“Small-scale Biomass gasification in world: current projects, barriers and
perspectives" (9:30-10:30).
Suani Teixeira Coelho
Research Group on Bioenergy - GBIO
Bogota, 17 de septiembre de 2015
Research Group on Bioenergy – GBio
(former CENBIO)
• Coordination: prof Suani Coelho
• Special Contribution: prof J.
Goldemberg
• 10 Contributors - 2015
– 1 PD fellow – Alessandro S. Pereira
– 1 PhD – Vanessa Pecora
– 4 PhD candidates – Javier Escobar;
Adriano Violante; Manuel Moreno;
Luis G. Tudeschini
– 4 MSc candidates – Fernando
Oliveira; Naraisa Coluna; Dafne P.
Silva; Danilo Perecin
Summary
• World energy matrix and inequalities
• Difficulties for adequate and affordable
energy access in world
• Traditional biomass x modern biomass
• Why gasification?
• Types of gasifier
• Case studies: India, Brazil, Cuba
• Barriers and proposals
World energy supply (IEA, 2015)
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/pu blication/keyworld2014.pdf
Energy Access
• The United
Nations Secretary
General Advisory
group on energy
and climate
change (AGECC)
– 1.5 billion people
without electricity
access worldwide
– 3 billion people
using traditional
biomass for
cooking and
heating
Summary
• World energy matrix and inequalities
• Difficulties for adequate and affordable energy
access in world
• Traditional biomass x modern biomass
• Why gasification?
• Types of gasifier
• Case studies: India, Brazil, Cuba
• Barriers and proposals
Source: REN21-2014
Biomassa Moderna vs Biomassa
Tradicional
(Karekezi, Lata & Coelho, 2004)
• Tecnologias tradicionais de uso da biomassa
(“biomassa tradicional”):
– Combustão direta (ineficiente) de madeira, lenha, carvão vegetal, resíduos agrícolas, resíduos de animais e urbanos.
– Usos: cocção, aquecimento, secagem e produção de carvão.
– Principalmente Africa, Asia, AL/C
• Tecnologias “aperfeiçoadas” de uso da biomassa
(“biomassa aperfeiçoada”):
– Tecnologias mais eficientes de combustão direta de biomassa (fogões e fornos).
Biomassa Moderna vs
Biomassa Tradicional
(Karekezi, Lata & Coelho, 2004)
• Tecnologias modernas de uso
da biomassa (“biomassa
moderna”): tecnologias
avançadas de conversão de
biomassa
– Geração de eletricidade a partir de bagaco de cana, madeira e resíduos
rurais/urbanos
– Uso de biocombustíveis – Programa do Álcool no Brasil.
Summary
• World energy matrix and inequalities
• Difficulties for adequate and affordable energy
access in world
• Traditional biomass x modern biomass
• Why gasification?
• Types of gasifier
• Case studies: India, Brazil, Cuba
• Barriers and proposals
Conversion efficiencies
Process Otto or Diesel Rankine Brayton Combined
Thermoelectric
power plant 40 a 46% 30 a 35% 35 a 45% 57%
Cogeneration
Compressor Turbina
To
generator
Feed water
Process
steam
Exhaust gases
Exhaust gases
Air fuel Combustion chamber Heat recoveryBrayton cycle/cogeneration
Air compressor Gas turbinefuel
C TG To generator Process steam CondenserTo generator
Feed water
Exhaust
Exhaust
gases
Air c.c . Heat recovery steam turbineCombined cycle
GE H series power generation gas turbine: in combined cycle configuration, this 480-megawatt unit has a rated thermal efficiency of 60%
Microturbines (30 – 200 kW)
GN, biogas
Microturbine Capstone 30 kW biogas – CENBIO - SABESP - FINEPDaniel Henrique Soares. GASEIFICAÇÃO DE BIOMASSA DE MÉDIO E GRANDE PORTE PARA GERAÇÃO DE ELETRICIDADE: UMA ANÁLISE DA SITUAÇÃO ATUAL NO MUNDO. Monografia. PECE/EPUSP. 2012
Gasification worldwide
(From GTC, 2012)
Summary
• World energy matrix and inequalities
• Difficulties for adequate and affordable energy
access in world
• Traditional biomass x modern biomass
• Why gasification?
• Types of gasifier
• Case studies: India, Brazil, Cuba
• Barriers and proposals
Gasification – chemical reactions
I. Pirólise
Biomassa + Calor Coque + Gases + Alcatrão + Condensáveis (1)
II. Oxidação do Carbono
C + ½ O2 = CO (2)
C + O2 = CO2 (3)
III. Gaseificação
- Reações Heterogêneas
C + CO2 = 2 CO (Reação de Bouduard) (4)
C + H2O = CO + H2 (Reação de gás de água ou reação carbono vapor) (5)
Gasification – chemical reactions
- Reações Homogêneas
CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 (Reação de “deslocamento” da água) (7)
CH4 + H2O = CO + 3 H2 (8)
IV. Craqueamento do Alcatrão
Alcatrão + Vapor + Calor = CO + CO2 + CH2 (9)
V. Oxidação Parcial dos Produtos da Pirólise
(CO + H2 + CH4) + O2 = CO2 + H2 (10)
Fonte: Nogueira et all 2000
Biomass
gasification
Characteristics Variations Calorific power of the produced gas
Low: Up to 5 MJ / Nm³ (997 kcal / kg)
Medium: 5 to 10 MJ / Nm³ (997-1993 kcal / kg) High: 10 to 40 MJ / Nm³ (1993-7972 kcal / kg)
Type of precursor gasifier Air, water vapor, oxygen, hydrogen
Fixed: parallel current or countercurrent
Type of bed
Fixed bed: downdraft, updraft
Fluidized bed: Bubbling or circulating bed
Pressure of work Under or atmospheric pressure
Pressurized (up to 6 MPa)
Type of biomass Agricultural waste, industrial or municipal
Biomass in natura, pelletized or pulverized (depending on the type of bed) Components Concentration (%) CO 8 a 25 H2 13 a 15 CH4 3 a 9 CO2 5 a 10 N2 45 a 54 H2O 10 a 15
Biomass gasifiers
(IRENA, 2012)
Daniel Henrique Soares. GASEIFICAÇÃO DE BIOMASSA DE MÉDIO E GRANDE PORTE PARA GERAÇÃO DE ELETRICIDADE: UMA ANÁLISE DA SITUAÇÃO ATUAL NO MUNDO.
• Fixed bed – up to 200 kW
– Downdraft
– Updraft
• Fluidized bed (medium scale 200 kW ~ 10
MW); large scale (under development)
• Atmospheric
• Pressurized
High tar content – 20-100g/Nm3 (used in boilers)
Fixed bed down draft Biomassa Cinzas Ar (60 %) Ar (40 %) Gás sujo Preaquecimento da biomassa Lavagem primária do gás Lavagem secundária do gás Gás para motor Gás para flare
Fixed bed x fludized bed gasifiers
Fixed bed Fluidized bed
Size 1 kW – 200 kW > 200 kW
Tar content 100 g/Nm³ (updraft) 1g/Nm³ down draft
10 g/Nm³
Biomass Water content < 20% Biomass size (uniform < 6
cm)
Water content < 65% Biomass size (5 a 10 cm)
End use for the synthesis gas
Otto/diesel engines Otto engines
Source: TPS, Sweden
Fonte: Sydkraft, Varnamo, Suécia.
Pressurized fluidized bed gasifier - Värnamo
• CFB gasifier pressurized –
Sydkraft – Foster Wheeler,
EDF, Energy E2, Sweden, EU
• Gas turbine Alstom Thyphoon
modif.
• 6 MWe + 9 MWth
• Several types of biomass
• Shut down in 1999
Pressurized fluidized bed gasifier – Maui, Hawaii
• CFB gasifier pressurized – IGT – NREL
- DOE
• 5 MWe
• Sugarcane bagasse (in natura)
• Cancelled
• Problems – biomass feeding system
and gas cleaning
Maui, Hawaii. Source CENBIO, 1998 Interbio, 2001
Atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier - Germany
• CFB gasifier (Lurgi)
(circulated fluidized
bed)
• Atmospheric – heating
system (100 MW th)
• Cement industry –
Rudersdorf – Alemanha
• Source: H. Stassen – Interbio,
2001
Atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier (TPS)
Steam Turbine Flue Gas Preparation Dryer Chimney Fuel Gasifier Dolomite Cracker Heat Recov. Steam Ge nerat. Ash Gas Turbin e Air Air Electricity Compressor Filter Scrubber Cooling Liquid s Effluents Ash, Dol Sand Process Developed by TPS-Termiska Processer ABAtmospheric fluidized bed gasifier ARBRE
project - UK
• CFB atmospheric
gasifier.
• Shut down
• Technical
difficulties
• Economic
difficulties
(biomass
poduction cost)
Biomass CHP Plant Güssing – Using Gasification for Power Generation. M. Bolhàr-Nordenkampf 1, R. Rauch1, K. Bosch1, C. Aichernig2, H.
Hofbauer1. 1 Institute of Chemical Engineering, Getreidemarkt 9 /166, A-1060 Vienna, Austria, Tel. +43-1-58801 159 33, Fax : +43-1-58801 159 99,
[email protected]. 2 Repotec Umwelttechnik GmbH, Europastrasse 1, A-7540 Güssing/Austria
BTL process
• BTL process
(biomass-to-liquids)
• Biomass gasification
• Synthesis gas: CO+ H
2Fisher Tropsch Unities
(1) CHOREN (Freiberg, Alemanha) – closed (Feb 2012) – financial problems (purchased by Linde Co. but still closed).
(2) CHRISGAS process (Värnamo, Sueden) – financial problems (closed 2010). Lack of incentives.
(3) GÜSSING (Austria) – small FT unit under development
Problems with large scale gasification
Summary
• World energy matrix and inequalities
• Difficulties for adequate and affordable energy
access in world
• Traditional biomass x modern biomass
• Why gasification?
• Types of gasifier
• Case studies: India, Brazil, Cuba
Fixed bed gasifiers
India: HOSAHALLI VILLAGE
•
218 inhabitants – 35
households;
•
1990 – 20 kw biomass
gasification system;
•
4 ha eucalyptus plantation
•
Suppy to the village:
lighting, powder production,
irrigation system (8 ha);
India: HOSAHALLI VILLAGE
Remote villages – Brazilian
Amazonia
•
Costs for diesel oil (transportation
by boat);
•
Diesel engines are donated but
diesel oil is not affordable;
•
Different manufacturers from
India, China, etc
•
O&M is difficult
Brazilian Isolated System
Energy production from agricultural residues
Joint Project Brazil (CENBIO-IPT/USP) – India (IISc)
• 700 people - 180 households;
• Cupuassu crops 100 ha;
• Before the power plant - cupuassu fruits sold in natura (low added value)
• Need to improve economic activities
• 20 kWe installed power for freezing systems
• Agricultural residues: cupuassu husks
Brazilian Amazon Aquidaban village
Tests at Institute for
Technological
Research – IPT – São
Paulo
Tests at Institute for Technological
Research – IPT – São Paulo
(eucalyptus)
PCS (MJ/Nm³)
5,7
Potência Térmica (kW)
67,1
Potência Elétrica (kWe)
20
Vazão de Alimentação (kg/h)
~18
Tests at Institute for Technological
Research – IPT – São Paulo
•
Development of water
cleaning system
•
Easy to operate
•
To avoid tar
contamination from
inadequate water
disposal
Tests at Institute for
Technological Research – IPT – São Paulo
Abrigo do sistema de gaseificação construído
pelos moradores de Aquidabam
Samuel Benchimol Award
Category: Environment
Wood gasification for power production
Source: S. Coelho, Project Technical Reviewer -
Cocodrillo Power Plant – Isla de la Juventud
Wood fixed bed gasifier • 50 kW installed
• Indian Institute of Science (India) • Different types of wood
• Local grid – small community
Source: S.
Coelho, Project Technical
La Melvis Power Plant – Nueva
Gerona - Isla de la Juventud
Wood fixed bed gasifier • 2 x 250 kW
• Ankur (India)
• Different types of wood • Local main grid
Source: S. Coelho, Project Technical Reviewer - 2014
