached. For this, the traditional sporting formation methodology, that has as aim the general preparation of scholar age children with emphasis on the coordination training (psychomotricity),

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of the localized muscular resistance, of flexibility and aerobic capacity, taking into consideration the chronological age of the students⁵.

These physical qualities become important condi- tions for all and any athlete in sporting formation and, therefore, the employment of a correct methodology is fundamental, and can be developed by traditional methodology⁵.

The aim of this study was, hence, to assess the effects of traditional sporting formation methodology over the physical qualities of scholars from the male sex, aged 13 years old.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample

A total of 40 boys, aged 13 years old, who study in the school called Tiradentes I from Belém do Pará, randomly divided into two groups (Traditional Group, TG=20 and Control Group, CG=20) formed the study group. They presented bony age mean of 12.90 and standard deviation of 0.91 and 0.97, respectively. Their parents signed the Informed Consent Form, as established by Resolution 196/96 from the National Health Counsel (NHS), which treats of the ethical requests for the realization of human beings researches. The present study was submitted to the Ethics and Research Committee, involving human beings from Universidade Castelo Branco, with process number 0083/2008.

The TG developed the traditional sporting formation methodology, characterized by Physical Education classes that praise the application of exercises according to the National Curriculum Parameters⁶, which approaches sports, games, fights, gymnastics and the expressive and rhythmic activities, considering the chronological age.

The CG did not carry out any type of special treatment, having as standard reference the variables in which the Experimental Group was submitted, participating of the- ory classes and activities such as chess, draughts and others related to these. Classes had 10 minutes of warm- up, 30 minutes of work inside the methodologies and 5 minutes to be calm again. When 16 weeks of application were accomplished, the post-test was carried out, which constituted by the same procedures of the pre-test.

Instruments

As the sample’s form of characterization, the biologic maturation was verified by the “hand and wrist radiog- raphy”, using the equipment model Villa Medical Sistem (Italy) 630 ma, with the Greulich and Pyle method. To de- termine the stature and body mass, a balance with a sta- diometer of the Filizola brand (Brazil), with an accuracy

scale of 100g (International Society for the Advancement of Kinahthropometry)⁷. For the physical qualities assessment, the following protocols were carried out: coordination, by the coordination test of Burpee⁸, using a chro- nometer of the brand Polar; explosive strength, by the Vertical Impulsion Test, Sargent Jump Test⁸; aerobic resistance, by the Shuttle Run Progressive Test of 20m⁹; agility by the Shuttle Run test⁸; velocity, by the speed test of 50m throwed⁸, with a useful area of approximately 70m and two chronometers of Polar brand; flexibility, by the angular tests of goniometry through the protocol LABIFIE of Goniometry¹⁰, using the goniometer “Lafayette Goni- ometer Set” (USA) and a small mattress Hoorn (Brazil), of the following movements: horizontal shoulder extension, shoulder articulation abduction (AAO, acronym in Portuguese), lumbar column flexion (LCF), hip extension.

Statistical analysis

A descriptive statistics was used with mean, median, standard deviation, standard error, variation coefficient and percentage delta (∆%).The normality of the sample was evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilk test and the variance homogeneity by the Levene test. For the variables analysis, the pared t-Student’s test or Wilcoxon’s, when ap- propriated (homogeneous or heterogeneous distribution of data, respectively), were used in the intragroups analysis. For the intergroups assessment, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by multiple comparisons by the Mann-Whitney’s test, was used. The level of α<0.05 was adopted for the statistical significance. For the results evaluation, the Excel program and statistical package SPSS, version 14.0, were used.

RESULTS

In Table 1, it can be seen the descriptive results of TG as to the anthropometric variables and dependent ones, presenting mean, standard deviation, median, variation coefficient, standard error and p-value obtained through the Shapiro-Wilk test.

It can also be seen that the variables: stature, explosive strength, agility, velocity, aerobic resistance and flexibility present low dispersion (VC<25%), hence, the mean that corresponds to the best central tendency. Only the variables weight and aerobic resistance did not fol- low a normal distribution (p<0.05).

In Table 2, the descriptive results and Shapiro-Wilk’s inferential analysis from the CG as to the anthropometric and dependent variables are shown.

In Table 2, the descriptive results of the CG are found, observing that the variables: stature, explosive strength, agility, velocity, aerobic resistance and flexibility (horizontal shoulder flexion, FHO; AAO and LCF) present

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low dispersion (VC<25%), hence, the mean is the best central tendency. The variables weight, stature, explosive strength, aerobic resistance and flexibility (LCF) did not pursue the normal distribution (p<0.05).

Figure 1 presents the comparisons intra and intergroups of the dependent variables (potency, agility, coordination, velocity and aerobic resistance) between TG and CG.

Observing Figure 1, it is noticed that in the intergroups comparison, TG and CG did not present statistically significant differences in any of the analyzed variables.

Figure 2 presents the comparisons intra and intergroups of the dependent variable flexibility (FHO, AAO, LCF and hip articulation extension, EAQ) between the TG and CG.

Table 1 - Anthropometric and functional characteristics of the Traditional Group (TG)

Variables X SD Md VC E p-value (SW)

Weight (kg) 46.8 14.7 40 31.41 3.29 0.001*

Stature (cm) 152.2 10.35 152 6.8 2.32 0.172

Explosive strength (cm) 32.41 7.85 33.63 24.22 1.76 0.833

Agility (s) 11.16 0.78 11.25 6.99 0.18 0.568

Coordination (repetitions) 21.9 5.88 22.5 26.85 1.31 0.651

Velocity (s) 8.32 0.89 8.24 10.69 0.2 0.215

Aerobic resistance (mLO₂∙kg^-1∙min^-1) 31.92 4.69 31.8 14.7 1.05 0.049*

Flexibility (^O) (FHO) 112.05 11.89 112.5 10.61 2.66 0.455

Flexibility (^O) (AAO) 113.35 9.82 112 8.62 2.19 0.403

Flexibility (^O) (LCF) 31.6 8.88 30 7.89 1.99 0.667

Flexibility (^O) (EAQ) 21.7 6.84 22.5 31.52 1.53 0.109

X: mean; SD: standard deviation; Md: median; VC: variation coefficient; SW: Shapiro-Wilk test; FHO: horizontal shoulder flexion; AAO:

shoulder articulation abduction; LCF: lumbar column flexion; EAQ: hip articulation extension; *p<0.05; E: standard error.

Table 2 - Anthropometric and functional characteristics of the Control Group (CG)

Variables X SD Md VC E p-value (SW)

Weight (kg) 47.58 12.84 47 26.98 2.87 0.039*

Stature (cm) 153.65 10.51 157 6.84 2.35 0.036*

Explosive strength (cm) 31.56 7.88 30.83 24.96 1.76 0.012*

Agility (s) 11.13 0.96 10.88 8.62 0.21 0.059

Coordination (repetitions) 20.8 5.97 20.5 28.7 1.33 0.982

Velocity (s) 8.14 0.79 8.08 3.79 0.18 0.375

Aerobic resistance (mLO₂∙kg^-1∙min^-1) 32.1 4.75 31.8 14.79 1.06 0.037*

Flexibility (^O) (FHO) 109.1 6.8 110 6.23 1.52 0.144

Flexibility (^O) (AAO) 111.95 7.25 112 6.47 1.62 0.159

Flexibility (^O) (LCF) 27.85 6.58 26 23.62 1.47 0.045*

Flexibility (^O) (EAQ) 20.75 7.96 21 38.36 1.78 0.066

X: mean; SD: standard deviation; Md: median; VC%: variation coefficient; SW: Shapiro-Wilk test; FHO: horizontal shoulder flexion; AAO:

shoulder articulation abduction; LCF: lumbar column flexion; EAQ: hip articulation extension; *p<0.05; E: standard error.

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Potency Agility Coordination Velocity RA Biophysics variables

Rank mean

Traditional Control Figure 1 - Result between the TG and CG for the biophysics variables

RA: aerobic endurance

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Observing Figure 2, it is evidenced that in the intergroups comparison (TG and CG), no statistically significant differences concerning any of the analyzed variables were present.

Tables 3 and 4 show absolute variations and the variables percentages between the pre and post-test of TG and CG.

Looking through Table 3, it is noticed that TG presented statistically significant differences related to the percentage variations in the variables: potency, coordination, velocity and aerobic resistance. The same did not happen in the CG.

In Table 4, it can be seen that TG presented a statistically significant difference concerning the percentage variation for the variable flexibility, only in the EAQ move- ment. It did not happen with the CG in any variables.

DISCUSSION

The low socioeconomic level, the lack of nutritional balance and the opportunities for practicing physical

activities regularly constitute limits for the study, and it should be analyzed by other researchers who feel inter- ested by this thematic.

By taking a look in the physical quality, explosive strength, the intragroups evaluation demonstrated that the TG had significant improvements, which did not occur with CG. This result can be justified by Barroso, Tricoli and Ugrinowitsch¹¹ study, who affirm that the de- termining factor for the improvement of jump ability can be attributed fundamentally to the neural adaptations that, according to Häkkinen¹², can be observed during the first six or eight practice weeks, period that corresponds to half of the study’s intervention time. In the intergroups evaluation, there was not any significant differences, which can have been influence by the normality of the groups’ maturation. These results correspond to the studies of Malina et al.¹³, in which it is stood out that children with precocious maturations will have greater performances of strength, velocity and potency, as in the present research, because the mean of the predominant biological age was classified as normal

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

FHO AAO FCL EAQ

Flexibility tests

Rank mean

Traditional Control Figure 2 - Result between the TG and CG for the biophysics variables

Table 3 - Dependent variables results between TG and CG

Group Percentage delta (∆%)

Potency Agility Coordination Velocity Aerobic resistance

Traditional 6.857* -2.562 13.648* -3.587* 7.442*

Control 4.198 -1.581 10.337 -1.69 2.695

* p<0.05, pre-test versus post-test

Table 4 - Result of the variable flexibility between TC and CG

Group Percentage delta (∆%)

FHO AAO LCF EAQ

Traditional 1.249 1.456 1.424 10.599*

Control 1.467 0.089 11.311 9.639

* p<0.05, pre versus post-test

FHO: horizontal shoulder flexion; AAO: shoulder articulation abduction; LCF: lumbar column flexion; EAQ: hip articulation extension.

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and, thus, it could not have greater differences in these groups.

The intragroups assessment of the variable agility, after the intervention, did not show significant improvement for any of the groups. On the other hand, in the intergroups evaluation, even though no significant differences existed, a decrease of the test’s execution time for the CG in comparison to the TG is detached. These results meet to the work of Little and Williams¹⁴, who stand out the fact that activities with ideal intensity may influence positively the athletes sportive performance.

Thus, they are classified as actions that require maximum speed, acceleration or agility in the movements, just what was expected to happen with TG, employing a previous planned methodological system.

Concerning the variable motor coordination, TG presented statistically significant improvements. On the other hand, CG did not show satisfactory results of improvements. These data are due to the applicability by the methodological intervention, that, in a certain way, corroborate to Lanaro and Böhme¹⁵ papers, in which young athletes were in development and the aptness related to the motor abilities that compounded its physical ability and its body constitution. Ability does not develop independently from the other, but in an inter- dependency relation, not discarding relations between chronological and biological ages that exert influence in the performance.

In the speed tests relative to the intragroups assessment, both the TG and CG presented its times reduced in the post-test, characterizing a satisfactory result, but it was only statistically significant for the TG. Such hap- pening is due to the increment of the sporting formation methodology applied during 16 intervention weeks, as well as to the progressive evolution of growth and maturation, because, according to Porta et al.¹⁶, the grada- tive increase of this physical quality in stages 1, 2 and 3 of maturation is according to the body mass increase, stature and significant improvement of coordination.

Philippaerts et al.¹⁷also developed an important study with soccer practitioners during five years, identifying a raised performance in the variables muscular resistance, explosive strength, running speed, agility, anaerobic aptness and VO₂ absolute maximum, which directed such improvements to the increase of growth in young people.

As to the variable movements flexibility of horizontal shoulder flexion, shoulder articulation abduction, lumbar column flexion and extension of the hip’s articulation, TG presented a significant improvement only in the hip’s articulation extension, while CG could not advance in any of them. These results coincide, in part, with those demonstrated by Ulbrich¹⁸, who compared the physical ability of children and adolescents and

detected that, among the involved boys, flexibility and relative maximum VO₂ were the only variables that kept stable from the first to the fourth maturational stage, and the others had a linear increase. The TG improvement in one of the angle measures corroborates to the study of Portal et al.¹⁹, performed with soccer practitioners, which concluded that children can acquire this condition of flexibility’s improvement because of genet- ic predisposition and preferring the living environment.

According to Portal and Toniato²⁰, the final step of stage 2 maturation, probably in the beginning of stage 3, co- inciding to the stage of the students who participated in the study, corresponds to the start of the puberty boom, which provokes some changes in the hormonal, physi- ological and morphological level that will develop great modifications in the movements biomechanics and in the ability of muscular stretching, in order that drastic influences over the flexibility are observed.

When the aerobic resistance was observed, TG presented significant improvements, because there was an improvement in the maximum VO₂, which did not occur with the CG. Comparing the TG with the TC, no significant differences were detected; however, there was a higher aerobic answer for TG. The changes presented show an opposition to the study of Portal et al.¹⁹ that did not present significant changes, demonstrating that the two days per week frequency was insufficient; otherwise it corroborates to the study of Malina and Bouchard²¹, who detach that this physical quality practically stabilizes between the stage 1 and 2 of biological maturation. So, a progressive increase occurs until stage 5, reinforcing its relation with the stature increase.

After data analysis, the study’s results presented statistically significant differences in the variable explosive strength (∆%=6.85; p=0.000), coordination (∆%=13.64; p=0.000), velocity (∆%= -3.58; p=0.002), aerobic resistance (∆%=7.44; p=0.000) and flexibility EAQ (∆%=10.59; p=0.000) for the group that used the traditional sporting formation methodology. In the intergroups comparisons, no statistically significant differences were found in the analyzed variables. Based on the results herein presented, the use’s importance of a sporting formation methodology in Physical Educational classes, with application of the traditional methodology in the development of physical qualities in 13-year-old male scholars, is emphasized.

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Received on: 07/18/09 – Accepted on: 09/30/09

Physical qualities of 13-year-old scholars who went through traditional sportive formation

p hysical qualities of 13- yeaR - old scholaRs who

went thRough tRaditional spoRtive foRmation

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