te h ologies o the e issio of it oge o ide
Mili a R. Mlade o ić , D agolju V. Dakić , Ste a Đ. Ne oda , Milija a J. Pap ika , Mi ko S. Ko ati a , B a isla S. Repić , Aleksa da M. E ić
U i e sit of Belg ade, I stitute of Nu lea “ ie es "Vi ča", La o ato fo The al E gi ee i g a d E e g , “e ia U i e sit of Belg ade, I o atio Ce te , Fa ult of Me ha i al E gi ee i g, “e ia
U i e sit of Belg ade, Fa ult of Me ha i al E gi ee i g, “e ia
A st a t
Ha o izatio of e i o e tal p ote tio a d the g o i g e e g eeds of ode so iet p o ote the io ass appli atio as a epla e e t fo fossil fuels a d a ia le optio to itigate the g ee house gas e issio s. Fo do esti o ditio s this is pa ti-ula l i po ta t as o e tha % of e e a les elo gs to io ass. Beside u e ous e efits of usi g io ass fo e e g pu poses, the e a e e tai d a a ks, o e of hi h is a possi le high e issio of NO du i g the o ustio of these fuels. The pape p ese ts the esults of the e pe i e ts ith ultiple io ass t pes so ea st a , o stalk, g ai
io ass, su flo e oil, gl e i a d pape sludge , usi g diffe e t o ustio te h ol-ogies fluidized ed a d iga ette o ustio , ith e phasis o the e issio of NO i the e haust gas. A p ese tatio of the e pe i e tal i stallatio s is gi e , as ell as a e aluatio of the effe ts of the fuel o positio , o ustio egi es a d te h olog o the NO e issio s. As the io ass o ustio took pla e at te pe atu es lo e ough that the al a d p o pt NO a e egle ted, the o lusio is the e issio s of it oge o ides p i a il depe d o the io ass o positio – it is i easi g ith the i ease of the it oge o te t, a d de eases ith the i ease of the ha o te t hi h p o ides
atal ti su fa e fo NO edu tio CO.
Ke o ds: fluidized ed, iga ette o ustio , io ass, NO .
“CIENTIFIC PAPER
UDC . : . : . – : .
He . I d. –
doi: . /HEMIND M
A aila le o li e at the Jou al e site: http:// .a he.o g. s/HI/
“i e io ass is the o l CO - eut al- a o - - ased e e a le e e g sou e its appli atio e o es o e a d o e i po ta t fo li ate p ote tio , he ei the io ass o ustio is the ost i po ta t a d p o e the o he i al o e sio te h olog fo heat a d po e p odu tio . Ho e e , io ass o
-ustio is elated ith pote tial p o le s o e ed ith the e i o e tal pollutio , e e though the a e less p o ou ed i o pa iso ith the oal. The e issio of it oge o ides NO is o e of the ost i po -ta t halle ges i the field.
Nit oge o ides pla a sig ifi a t ole i pollutio p o le s su h as fo atio of photo he i al s og, g ou d le el ozo e a d a id ai , isi ilit i pai e t, ausi g da age to atu al e os ste s a d ops. O e % of it oge o ides e itted due to the o ustio p o ess akes NO, hile the est is NO .I the at o-sphe e NO is o e ted to NO , so the egulatio s i the field of e i o e tal p ote tio t eat all it oge o ides as NO . Nit ous o ide N O is also i po ta t
Co espo de e: M.R. Mlade o ić, I stitute of Nu lea “ ie es Vi ča , La o ato fo The al E gi ee i g a d E e g , P.O. Bo
, Belg ade, “e ia. E- ail: i a@ i a. s Pape e ei ed: Ap il, Pape a epted: Ju e,
e ause of its g ee house effe t, ut its e itted ua tit is sig ifi a tl less tha of the p e ious t o. NO is fo ed oth f o at osphe i it oge , N , a d f o it oge o tai ed i fuel, the follo i g fu d-a e td-all diffe e t e hd-a is s [ , ]:
. The al – NO , high te pe atu e > °C o idatio of at osphe i it oge o ge i o
-ustio ai ;
. Fuel – NO , o idatio of fuel- ou d it oge ; . P o pt – NO , o ustio of at osphe i it o-ge a d h d o a o s i the i h i tu e o di-tio s/ e lo ai –fuel adi-tios.
• Du i g the o ustio of io ass, the o idatio of fuel- ou d it oge is the do i a t e ha is of fo i g NO . The a ou t of the al a d p o pt NO is egligi le due to elati el lo o ustio te pe a-tu es o ditio ed ith lo elti g te pe aa-tu e of
io-ass [ – ].
• The fo atio of NO f o fuel ou d N takes pla e p edo i a tl i the gas phase o idatio of the it oge ous spe ies eleased ith the olatiles – – % a d less th ough the hete oge eousl atal sed o idatio of the it oge etai ed i the ha < % [ ].
is the ost i po ta t p e u so fo N O fo atio . Both of the a e o idized to NO du i g su se ue t o ustio . At the sa e ti e, the t o p e u so s espe iall NH a also se e as edu i g age ts fo NO edu tio , as follo s:
NH + O → NO + H O + H NH + NO → N + H O + H
• Quite a lo N O o e t atio as dete ted du i g la ge-s ale io ass o ustio [ , ]. This
phe-o e phe-o has ee att i uted tphe-o the N fu tiphe-o al g oups p ese t i io ass fuels, ai l a i o g oups, hi h a e usuall fo NH as the ai N-p odu t du i g p ol sis [ , – ]. Fu the o e, NH te ds to e o idized to NO a d N i stead of N O at te pe atu es of – °C [ ], so N O e issio is ot the su je t of this pape .
• A othe poi t of o side atio ith espe t to NO e issio s du i g the io ass o ustio is the atal ti effe t of the ha a d ash o NO fo atio a d edu tio [ ].
-
Cha p o ides a atal ti su fa e fo the gas phase NO edu tio CO.-
The atal ti effe t of the ash, espe iall the p ese e of CaO, MgO a d Fe O , a e i po ta te ause it a atal se the edu tio of NO a d NO . • E eedi g the e issio li its a e e pe ted at fuel-N o e t atio s a o e . t.% o d asis [ ].
• It is diffi ult to edu e CO a d NO si ulta e-ousl –- de easi g o e a esult i a i ease of the othe [ ]. A d fi all , it is i po ta t to ote that the i flue es of diffe e t fuel p ope ties o NO ge e -atio a e e u h i te - elated, a d as su h, it is diffi ult to e a i e the i flue e of a i di idual p o-pe t i isolatio .
Co t olli g NO e issio s is e o i g a o side -a le te h i -al h-alle ge -as i e-asi gl st i t e issio li its a e ei g i posed.The NO o t ol te h ologies
a oadl e lassified i to:
. p e- o ustio hi h i ol e the use of lo it oge fuels,
. o ustio o t ol o p i a easu es – odif i g desig a d ope ati g featu es of the o -ustio u it a d
. post- o ustio te h i ues e d-of-pipe t eat-e t o seat-e o da eat-easu eat-es – flueat-e gas t eat-eat eat-e t FGT afte the o ustio p o ess.
The p e- o ustio easu es i plied a i fo ed hoi e of io ass e.g., k o ledge of fe tilize t
ee t, lee gth of sto agee a d ha eest ti ee ee ausee atu al se es e e de eases N o te t as the N is e o -ilized to the oots o hizo es a d/o p et eat e ts
ith a ta get of i i izi g hete o li N- o pou ds*.
The p e- o ustio easu es i lude also odifi -atio of the fuel o positio usage of fuel additi es, fuel le di g a d o- o ustio , e.g., the use of io-ass/ oal ofi i g that de eases NO a d “O e is-sio s [ ].
P i a a d se o da easu es of NO edu tio a e gi e i Figu e .
K o ledge of the it oge o ides e issio , i additio to the eed fo de elopi g ette io ass
o ustio te h ologies a d o se ue tl NO te h-i ues, h-is also e essa he setth-i g e h-issh-io egulatio s. It should e oted that the Regulatio o
*Hete o li N o pou ds see to de o pose ostl
th ough HCN, hile a i o a ids a d p otei i it oge appea to p odu e ostl a o ia, NH .
li it alues fo e issio s of ai polluta ts [ ] has ot defi ed NO e issio li it fo o ustio of io ass that is ot the ood atu e, hi h a e o side ed as a failu e, espe iall he take i to a ou t that of the a aila le a ou t of io ass i “e ia, % is the io ass f o ag i ultu al p odu tio , a d a op
io-ass, hi h a ou ts the la gest pa t of ag i ultu al io ass, is ha a te ized a e high N o te t due to i te si e fe tilizatio of ops.
DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES
I o de to i p o e k o ledge of the it oge o ides e issio a d its i flue i g a ia les i es-tigatio s e e o du ted ith ultiple io ass t pes, usi g diffe e t o ustio te h ologies fluidized ed a d iga ette o ustio . Thus, this pape p ese ts the esults of o ustio of su flo e oil a d gl e i o a se i-i dust ial e pe i e tal fluidized ed fa ilit , FB kWth apa it , as ell as of o ustio of
pape sludge a d o ke el o the e pe i e tal hot ate FB oile , FB kWth apa it . The fluidized
ed o ustio FBC te h olog as sele ted e ause of its lo ope ati g te pe atu es of a out °C that supp ess the fo atio of the al a d p o pt NO . Fu the , e pe i e ts e e pe fo ed o the i dust ial-s ale hot ate oile . MWth apa it fo
o ustio of la ge so a st a ales . × . × . a d o the t o e pe i e tal fa ilities: the oile
kWth u i g s all so a st a ales . × . × . a d the fu a e kWth u i g s all o stalk ales . × . × . . The latte th ee use iga u e o ustio s ste CBC“ . The iga -ette t pe o ustio as hose e ause it is ost- -effe ti e a d e e g o s ious a of utilizi g the
aled io ass.
“i plified s he es of fa ilities ith oth o ust-io te h ologies FBC a d CBC“ he e the o ustust-io e pe i e ts e e a ied out a e p ese ted i Figu es – . Mo e a out the e pe i e tal FB fa ilit sho i Figu e a d de o st atio FB oile s i Figu e a
e fou d i [ – ].
The p i iple of ope atio of fa ilities ith iga ette u e s ste CB“ a e fou d i pape s [ – ]. A i dust ial-s ale hot ate oile at Fig. as i stal-led i the Ag i ultu al Co po atio Belg ade [ , ] a d it is used fo heati g ha of g ee houses.
The e pe i e tal oile at Figu e is i stalled o a i di idual fa he e is used fo eside tial heati g. Fuel ha a te izatio
The fuels sele ted fo this i estigatio a e ai l io astes o side ed at the o e t as allast. Na el , data of the Mi ist of E e g , De elop e t a d E
i-o e tal P i-ote tii-o i-of the Repu li i-of “e ia i di ate that o su ptio of edi le oil i “e ia is a ou d pe apita pe ea ; hi h ea s that a out ,
Legend: 1.Primary air blower 2.(2.1 - 2.2) Measuring orifices 3.Electric heater
4.Air chamber with the air-distributor 5.Fluidized bed furnace (1st draft)
6.Particle separation chamber (2nd
draft)
7.Liquid fuel feeding - 7.1 dosing pump, 7.2 air blower and 7.3 heater of carrier air; 8.Flue gases cooler
9.Cyclone for particle separation
10.(10.1 – 10.3) Vessels for particle disposal 11.Flue gas fan
12.(12.a) Propane-butane flask
13.Start-up burner 14.Furnace material removal
valve
15.Furnace material collector
16.Air blower for jet cooling 17.Nozzle
Legend:
1. Water cooled collector for ash and bed material removal
2. Collector of the fluidization air distributor 3. Bubble caps of the air distributor 4. Tubes, first set
5. Tubes, second set
6. Inclined inlet for the pneumatic feeding into the FB 7. Inclined inlet for the feeding on the FB
8. Ceramic tubes for thermocouples, in and above the FB
9. Horizontal solid fuel inlet into the bed 10. Tube for ash removal
11. Flue gases collector channel 12. Water boiler outlet
Figu e . The s he e of de o st ati e e pe i e tal hot ate FB oile kW , FB [ , ].
Figu e . The s he e of the de o st ati g hot ate CB“ oile ith the al po e of . MW, CB“ : . fuel feedi g, . feedi g ha el, . h d auli feede , . p i a ai fa , . oto d i e V“D o t olled o e o , . ash t a spo te , . ash, . o a le oss a d p i a ai suppl , . se o da ai fa , . se o da ai d i e , . ate ooled g ate, . fu a e isolatio , . flue gas e it,
, . fi st a d se o d se tio of the gas- ate heat e ha ge , . ulti-stage lo e, . sta k, . flue gas fa .
Figu e . The s he e of the e pe i e tal CB“ fu a e kW , CB“ : . ig itio a d ash e o al, . fu a e g id, , . o ustio ai dist i uti e ha e , . aled io ass, . fuel i t odu i g all s e , . o e , . flaps, . o t ol al es fo e i ulatio ate,
.sta k, , . ele t i fa fo o ustio fluid t a spo t.
to s of used ooki g oil pe ea ould e olle ted a d ould e used as a fuel. Gl e i e is the ai p odu t of iodiesel p odu tio . I easi g de a d fo io-diesel a lead to gl e i e o e suppl so it ould e t eated as aste a d used as fuel. The pape sludge is the p odu t of the pape i dust Ca d oa dfa to U ka, A ala Ada, Pape Fa to Belg ade . Be ause of its high o te t of oistu e a d a o u ifo o -positio it is ot suita le fo fu the p o essi g, ut suta le fo o ustio i FB ith suppo t of a highe alo ifi fuel. As the pape is ade of a et of e thi elluloid fi e s o tai ed ai l f o t ees, the pape sludge f o p o essi g is t eated as io ass. Although the e eals a e p i a il i po ta t fo hu a a d a
i-al ut itio , the a i-also e used as a fuel fo p o-du tio of heat a d hot ate at fa s a d s all-s ale dist i theati g pla ts, if the ’ e used as o foodse -o d- ate e eals aste f -o the ills a d -o flakes fa to ies, u used o o ta i ated seed g ai , et . . This is pati ula l i po ta t, ea i g i i d the p o
-le f o asso iated ith aflato i o ta i atio of aize, he o l % of the do esti ge us as safe to use. I the total pote tial of e e a le e e g sou es i “e ia io ass a ou ts % of hi h
io-ass f o ag i ultu al p odu tio a ou ts fo a out % of this pote tial, hile the sha e of ag i ultu al op esidues is a out %.
P io to the e pe i e tal i estigatio the ha a -te izatio of the fuels as pe fo ed Ta le , i o de to al ulate the adia ati o ustio te pe atu e – the ase fo the fa ilit adjust e t defi i g the fuel a d ai flo , i o de to o tai stead state o the desig ed o ustio te pe atu e .
As see i Ta le , io ass is highl o ge ated ith espe t to o e tio al fossil fuels. Due to a o-h d ate st u tu e, to-he p i ipal o stitue t of io ass is a o , aki g up f o – t.% o d asis depe di g of ash o te t. H d oge is the thi d ajo o stitue t o p isi g – t.% o d atte . Nit o-ge is a a o ut ie t fo pla ts a d iti al fo thei
Ta le . Cha a te izatio of fuel – a pa tial p o i ate a d ulti ate a al sis of fuels used i the tests fuel as e ei ed, %
Co po e t “u flo e oil Gl e i e Pape sludge + gas Co ke el “o ea st a ale Co stalk
Ia II I I E ui ale t fuel I La ge “ all
Moistu e . . – . . . .
Ash – . . . .
Volatile . . . .
Cha – – – . . . .
C . . . .
H . . . .
O . . . .
N . . . .
“ . . . .
NCV [MJ/kg] . . . .
aCo ustio of fuel o usted i the fluidized ed; o ustio of fuel i ed ith ate o usted i the fluidized ed; e ui ale t fuel o
g o th, it is ai l ou d i p otei s, a i o a ids a d suga s [ ]. As this pape is p i a il o e ed ith NO e issio f o io ass o ustio it is e i p-o ta t tp-o p-ote that the N-fuel p-o te t, althp-ough it is st o gl i flue tial, should ot e used alo e as a ea of p edi ti g NO e issio . The te de of the fuels to fo i g e tai t pes of polluta ts, like NO is, is also i di ated the o ustio e i o e t. “o the ai suppl , the o ustio te pe atu e a d the applied t pe of o ustio te h olog eed to e take i to a ou t as i flue i g a ia les fo NO fo atio .
RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS IN STEADY REGIMES OF OPERATION
E pe i e tal tests o the FB i stallatio s
Afte sta ti g the i stallatio o ustio of li uid gas a d ea hi g te pe atu es of FB e ui ed fo egi i g of the e a i ed fuel o ustio , it is dosed ith the i easi g of ope ati g FB te pe atu e to the desi ed alue. B adjusti g the flo s of fuel a d ai , statio a ope atio of i stallatio ith p e-defi ed pe fo a e pa a ete s as a hie ed. The easu
e-e ts of flue-e gas o positio a d flo ate-es of fue-el, p i a a d se o da ai e e take Ta le .
The o ustio p o ess i the e pe i e ts pe fo ed o FB as at app o i atel adia ati o -ditio s o heat e ha ge i the ed , a d i the de o-i dust o-ial oo-ile FB the e as a e tao-i heat e ha ge
et ee the ed a d the o ustio ha e alls. The o ustio ha e of FB is o de ed ate
-ooled li d i al sheath li ed ith ef a to i ks i the a ea of fluidized ed. The fi e i ks e e hi de i g the heat t a sfe f o ed to the o ustio ha e sheath, so o ustio i FB as also lose to the adi-a adi-ati o ditio s. The efo e, the eadi-asu ed e ess adi-ai λ
i all e pe i e ts at oth FB i stallatio s a e app o -i atel o espo ded to λ at the theo eti al o
-ustio te pe atu e of fuel.
Ta le sho s effi ie t o ustio of g a ula io ass a d pape sludge fed o the fluidized ed of FB , ith highe te pe atu es i the ed tha a o e it, hi h is ot the ase du i g the o ustio of high- - olatile li uid fuel he e the zo e ith the highest o ustio te pe atu eis lo ated a o e the fluidized ed FB . Te pe atu es T–T i Ta le o espo ds to easu i g poi ts of the s he e i Fig. . Mi i g the oil a d ate fa ilitates the feedi g p o ess, a d esults i a shift of the i te si e o ustio zo e deepe i the ed, ith a si ulta eous edu tio of CO a d a slightl edu tio of NO e issio see o II, Ta le . I all the tests the easu ed o e t atio of CO i the flue gases a e u h lo e tha the legall allo ed li its, so the losses due u u ed i the gaseous p o-du ts of o ustio a e egligi le. The o ustio
effi ie also as fa o a le f o the sta dpoi t of satisf i g e i o e tal egulatio s ega di g the e issio s of “O , as as e pe ted o side i g the ele e tal o positio of the tested fuels Ta le .
Rega di g the e issio s of it oge o ides NO a d NO , e p essed as NO , du i g the o ustio of su -flo e oil a d gl e i i i stall FB , a d o- o ustio of pape sludge a d gas o the i stallatio FB , legal o s e e ot e eeded, ut the e e at the o -ustio of the g a ula io ass FB . Besides, i all the e pe i e ts,NO is the do i a t o pou d ith NO i ost ases ei g less tha %, hi h is i a o -da e ith othe autho s[ ]. The alues of la defi ed e issio li its a e gi e i Ta les – i the olu NO,pe [ ]. The o ke el has the highest fuel N
o te t Ta le . As the o ustio e pe i e ts ith this fuel did ot e eed °C, a te pe atu e u fa -o a le f-o the f-o ati-o -of the al a d p -o pt NO , the highe e issio s of it oge o ides is ot a o se ue e of the o ustio o ga izatio , ut a o -se ue e of the high fuel ou d N. “i ila ight e e pe teddu i g the o ustio of pape sludge, hi h also ha e the high fuel ou d N. Thepape sludge is o usted ith suppo t of p opa e/ uta e i tu e. The e e g sha e of the gas as % i the i tu e, hi h is p a ti all a i i e atio of the pape sludge. I this ase, the e ui ale t fuel the i tu e of pape sludge a d li uid gas had a it oge o te t of . % аs e ei ed, i.e., . % d ash f ee [ ]. The high N- o te t i the e ui ale t fuel i this ase did ot lead to highe e issio s of NO .
E pe i e tal tests of aled io ass o ustio
E pe i e tal tests of so ea st a o ustio Ta le e e a ied out at a fu a e te pe atu e – °C, hi h is high e ough fo o plete o -ustio of st a , a d safe f o the poi t of ash elt-i g. The statelt-io a easu e e t egelt-i e as e aelt-i ed fo se e al hou s, e ough to pe fo the e essa
o lusio s a out the ualit of o ustio .
Te pe atu es T–T i Ta le o espo ds to ea-su i g poi ts of the s he e i Figu es a d . Po e of oth CBC“ fa ilities as egulated adjusti g the flo s of fuel, p i a a d se o da ai , ai tai i g app o i atel the sa e flue gases te pe atu e.A e -age po e du i g the test e e . MW a d kW,
espe ti el , at the a e age e ess ai of . .Te pe-atu e of the output flue gases i statio a egi e
as , i.e., °C. U de these o ditio s a o o o ide o e t atio Ta le i the o ustio p odu ts e ept i e t e e ases, of ollapse of the pa t of the u ed ales i a fluidized ed of its o ashes as a d pp , i.e., g/ edu ed to % O a d g/ edu ed to % O . These alues e e elo the e issio li it alue of
elo gs to the ediu s ale fa ilities; a d g/ fo the i stallatio of o ustio of s all ales hi h elo gs to the lo s ale fa ilities [ ].E issio s of NO du i g the o ustio of la ge so a st a ales i i stallatio of po e of . MWth, as slightl highe
tha the pe itted e issio li it alues, hile at o -ustio of s all so a st a ales, NO as ithi a epta le li its, although it is ot su je t of legis-lati e est i tio s [ ].
E pe i e tal test of aled o stalk o ustio Ta le i the sele ted statio a egi e also sho ed a high ualit o ustio p o ess. Good isolatio a d high o ustio te pe atu es of °C aused the lo a o o o ide o te t – pp . Also, the a o dio ide a d o ge as ithi the e pe ted a ge fo adia ati o ditio s, so the e ess ai as
λ = . . Registe ed e issio of NO du i g the aled o stalk o ustio as high, ut it is ot su je t of legislati e est i tio s [ ]. As ell as i the FB o
-ustio e pe i e ts, also i e pe i e ts ith aled so ea st a a d o stalk the o ustio a e o side ed o plete u de the gi e o ditio s. This is i po ta t e ause the easu e e ts of fuelN o igi -ati g NO a e ep ese tati e fo hat a e e pe ted i a i dust ial pla t u de o i al u i g o ditio s.
DISCUSSION
Based o the esults of the easu ed NO e issio s i io ass o ustio e pe i e ts a d the fa ts f o p e ious hapte s the follo i g o lusio s a e d a :
. Te pe atu e has the least i flue e o NO fo atio due to a o te pe atu e a ge i all the e pe i e ts of io ass o ustio °C .
. Li uid iofuels o usted i the FB did ot e eed the NO e issio li its, hi h as logi al to e pe t e ause the o p ise a egligi le a ou t of N.
. Pape sludge o- o usted ith the gas i FB , also does ot e eed the legal o s of NO e issio s, despite the high o te t of N i the e ui ale t fuel Ta les a d – a o e . t.% o d asis . This suggests that ost likel a igge i pa t o the ea-su ed NO e issio had the ha a d ash o te t i the e ui ale t fuel a d thei atal ti effe t o the NO edu tio . I additio , this fuel o tai s the a i al
oistu e o te t of all tested fuels, a d it is k o that ate edu es the NO e issio Figu e . I fa o of it, slightl edu e of the NO as e o ded at the
o ustio of su flo e oil i ed ith ate .
. At the o ke el o ustio i FB , the highest NO e issio as easu ed, hi h is a di e t o -se ue e of the fuel o positio . The i flue e of the
o ustio o ditio s a e dis ega ded, e ause the ope ati g e pe i e t pa a ete s p o e a good o g-a izg-atio of o ustio . The high N o te t o igi g-ates f o the high p otei a d the othe a i o g oup o te t i the o ke el. Fu the , this fuel has the lo est o te t of ha of all the e a i ed fuels that e it sig ifi a t a ou ts of NO see Ta le .
. T ade-off et ee NO e issio s a d CO is est illust ated the follo i g t o diag a s Figu e . I oth ases, de easi g CO esult i i eased NO,
hi h is espe iall p o ou ed fo the i i e atio of pape sludge- a fuel that has a la ge o te t of ha of these t o.
. At o ustio of la ge so a st a ales a so e-hat highe e issio of NO e o ded hi h slightl su pass the li its, ut a o pa ied e lo CO e issio Ta le . Lo CO e issio a d a hie ed e ess ai of λ = . i di ates effi ie t ope ati g o -ditio s.
. Re o ded e issio s f o s all fa ilit fo o -ustio of s all so a st a ales a d f o a s all fu a e fo o ustio of aled o stalks a e also i te esti g, although oth fa ilities a e ot su je t of legislati e est i tio s. Ha i g o e it oge a d less ha i its o positio Ta les a d o stalks e its highe a ou ts of it oge o ides the so ea st a , hile it e its sig ifi a tl less a o o o ide. This fa t also o fi s the edu i g CO a d ha atal ti effe t o the NO edu tio .
A al sis of de o te i es appli a le i the p ese ted io ass fa ilities
I eased e i o e tal pe fo a e at a odest ost is o e of the d i e s fo the use of io ass fo e e g pu poses a d that is the o ept that should e take i the sele tio of DeNO te h i ues. The efo e, fo s all i stallatio s up to kW, hi h i lude oth s ste s ith FB a d CB“ i stallatio s ith s all so a ea a d o stalks ales, p ope hoi e is i
ple-e tatio of p i a ple-easu ple-es of NO ple-edu tio . Thple-e
Ta le . Cha a d it oge o te t al ulated o fuel d ash f ee ase
D ash f ee, % Pape sludge +gas Co ke el
“o ea st a ale
Co stalk
La ge “ all
FB FB CB“ CB“ CB“
Cha . . . . .
follo i g easu es ha e ee i ple e ted i these i stallatio s.
“tagi g the i t odu tio of o ustio ai is a ea-su e of splitti g the o ustio ai st ea hi h
eates a fuel- i h p i a a d fuel-lea se o da zo e. It has ee applied i o ustio e pe i e ts ith su flo e oil a d gl e i p i a a d se o da ai suppl as ell as i e pe i e ts ith o ustio of so ea st a a d o stalks ales p i a , se -o da a d the te tia ai suppl .
Fuel stagi g e u i g i ol es the i je tio of a p opo tio of fuel a o e the o ustio zo e, eati g a fuel- i h se o da o ustio zo e he e NO fo ed f o the p i a o ustio zo e is edu ed th ough de o positio . It has ee applied i e pe
i-e t of papi-e sludgi-e a d gas o- o ustio i FB li uefied gas is ought th ough ai dist i uto i a ed a d pape sludge is dosed o the ed a d i e pe
i-e ts ith o ustio of so i-ea st a ali-es i CB“ ale fo ehead u s i the po ous la e , hile the e ai i g a ou t ithe i g a d post- o ustio i g i a fluidized ed of its o ashes . This te h i ue is of pa ti ula i po ta e i the ase of the o ustio of pape sludge i FB , he e despite of the high it oge o te t of the fuel Ta le , high NO e issio s is ot e o ded.
Flue gas e i ulatio FGR te h i ue a sig ifi -a tl edu ep i a il the al NO p odu tio ed-u i g fla e te pe ated-u es a d o e all e ess ai . The e the e i ulated flue gas a ts as a i e t gas
o tai i g ai l CO , CO, H O, ith a lo le el of O a d N .The high o e t atio of CO a d CO aused FGR ould pla a sig ifi a t ole i NO e issio s. It is the efo e o th hile to e a i e the effe t of o
-i ed staged-a-i o ust-io a d FGR o NO fo at-io at o ustio of so a st a ales, as it as, i a a ,
do e at o ustio of o stalks i fu a e f o Figu e . Na el , athe ati al odel that si ulates the e i ulatio of old flue gases has ee de eloped [ ], p i a il to edu e the a i u o ustio te pe atu e i o de to sol e the io ass ash si te i g p o le .Co du ted a pa a et i a al sis sho ed that the flue gas e i ulatio has a positi e effe t o this issue a d, at the sa e ti e, a lo e o te t of it o-ge o ides i the flue gas is a hie ed i a a that
e i ulatio of % of the flue gas lo e s the e issio of NO fo . %, a d FGR of %, edu i g NO fo . %. It is e essa to ea i i d that the i ple-e tatio of FGR ple-edu ple-es fluple-e gas tple-e pple-e atu ple-es, as ell as the oile output.
Whe o ustio odifi atio s alo e is i suf-fi ie t to eet ith the e issio sta da ds o a ot
e applied i e isti g o usto s, e ui ed additio al edu tio a e a hie ed usi g of e d-of-pipe flue gas t eat e t FGT te h ologies. The ost p o e FGT te h ologies a e sele ti e atal ti edu tio “CR a d sele ti e o - atal ti edu tio “NCR .
“CR is the ost ad a ed a d effe ti e ethod fo NO edu tio a d a do so up to – %. “CR i plies the ea tio of NO ith NH as a edu i g age t ithi a hete oge eous atal ti ed i the p e-se e of O at the te pe atu e a ge of – °C. The p edo i a t ea tio s a e [ ]:
NO + NH + O → N + H O NO + NH → N + H O
The ost o o a d su essfull o e ialized NH -“CR atal sts is a adiu pe to ide V O , sup-po ted o tita iu dio ide TiO ith o ithout the additio of eithe tu gste t io ide WO o ol -de u t io i-de MoO . No atal sts ha e ee a ti e at te pe atu es a o e o elo °C. “CR is also possi le usi g h d o a o s as a edu i g age t
a
HC-“CR . Ho e e , at te pe atu es a o e °C all of the h d o a o s a e o su ed o ustio ea tio s. U fo tu atel , the “CR p o ess a e p o -le ati due to high isks of atal st poiso i g
apou s of olatile etals a d sulfu o ides, atal st ed e osio a d its apidl fouli g a d pluggi g dust a d the pote tial o u e e of a a o ia slip- -st ea i the e haust. I additio of high apital osts, the e a e so e o e s aso iated ith a h d ous a o ia sto age.
“ele ti e o - atal ti edu tio “NCR is a p o ess of edu tio of NO to N i the p ese e of O ea tio ith a i e- ased eage ts, eithe a o ia NH o u ea CO NH at the te pe atu e i do of
– °C, the highe te pe atu e ei g eeded fo u ea.“NCRs ste s a edu e NO e isio – – %, hi h is highl a ia le fo diffe e t appli atio s. Taki g NH as the eage t the p edo i a t ea tio s a e [ ]:
NH + NO → N + H O NH + NO + O → N + H O NH + NO → N + H O
If u ea is the eage t the ea tio s he e is: H NCONH + NO + ½O → N + CO + H O
The eage t a o ia o u ea a e i je ted di e tl i to o ustio ha e . Whe the ea tio te pe atu e i eases o e °C, the NO e o al
ate de eases due to the al de o positio of NH ie CO NH . It is i po ta t to ea i i d that a o ia slip f o “NCR s ste s ould o u s eithe f o i je t-io at te pe atu es too lo fo effe ti e ea tt-io ith NO o f o o e -i je tio of eage t leadi g to u e e dist i utio , e ause NO dist i utio a ies ithi the oss se tio . Thus, o e NH ust fi d its a to the e te , he e o e NO ill fo , a d less ea the alls hi h a e oole so less NO ill fo , othe ise NO i the e te eets i suffi ie t a o ia fo edu tio a d e ess NH ea the alls slips th ough. This a e espe iall a ute i la ge oile s. A t pi al “NCR s ste i ol es eage t sto age a d
ha dli g s ste s si ila to those fo “CR s ste s , ulti-le el eage t-i je tio e uip e t, a d asso-iated o t ol i st u e tatio . Be ause of highe stoi-hio et i atios e ui ed at e ui ale t effi ie , oth NH a d u ea “NCR p o esses e ui e la ge ua tities of eage t tha “CR s ste s to a hie e si ila NO edu tio s [ ].The te h olog is att a ti e due to its elati e si pli it , atal st-f ee s ste he e f ee of asso iated p o le s , ease of i stallatio o e isti g pla ts, appli a ilit to all t pes of statio a -fi ed e uip e ts, lo e apital a d ope ati g ost, the fa t that it is la gel u affe ted fl ash a d usa ilit ith othe NO e issio o t ol te h ologies.
The e d-of-pipe te h i ues a e e o o i all justified o l i the i stallatio ith the iga ette o -ustio of la ge ales. It should e oted that pla ts of apa it less tha kW fo the ti e ei g a e ot su je t of legal est i tio s ith ega d to NO e is-sio s.
Fa ilit desig fo o ustio of la ge so a st a ales a ti ipated pla es fo the i stallatio of “CR et ee the t o heat e ha ge s, he e the o es-po di g te pe atu e i do ould e egulated
losu e of a ade uate u e of gas pipes a d fo “NCR o the gases e it f o the oile , as sho i Figu e .
The p o le of high NO e issio s f o g a ula io ass o ustio i la ge FB pla ts ould e sol ed i a si ila a , i stalli g “CR o “NCR, depe di g o the e o o i a al sis fo su h a pla t, o
o du ti g of o- o ustio of io ass a d oal o othe fossil fuels, ith a highe o te t of a o / ha
C-fi ed .
CONCLUSION
The fuel N o te t is espo si le fo NO fo atio a d NO e issio s elo g to the ai e i o e tal i pa t fa to s of io as o ustio . A e pe i e tal i estigatio as a ied out to stud the NO e issio o ustio of si t pes of io ass su flo e oil, gl e i , pape sludge, g a ulated i ass – o ke el, la ge a d s all so a st a a d o stalks ales usi g diffe e t o ustio te h ologies fluidized ed a d iga ette o ustio . Li uid fuels su flo e oil, gl -e i al ost ot o tai i g it og-e i th-ei o po-sitio e it egligi le it oge o ides at thei o ustio . Co ke el has the highest it oge a d the lo -est ha o te ts that esult i a high NO e issio le el. Baled o stalks o tai i g high it oge had also high NO e issio , although the iga ete u e o ustio fa ilit at its apa it is ot su je t to legal est i tio s. E pe i e ts ha e sho that the e is so e t ade-off et ee NO e issio s a d a o o o ide – de easi g o e esult i i eases i the othe . Du i g the o- o ustio of high N o te t pape sludge a d p opa e uta e, a high NO e issio as ot e o ded, hi h is e it to high ha a d oistu e o te t a d due i pa t to fuelstagi g o -ustio .Also, du i g the o ustio of so ea st a ales of a ious sizes o t o diffe e t i stallatio s ith sa e CBC“ te h olog at si ila o ustio pa a-ete s diffe e t NO e issio s e e e o ded, a d i the ase of o ustio of la ge ales a slightl e eed-i g of the leed-i eed-its.
The pape p ese ts e isti g a d p oposes possi le easu es fo edu i g NO e issio s i the i estig-ated i stallatio s.
A k o ledge e t
The autho s ish to tha k the “e ia Mi ist of Edu atio , “ ie e a d Te h ologi al De elop e t fo fi a i g the p oje ts: I p o e e t of the i dust ial fluidized ed fa ilit , i s ope of te h olog fo e e g effi ie t a d e i o e tall feasi le o ustio of a ious aste ate ials i fluidized ed P oje t TR , a d De elop e t a d i p o e e t of te h ologies fo effi ie t use of e e g of se e al fo s of ag i ultu al a d fo est io ass i a e i o e tall f ie dl a e , ith the possi ilit of oge -e atio P oj-e t III .
REFERENCES
[ ] A. Kha , W. De Jo g, P.J. Ja se s, H. “pliethoff, Bio ass o ustio i fluidized ed oile s: Pote tial p o le s
a d e edies, Fuel P o ess. Te h ol. – .
[ ] EPA Te h i al Bullletei , Nit oge O ides NO ,Wh
a d Ho The A e Co t olled, EPA- /F- - R,
No e e , http:// .epa.go /tt at /di /
/f o do .pdf
[ ] B.Le k e , M.Ka lsso , Gaseous e issio s f o i ul-ati g fluidized ed o ustio of ood, Bio ass
Bioe e g. − .
[ ] C.“. Ch a g, F.P. Qia , Y.C. Li , “.H. Ya g, NO a d N O e issio ha a te isti s f o a pilot s ale o te i g fluidized ed o usto fi i g diffe e t fuels, E e g.
Fuel. − .
[ ] L.A.C. Ta elho, D.“.F. Ne es, M.A.A. Matos, Fo est io ass aste o ustio i a pilot-s ale u li g fluidised ed o usto , Bio ass Bioe e g.
− .
[ ] J. We the , M. “ae ge , E.-U. Ha tge, T. Ogada, ). “iagi, Co ustio of ag i ultu al esidues, P og. E e g
Co ust. “ i. − .
[ ] J. Bai, C. Yu, L. Li , P. Wu, ). Luo, M. Ni, E pe i e tal “tud o the NO a d N O Fo atio Cha a te isti s du i g Bio ass Co ustio , E e g. Fuel.
− .
[ ] I. O e e ge , T. B u e , G. Bä thale , Che i al p ope ties of solid iofuels – sig ifi a e a d i pa t,
Bio ass Bioe e g. – .
[ ] E. Houshfa , T. Lø ås, Ø. “k ei e g, E pe i e tal I es-tigatio o NO Redu tio P i a Measu es i Bio ass Co ustio : “t a , Peat, “e age “ludge, Fo
-est Residues a d Wood Pellets, E e gies –
–
[ ] L. Ba te , Bio ass- oal o- o ustio : oppo tu it fo
affo da le e e a le e e g , Fuel –
– .
[ ] U ed a o g a ič i ed osti a e isije zagađujućih ate ija u azduhu, “luž e i glas ik R“, oj / ,
/ - isp , / i “e ia
[ ] “. Ne oda, M. Mlade o ić, “. Beloše i , R. Mlade o ić, D. Dakić, Nu e i al odel of gaseous fuel jet i je tio i to a fluidized fu a e, I t. J. Heat Mass T a sfe
– .
[ ] M. Mlade o ić, “. Ne oda, D. Dakić, B. Repić, A. E ić, D. Đu o ić, M. Ko ati a, The E pe i e ts of Fluidized Bed Co ustio of Di e sel Li uid Fuel,Te oteh ika
– .
[ ] M.R. Mlade o ić, D. V.Dakić, “.Dj. Ne oda, R.V. Mlade o ić, A.M. E ić, B.“. Repić, M.“. Ko ati a, Co
-ustio of lo g ade f a tio s of Lu i a oal i
fluid-ized ed, The . “ i. – .
[ ] M. Mlade o ić, D. Dakić, “. Ne oda, A. E ić, D. Đu o ić, M. Pap ika, A pape aste o ustio i a de o-i d-ust ial fa ilit ith FB, I te atio al Co fe e e Po e Pla ts , )lati o , “e ia, P o eedi gs o CD-ROM,
pp. – .
[ ] M. Mlade o ić, “. Ne oda, D. Dakić, P. Milija a, D. Đu o ić, B. Repić, Moguć osti sago e a ja ko ta i
i-a e z i-aste io i-ase i d ugih osti-ati-aki-a poljop i ed e p oiz od je u fluidizo a o sloju, “a e e a poljop i
-ed a teh ika – i “e ia .
[ ] V. Tu a ja i , D. Đu o ić, D. Dakić, A. E ić, B. Repić., De elop e t of the oile fo o ustio of ag i
ul-tu al io ass p odu ts, The . “ i. –
[ ] B.“. Repić, D.V. Dakić, A.M. E ić, D.M. Đu o ić, “.Dj. Ne oda, M.R. Mlade o ić, De elop e t of the te
h-olog fo o ustio of la ge ales usi g lo al io-ass, I : “ustai a le E e g -Re e t “tudies, A. Ge e edhi Ed. , I Te h, Rijeka, , pp. – [ ] A.M. E ić, “.Đ. Ne oda, D.V. Dakić, E pe i e tal a d
Nu e i al “tud of Bio ass Co ustio i kW Ciga Fu a e, i P o eedi gs of the th “ posiu o The al “ ie e a d E gi ee i g of “e ia, “oko a ja,
“e ia, O to e – , , pp. – .
[ ] D. Dakić, A. E ić, D. Đu o ić, M. E ić, G. Ži ko ić, B. Repić, M. Mlade o ić, “. Ne oda, N. Mi ko , A.
“toja-o ić, O e app oa h of usi g the ag i ultu al io ass fo heati g. I : P o eedi gs of the th Eu opea
Bio-ass Co fe e e F o esea h to i dust a d
a kets , Ma – , Lio , F a e, .
[ ] “. Mah oudi, J. Bae e s, J.P.K. “e ille, NO fo atio a d sele ti e o - atal ti edu tio “NCR i a fluid-ized ed o usto of io ass, Bio ass Bioe e g.
– .
IZVOD
SAGOREVANJE BIOMASE – UTICAJ NJENE VRSTE I PRIMENJENE TEHNOLOGIJE SAGOREVANJA NA EMISIJU AZOTOVIH OKSIDA
Mili a R. Mlade o ić , D agolju V.Dakić , “te a Đ. Ne oda , Milija a J. Pap ika , Mi ko Ko ati a , Aleksa da M. E ić , B a isla “. Repić
U i e zitet u Beog adu, I stitut za uklea e auke Vi ča , La o ato ija za te oteh iku i e e getiku, Beog ad, “ ija
U i e zitet u Beog adu, I o a io i e ta Maši skog fakulteta, Beog ad, “ ija U i e zitet u Beog adu, Maši ski fakultet, Beog ad, “ ija
Nauč i ad
Usklađi a je pot e a oču a ja ži t e s edi e i astućih e e getskih pot e a sa e e og d ušt a p o o iše p i e u io ase kao za e e za fosil a go i a i od ži u op iju za u laža a je e isije gaso a stakle e ašte. )a do aće p ilike o o je od pose og z ačaja stoga što iše od % o o lji ih iz o a p ipada io asi. Po ed iza p ed osti upot e e io ase u e e getske s he, postoje i iz es i edosta i, od kojih je i oguća elati o isoka e isija NO p iliko sago e a je o e ste go i a. “toga su u adu p eze to a i i a alizi a i ezultati ekspe i e ta sago e a ja iše sta io ase ali a e soji e sla e i kuku uz e sta ljike, z aste io ase, su ok eto og ulja, gli e i a i papi og ulja , p i e o azličitih teh ologija sago e a ja fluidizo a sloj i iga et o sago e a je , sa ak e -to a e isiju NO u di i gaso i a. Dat je p ikaz ekspe i etal o-de o s-t a io ih i ss-tala ija, kao i a alizi a us-ti aj sass-ta a p ed es-t og go i a, eži a i teh ologije sago e a ja a e isiju NO . Kako su se s i eži i sago e a ja io ase od ijali a te pe atu a a do olj o iski da se e isije te ičkog i p o pt og NO ogu za e a iti, zaključak je da e isija azoto ih oksida p e st e o za isi od sasta a io ase i aste sa sad žaje azota, a opada sa sad žaje koks og ostatka koji o ez eđuje katalitičku po ši u za eduk iju azoto ih oksida uglje -- o oksido . U adu su p eze to a e p i e je e i p edlože e e e/teh ike za s a je je e isije azot ih oksida p i sago e a ju io ase.
Ključ e eči: fluidizo a sloj • iga et o
